A methodology for collecting donning times of thermal protective immersion suits intended to be worn by passengers on vessels operating in cold environments

Abstract Adequate thermal protection for passengers travelling on-board vessels in cold climate regions, such as that provided by thermal protective immersion suits (TPIS), enhances passenger survivability in emergency situations, in particular those requiring the abandonment of the vessel. As emergency abandonment is a time critical process, it is essential to consider the time required to correctly don the TPIS. Testing standards, such as the International Maritime Organization guidelines, require that TPIS must be able to be donned within 2 minutes. Unfortunately, current practices quantifying donning times are questionable and so there is a limited evidence base that reliably quantifies donning times required by typical passengers. This paper presents a test procedure designed to reliably quantify the time required by test subjects to don the TPIS. Furthermore, the procedure assesses the donning correctness – a TPIS that is incorrectly donned is unlikely to offer appropriate thermal protection. The paper will also discuss the deficiencies in current practices to assess required donning time.

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Dynamic Computation Offloading Scheme for Drone-Based Surveillance Systems

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18092982 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 2982 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bongjae Kim ◽

Hong Min ◽

Junyoung Heo ◽

Jinman Jung

Keyword(s):

Response Time ◽

Target Object ◽

Computation Offloading ◽

Moving Target ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Network Failure ◽

Dynamic Computation ◽

Tracking Time ◽

Time Required ◽

Time Critical

Recently, various technologies for utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles have been studied. Drones are a kind of unmanned aerial vehicle. Drone-based mobile surveillance systems can be applied for various purposes such as object recognition or object tracking. In this paper, we propose a mobility-aware dynamic computation offloading scheme, which can be used for tracking and recognizing a moving object on the drone. The purpose of the proposed scheme is to reduce the time required for recognizing and tracking a moving target object. Reducing recognition and tracking time is a very important issue because it is a very time critical job. Our dynamic computation offloading scheme considers both the dwell time of the moving target object and the network failure rate to estimate the response time accurately. Based on the simulation results, our dynamic computation offloading scheme can reduce the response time required for tracking the moving target object efficiently.

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A Durable Hybrid RAM Disk with a Rapid Resilience for Sustainable IoT Devices

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20082159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 2159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sung Hoon Baek ◽

Ki-Woong Park

Keyword(s):

Storage System ◽

Random Access ◽

Solid State Drive ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Disk Storage ◽

Block Level ◽

Iot Platforms ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Time Required ◽

Time Critical

Flash-based storage is considered to be a de facto storage module for sustainable Internet of things (IoT) platforms under a harsh environment due to its relatively fast speed and operational stability compared to disk storage. Although their performance is considerably faster than disk-based mechanical storage devices, the read and write latency still could not catch up with that of Random-access memory (RAM). Therefore, RAM could be used as storage devices or systems for time-critical IoT applications. Despite such advantages of RAM, a RAM-based storage system has limitations in its use for sustainable IoT devices due to its nature of volatile storage. As a remedy to this problem, this paper presents a durable hybrid RAM disk enhanced with a new read interface. The proposed durable hybrid RAM disk is designed for sustainable IoT devices that require not only high read/write performance but also data durability. It includes two performance improvement schemes: rapid resilience with a fast initialization and direct byte read (DBR). The rapid resilience with a fast initialization shortens the long booting time required to initialize the durable hybrid RAM disk. The new read interface, DBR, enables the durable hybrid RAM disk to bypass the disk cache, which is an overhead in RAM-based storages. DBR performs byte–range I/O, whereas direct I/O requires block-range I/O; therefore, it provides a more efficient interface than direct I/O. The presented schemes and device were implemented in the Linux kernel. Experimental evaluations were performed using various benchmarks at the block level till the file level. In workloads where reads and writes were mixed, the durable hybrid RAM disk showed 15 times better performance than that of Solid-state drive (SSD) itself.

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Evaluation of Thermal Properties of 3D Spacer Technical Materials in Cold Environments using 3D Printing Technology

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11091438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1438 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eom ◽

Lee ◽

Lee

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Pore Size ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽

Air Gap ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Cold Environments ◽

Heating Plate ◽

Technical Material

Novel materials have been recently developed for coping with various environmental factors. Generally, to improve the thermal comfort to humans in cold environments, securing an air layer is important. Therefore, this study analyzed the thermal properties of 3D spacer technical materials, 3D printed using thermoplastic polyurethane, according to the structural changes. Four 3D spacer technical material structures were designed with varying pore size and thickness. These samples were moved into a cold climate chamber (temperature 5 ± 1 °C, relative humidity (60 ± 5)%, wind velocity 0.2 m/s) and placed on a heating plate set to 30 °C. The surface and internal temperatures were measured after 0, 10, 20, and 30 min and then 10 min after turning off the heating plate. When heat was continuously supplied, the 3D spacer technical material with large pores and a thick air layer showed superior insulation among the materials. However, when no heat was supplied, the air gap thickness dominantly affected thermal insulation, regardless of the pore size. Hence, increasing the air gap is more beneficial than increasing the pore size. Notably, we found that the air gap can increase insulation efficiency, which is of importance to the new concept of 3D printing an interlining.

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Endotracheal tube fixation time: a comparison of three fixation methods in a military field scenario

BMJ Military Health ◽

10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001402 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001402 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danny Epstein ◽

R Strashewsky ◽

A Furer ◽

A M Tsur ◽

J Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endotracheal Tube ◽

Severe Trauma ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Adhesive Tape ◽

Mass Casualties ◽

Fixation Techniques ◽

Time Required ◽

Performance Times ◽

Time Critical ◽

Rapid Evacuation

IntroductionEndotracheal intubation is required in many emergency, trauma and prehospital scenarios. Endotracheal tube (ETT) fixation must be stable and quick to apply to enable rapid evacuation and patient transport. This study compares performance times of three common ETT securement techniques which are practical for out-of-hospital and combat scenarios.MethodsWe compared the time required by military medics to complete ETT fixation in three techniques—fixation of a wide gauze roll wrapped twice around the head and tied twice around the ETT (GR), using a Thomas Tube Holder (TH) and using a pre-tied non-adhesive tape (PT). 300 military medics were randomised to apply one technique each on a manikin, and time to completion was recorded.Results300 ETTs were successfully fixated by 300 military medics. Median times to complete ETT fixation by PT and TH techniques were 24 s (IQR (19 to 31) and (IQR 20 to 33), respectively). Both were significantly shorter to apply than the GR technique, with a median time of 57 s (IQR 47 to 81), p<0.001.ConclusionsIn time critical situations such as combat, severe trauma, mass casualties and whenever rapid evacuation might improve the clinical outcome, using a faster fixation technique such as Thomas Tube Holder or a pre-tied non-adhesive tape might enable faster evacuation than the use of traditional endotracheal tube fixation techniques.

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Diabetic ketoacidosis in the cat: Recognition and essential treatment

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x17735762 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 1167-1174 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elke Rudloff

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Control Blood Glucose ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Fatty Acid Release ◽

Acid Release ◽

And Control

Practical relevance: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a not uncommon emergency in both newly diagnosed and poorly regulated diabetic cats. When there is a heightened metabolic rate and energy requirement due to concurrent illness, an increase in the release of glucose counter-regulatory hormones causes insulin receptor resistance, lipolysis, free fatty acid release and ketogenesis. This necessitates not only treatment to eliminate the ketosis and control blood glucose, but also investigation of concurrent illnesses. Clinical challenges: A number of metabolic derangements can occur with DKA, requiring a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, elimination of ketones, careful correction of glucose, electrolyte and acid base abnormalities, and close monitoring. Audience: Any veterinarian that cares for cats in urgent and emergency situations should understand the pathophysiology of DKA in order to address an individual’s clinical signs and metabolic derangements. Evidence base: This review draws evidence from the peer-reviewed literature as well as the author’s personal clinical experience.

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Evaluation of WGS performance for bacterial pathogen characterization with the Illumina technology optimized for time-critical situations

Microbial Genomics ◽

10.1099/mgen.0.000699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Bert Bogaerts ◽

Raf Winand ◽

Julien Van Braekel ◽

Stefan Hoffman ◽

Nancy H. C. Roosens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Type Species ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Read Length ◽

Time Data ◽

Content Type ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Link Type ◽

Pathogen Characterization ◽

Time Critical

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become the reference standard for bacterial outbreak investigation and pathogen typing, providing a resolution unattainable with conventional molecular methods. Data generated with Illumina sequencers can however only be analysed after the sequencing run has finished, thereby losing valuable time during emergency situations. We evaluated both the effect of decreasing overall run time, and also a protocol to transfer and convert intermediary files generated by Illumina sequencers enabling real-time data analysis for multiple samples part of the same ongoing sequencing run, as soon as the forward reads have been sequenced. To facilitate implementation for laboratories operating under strict quality systems, extensive validation of several bioinformatics assays (16S rRNA species confirmation, gene detection against virulence factor and antimicrobial resistance databases, SNP-based antimicrobial resistance detection, serotype determination, and core genome multilocus sequence typing) for three bacterial pathogens ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Neisseria meningitidis , and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli ) was performed by evaluating performance in function of the two most critical sequencing parameters, i.e. read length and coverage. For the majority of evaluated bioinformatics assays, actionable results could be obtained between 14 and 22 h of sequencing, decreasing the overall sequencing-to-results time by more than half. This study aids in reducing the turn-around time of WGS analysis by facilitating a faster response in time-critical scenarios and provides recommendations for time-optimized WGS with respect to required read length and coverage to achieve a minimum level of performance for the considered bioinformatics assay(s), which can also be used to maximize the cost-effectiveness of routine surveillance sequencing when response time is not essential.

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Implanted cardiac support devices

10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0031_update_001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew C Morley-Smith ◽

André R Simon ◽

John Pepper

Keyword(s):

Evidence Base ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Ventricular Assist Devices ◽

Circulatory Support ◽

Left Ventricular Assist Devices ◽

Ventricular Assist ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Left Ventricular Assist ◽

Contemporary Practice

Mechanical circulatory support forms a crucial and expanding element of advanced heart failure management. Short-term assistance is delivered in emergency situations or where the underlying condition is likely to quickly worsen, and these approaches are discussed in Chapter 30. This chapter focuses on implantable devices intended for the medium and long term. The first half of the chapter is aimed directly at practical clinical management, whilst the second half considers the evidence base for contemporary practice. The chapter concludes by considering new paradigms for implantable cardiac support. Most frequently, these devices support left ventricular function (left ventricular assist devices), and this comprises the majority of our discussion.

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Implanted cardiac support devices

The ESC Textbook of Intensive and Acute Cardiovascular Care ◽

10.1093/med/9780198849346.003.0051 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 680-690

Author(s):

Andrew C Morley-Smith ◽

André R Simon ◽

John Pepper

Keyword(s):

Evidence Base ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Ventricular Assist Devices ◽

Circulatory Support ◽

Left Ventricular Assist Devices ◽

Ventricular Assist ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Left Ventricular Assist ◽

Contemporary Practice

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Design and Implementation of Real Time Charging Optimization for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) ◽

10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i4.pp1261-1268 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Ramesh ◽

C. Bharatiraja ◽

S. Raghu ◽

G. Vijayalakshmi ◽

PL. Sambanthan

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Greenhouse Gasses ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Charging Station ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Wide Range ◽

Parking Lot ◽

Time Required

<p>Electric vehicle (EV) has gained incredible interest from the past two decade as one of the hopeful greenhouse gasses solution. The number of Electric Vehicle (EV) is increasing around the world; hence that making EVs user friendly becomes more important. The main challenge in usage of EV is the charging time required for the batteries used in EV. As a consequence, this subject matter has been researched in many credentials where a wide range of solutions have been proposed. However those solutions are in nature due to the complex hardware structure. To provide an unswerving journey an Android application based charging optimization is proposed. This application is aimed at giving relevant information about the EV’s battery state of charge (SOC), accurate location of the EV, booking of the charging slots using token system and route planner. At emergency situations, an alternative service is provided by mobile charging stations. Route planner indicates the temperature by which prediction of reaching the destination can be done. In addition to that nearest places such as parks, motels are indicated. The estimated time and distance between the electric vehicle and the charging station is calculated by the charging station server according to which the parking lot is allocated. Vehicle to charging station communication is established for the time estimation of charging. This will help the EV users to know about charge status and charging station, which support fast charging method and availability of the station on the go and also when to charge their EV. The Arduino UNO board has been used for the hardware part. The hardware results are confirming the conceptual of the proposed work.</p>

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Is it social marketing? The benchmarks meet the social marketing indicator

Journal of Social Marketing ◽

10.1108/jsocm-05-2014-0034 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 2-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Dominic Wettstein ◽

L. Suzanne Suggs

Keyword(s):

Social Marketing ◽

Empirical Test ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Health Campaigns ◽

Conceptual Approach ◽

Marketing Practice ◽

Content Type ◽

The Social ◽

Social Marketing Campaigns ◽

Current Practices

Purpose – This paper aims to describe the comparison of two tools in assessing social marketing campaigns. Design/methodology/approach – Using data collected from the campaign planners of 31 alcohol misuse prevention campaigns, two tools were compared; the Social Marketing Indicator (SMI) and Andreasen’s Benchmark Criteria. Findings – In the case of the benchmarks, 26 per cent of the campaigns fulfilled four or more criteria and no criterion was fulfilled by more than 70 per cent. The main differences between current practices and social marketing are the often-missing segmentation and an explicit exchange. The SMI found a lower degree of resemblance between current practices and social marketing. In this case, the major differences lie in the use of behavioral theory and the absence of an exchange. Research limitations/implications – The SMI allows a more precise description of an intervention. This represents an advantage, as a campaign’s resemblance to social marketing can be reported by directly pointing out the process steps that make the difference. This is important for understanding the research evidence base in social marketing. Practical implications – Although the benchmark criteria are based on a conceptual approach, the SMI is built around a core procedure. The SMI can thus help program planners from the onset of a project to make sure they do social marketing as it is defined. Originality/value – This is the first empirical test comparing a new tool against the well-established, frequently critiqued, Benchmark Criteria, in gauging “social marketing” practice in health campaigns.

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