Puffendorf–Crull and the Afro–Asian World (1968–69)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Alexandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Inter State

This chapter discusses the work of Samuel Puffendorf (1632–94) and Jodocus Crull. Puffendorf, a professor at the Universities of Heidelberg and Lund, completed his main work on the Law of Nature and Nations in 1672. Ten years later he released the first volume of the Introduction to the History of the Principal States of Europe and volumes (II–III) appeared in the next few years. This treatise on European affairs was later extended to other continents constituting an Introduction to the History of Asia, Africa, and America. Evidence suggests that the original text of volume IV was written by Jodocus Crull. This is of particular interest to historians of the family and law of nations, as it was the first work on the history of universal inter-state relations covering all continents, civilizations, and various types of state formation, making its appearance within the framework of Puffendorf’s treatise.

Mogul Sovereignty and the Law of Nations (1955)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Alexandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The West ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Law ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Inter State

The historian of the law of nations, when considering Mogul sovereignty, is concerned with two main problems: first, the legal status of the Mogul Empire within the family of nations and the type of law applicable to inter-state relations at that time; and second, the internal structure of the Empire, which was essentially based on a network of suzerain–vassal relationships. This chapter discusses a few characteristic events to shed more light on these problems. Such events may be chosen from Anglo-Mogul relations in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. The period between the reign of Emperor Akbar and Emperor Aurangzeb saw the greatest expansion of the Empire and one of the most remarkable episodes during this period—an episode which helps to illustrate the legal nature of relations between India and the West, the embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of Agra.

Some Problems in the History of the Law of Nations in Asia (1963)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Alexandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

This chapter considers problems in the study of the history of the law of nations in Asia. It argues that international lawyers have focused their attention on the legal aspects of contemporary problems of international relations and politics, and on the operation of tribunals and quasi-tribunals and the case law they produce. Writers of present day treatises of international law devote just a few introductory pages to the history of the subject and these short chapters are often based on similar introductions in nineteenth-century treatises. The chapter discusses some of the elements of legal change in which European–Asian relations played a significant role; the gradual elimination of the natural law outlook by growing European positivism; the principle of universality of the law of nations and the principle of identity of de facto and de jure State sovereignty; and the use of capitulations to delay the ‘entry’ of Asian States into the family of nations.

Albericus Gentilis

1911 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Willing Balch
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
State Law ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
Pax Romana ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Law ◽  
Inter State

Modern international law is generally regarded as beginning with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. But it is necessary to go much further back in the history of the world for the beginnings of the law governing the intercourse of nations. The Greek states had a rudimentary inter-state law that regulated their relations. Thus they practiced arbitration in a way among themselves: they recognized the sanctity of the person of heralds, and they followed other recognized customs in their dealings one with another. When Rome and Carthage and other nations were struggling for the mastery of the world, the beginnings of a law of nations were recognized and practiced between them. Upon, however, practically all the known world coming under the sway of imperial Rome, all possibility as well as need of a law of nations was wanting, and as a result the faltering beginnings of an international law as recognized among the Greek states and then by the Powers surrounding the Mediterranean, were extinguished by the extension of the Pax Romana to all the known world.

Preface.

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Jean Allain
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Napoleon Bonaparte ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The Law ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Inter State ◽  
The French Revolution

Joseph-Mathias Gérard de Rayneval’s Preface to his Institutions du Droit de La Nature et des Gens sets out the content of his study. The Preface outlines each of the three Books and the Appendix, wherein he considers the fundamentals of the Law of Nations in the wake of the French Revolution and the coming to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. Those consideration are developed by first providing an understanding of the internal functioning of the State so as to then build an understanding of the Law of Nations. Having set out the principles which govern inter-State relations, Rayneval provides an Appendix which focus on the policy considerations for those seeking to navigate the art of governing.

‘Jus Gentium’ and the Law of Nature in Asia (1956)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Alexandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
State Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Strong Emphasis ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Character ◽  
Mutually Independent ◽  
Inter State

This chapter discusses the development of the law of nations in Asia. China, for instance, developed their own notions of inter-state law and practice with a strong emphasis on the institution of vassal states who acknowledged the supreme authority of the imperial suzerain. There seems to have been legal equality among these mutually independent states in the Chinese Commonwealth. Diplomatic intercourse was well known and envoys enjoyed immunity, though to a lesser degree than in the West. In India, the relations between rulers led to the development of principles of an international or quasi-international character. Kautilya’s Arthashastra bears witness to the existence of a well-defined set of rules which prevailed in the various ‘circles’ of states. Interstate law in India knew humanitarian rules of warfare, the inviolability of envoys, the vassal–suzerain relationship, and principles relating to maritime intercourse.

scholarly journals Normer, intervention og kon ikt på Afrikas Horn – betydningen for Somalia

Politik ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Enevig
Keyword(s):  
Special Role ◽  
African History ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Central State ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Inter State

Inter-state con ict in Africa is rare. ough the continent has seen more than its fair share of con icts, the majority of these have been internal rather than inter-state. A notable exception is the Horn of Africa, where inter-state con ict is more common than in Africa as a whole. An important factor in explaining this is the region’s colonial history, which di ers from the general African history of colonization in that the region’s central state, Ethiopia, was never colonized. is article argues that Africa has a stronger non-intervention norm than the rest of the world, because it is underlined by a strong anti-colonialism norm. Due to Ethiopia’s special role in the region, the two norms run counter on the Horn resulting in a weaker non-intervention norm. e article analyses how the weaker non-intervention norm a ects inter-state relations on the Horn and what this means for the current political developments in Somalia. 

scholarly journals Pomiędzy filozofią a nauką – rozważania o francuskich korzeniach wiedzy o polityce na Akademii Krakowskiej w dobie reform kołłątajowskich

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1(64)) ◽  
pp. 179-203
Author(s):  
Bartosz Włodarski
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Theoretical Base ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
Law Faculty ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

Between Philosophy and Science – Reflections on the French Roots of Political Science at the Cracovian University in the Era of Kołłątaj’s Reforms This paper aims to present the history of the political sciences at the Academy of Cracow during its reorganisation by Hugo Kołłataj in the 18th century. Kołłątaj and other patriots – professors and representatives of the law faculty, precursors of French physiocratic political doctrine in Poland – established „The Chair of the Law of Nature, Economical and Political Law and Law of Nations”. It was the institutional and theoretical base for all political sciences at that time. The plan of developing this particular branch of science was put into practice by Antoni Popławski – great philosopher, reformer and the author of the first book on physiocracy in Poland inspired by dr. Quesnay’s doctrine. The article also presents the origin of the 20th century’s modern political sciences rooted in the knowledge of the 18th Central Crown School – at present known as the Jagiellonian University.

scholarly journals Germany as a contract partner of Serbia and Yugoslavia 1882-1992

2002 ◽  
pp. 287-318
Author(s):  
Branko Pavlica
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Contracts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trade War ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Inter State

Continuously from 1882 to 1992 (till the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia), Germany was the contract partner of Serbia, that is The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, that is the SFR of Yugoslavia. In spite of belligerent relations (disruption of diplomatic relations, discontinuity of contract practice) Germany occupied an extremely significant place within the international contract capacity of Serbia in the 19th century, that is of The Kingdom of Yugoslavia between the two wars, and specially in the period from 1934. to 1941, that is of Yugoslavia in the period from 1949 to 1990. Precisely the history of international contracts - bilateral Serbian/Yugoslav-German contracts - is also the "history of (their) inter-state relations". Diplomatic political, trade, war or any other relations - one could always find their traces in bilateral contracts; the contracts regulated these relations and it could be said that the bilateral contracts are today the most important source of comprehensive and developed relations between the two countries. Actually bilateral contracts are the legal instruments for the regulation of relations between states.

The Prevalence of Hereditary Antithrombin-III Deficiency in Patients with a History of Venous Thromboembolism

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (04) ◽  
pp. 744-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Vikydal ◽  
C Korninger ◽  
P A Kyrle ◽  
H Niessner ◽  
I Pabinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antithrombin Iii Deficiency ◽  
Recurrent Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Antithrombin Iii Activity ◽  
Slight Deficiency

SummaryAntithrombin-III activity was determined in 752 patients with a history of venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. 54 patients (7.18%) had an antithrombin-III activity below the normal range. Among these were 13 patients (1.73%) with proven hereditary deficiency. 14 patients were judged to have probable hereditary antithrombin-III deficiency, because they had a positive family history, but antithrombin-III deficiency could not be verified in other members of the family. In the 27 remaining patients (most of them with only slight deficiency) hereditary antithrombin-III deficiency was unlikely. The prevalence of hereditary antithrombin-III deficiency was higher in patients with recurrent venous thrombosis.

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