Content and Text Analysis Methods for Organizational Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda K. Reger ◽  
Paula A. Kincaid
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Rhetorical Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
P Content ◽  
Content Analyses

Content analysis is to words (and other unstructured data) as statistics is to numbers (also called structured data)—an umbrella term encompassing a range of analytic techniques. Content analyses range from purely qualitative analyses, often used in grounded theorizing and case-based research to reduce interview data into theoretically meaningful categories, to highly quantitative analyses that use concept dictionaries to convert words and phrases into numerical tables for further quantitative analysis. Common specialized types of qualitative content analysis include methods associated with grounded theorizing, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, rhetorical analysis, semiotic analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis, and conversation analysis. Major quantitative content analyses include dictionary-based approaches, topic modeling, and natural language processing. Though specific steps for specific types of content analysis vary, a prototypical content analysis requires eight steps beginning with defining coding units and ending with assessing the trustworthiness, reliability, and validity of the overall coding. Furthermore, while most content analysis evaluates textual data, some studies also analyze visual data such as gestures, videos and pictures, and verbal data such as tone. Content analysis has several advantages over other data collection and analysis methods. Content analysis provides a flexible set of tools that are suitable for many research questions where quantitative data are unavailable. Many forms of content analysis provide a replicable methodology to access individual and collective structures and processes. Moreover, content analysis of documents and videos that organizational actors produce in the normal course of their work provides unobtrusive ways to study sociocognitive concepts and processes in context, and thus avoids some of the most serious concerns associated with other commonly used methods. Content analysis requires significant researcher judgment such that inadvertent biasing of results is a common concern. On balance, content analysis is a promising activity for the rigorous exploration of many important but difficult-to-study issues that are not easily studied via other methods. For these reasons, content analysis is burgeoning in business and management research as researchers seek to study complex and subtle phenomena.

Reflexivity in research: Promoting rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative research

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 560-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesam Darawsheh
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Qualitative Research Study ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Analyse Data

Background The value of qualitative research is increasingly acknowledged in health studies, as well as the demand for employing rigorous strategies. Although the literature recognises that reflexivity is a valuable and rigorous strategy, few studies unravel the practical employment of reflexivity as a strategy for ensuring rigour and quality in qualitative research. Aim To present a practical example of how reflexivity can be employed as a strategy for ensuring rigour by reviewing 13 narratives from the author's reflexive diary on qualitative research. Methods Content analysis and narrative analysis were used to approach and analyse data. Findings Analysis of the posited qualitative research study found five main outcomes of the influence of reflexivity as a strategy to establish criteria of rigour. Conclusions Further research is needed to show how reflexivity can be employed as a strategy in qualitative research to: i) establish criteria of rigour; ii) monitor the researcher's subjectivity in generating credible findings.

Reliability and Validity in Automated Content Analysis

2014 ◽  
pp. 352-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Automated Content Analysis ◽  
Content Analyses ◽  
The Many

In light of the research in other chapters in this volume, this chapter considers some of the important and as-yet-unresolved methodological issues in automated content analysis. The chapter focuses on DICTION in particular, but the concerns raised here also apply to automated content analytic techniques more generally. Those concerns are twofold. First, the chapter considers the importance of aggregation for the reliability of content analyses, both human- and computer-coded. Second, the chapter reviews some of the difficulties associated with testing the validity of the kinds of complex (latent) variables on which DICTION is focused. On the whole, the chapter argues that this (and its companion) volume reflect just some of the many possibilities for DICTION-based analyses, but researchers must proceed with a certain amount of caution as well.

Mixed Methods Research in Knowledge Management Studies (2009–2014): A Content Analysis of Journal Articles

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050016
Author(s):  
Patrick Ngulube
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Complex Design

The purpose of this article is to investigate the adoption and utilisation of mixed methods research (MMR) in an emerging field, such as knowledge management (KM). Methodologies used by researchers have a bearing on the reliability and validity of the knowledge they produce. There is need to explore the prevalence in use of various methodologies over time. Such studies provide researchers time to reflect on their research practices. It is important to reflect on how researchers are adopting and utilising MMR approaches and what can be done to improve methodological approaches in research. A qualitative content analysis of articles from five leading KM-centric journals published between 2009 and 2014 was conducted for the research purpose. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the utilisation of MMR in KM and provide guidance for those seeking to learn about and apply MMR approaches in research in context. Only 1.1% of the studies were classified as representing some form of MMR. Of the eight articles that were sampled, five of them did not explicitly identify themselves as MMR studies. Two of the articles did not give reasons for combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. None of the studies that were examined identified the MMR approach that was employed. Four of the MMR studies were exploratory, three were explanatory and one was convergent. All the articles were partially mixed studies. Few researchers indicated how they prioritised qualitative and quantitative strands. A handful of sampled studies used MMR and employed basic design typologies in contrast to complex typologies. It is recommended that KM research should embrace MMR and use complex design typologies in order to enhance their understanding of the complex problems that KM scholars encounter. Methodological pluralism has the potential of contributing to the growth in knowledge and development of many perspectives in the field: an appreciation of the advantages of using MMR and its potential to provide a holistic, innovative and robust perspective of research phenomena. The selection criteria in this study excluded other journals that cover KM research. Further research may uncover whether the prevalence rates reported in this study are consistent with those journals which were excluded in this study. Methodologies used by researchers for different kinds of research may be different. The research method employed in this study does not have the ability to establish that. Future studies may employ interviews and other data collection techniques in order to triangulate methods to determine why MMR was not prevalent. The future research directions should consider the extent to which personal, interpersonal and social contexts influence researchers to use MMR.

Content Analysis in Climate Change Communication

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Metag
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Climate Change Communication ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Change Communication ◽  
Content Analyses

Content analysis is one of the most frequently used methods in climate change communication research. Studies implementing content analysis investigate how climate change is presented in mass media or other communication content. Quantitative content analysis develops a standardized codebook to code content systematically, which then allows for statistical analysis. Qualitative analysis relies on interpretative methods and a closer reading of the material, often using hermeneutic approaches and taking linguistic features of the text more into account than quantitative analysis. While quantitative analysis—particularly if conducted automatically—can comprise larger samples, qualitative analysis usually entails smaller samples, as it is more detailed. Different types of material—whether online content, campaign material, or climate change imagery—bring about different challenges when studied through content analysis that need to be considered when drawing samples of the material for content analysis. To evaluate the quality of a content analysis measures for reliability and validity are used. Key themes in content analyses of climate change communication are the media’s attention to climate change and the different points of view on global warming as an issue being present in the media coverage. Challenges for content analysis as a method for assessing climate change communication arise from the lack of comparability of the various studies that exist. Multimodal approaches are developed to better adhere to both textual and visual content simultaneously in content analyses of climate change communication.

scholarly journals The Meaning Extraction Method: A Complementary Approach to Content Analysis for Communication Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Matthew Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Massive Datasets ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Content Analyses

Qualitative content analyses often rely on a top-down approach to understand themes in a collection of texts. A codebook prescribes how humans should qualitatively judge whether a text fits a theme based on rules and judgment criteria. Qualitative approaches are challenging because they require many resources (e.g., coders, training, rounds of coding), can be affected by researcher or coder bias, and may miss meaningful patterns that deviate from the codebook. A complementary, bottom-up approach — the Meaning Extraction Method — has been popular in social psychology but rarely applied to communication research. This paper outlines the value of qualitative content analysis and the Meaning Extraction Method, concluding with a guide to conduct analyses of content and themes from massive datasets, quantitatively. The Meaning Extraction Method is performed on a public and published archive of pet adoption profiles to demonstrate the approach. Considerations for communication research are offered.

scholarly journals Keterampilan Dan Etika Komunikasi Islami Antarpribadi Di Dalam Buku Enjoy Your Life Karya Dr. Muhammad Al-Areifi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Toha
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Communication Ethics ◽  
Analysis Methods

The ability to communicate interpersonally is a very important skill for anyone. This is because everyone needs to establish a harmonious relationship with other fellow human beings. However, the fact that communication is not something that is easy. Therefore, we must do various efforts to improve our communication skills. in addition we must also study the ethics of communication as our basic principle in communicating. one of the best sources of communication skills is the Qur'an and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. One of the books that the authors assume summarizes the skills and ethics of interpersonal communication is Dr. Enjoy Your Life's book. Muhammad Al Areifi. Departing from these assumptions, the authors decided to conduct in-depth research on the book using qualitative content analysis methods and it was answered that the book is indeed loaded with a summary of skills and communication ethics according to the Qur'an and sunnah. Among the results of the study on Enjoy Your Life the author found 11 skill subcategories with 290 skill points and 7 categories of ethics with 111 ethical points. From the research the writer can conclude that there are many skills and ethics of interpersonal Islamic communication that can make us good communicator

scholarly journals Aplikasi Kaedah Kepimpinan Berteraskan Qalb dalam Kalangan Pelaku Pembangunan

Sains Insani ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Musmuliadi Kamaruding ◽  
Suriadi Kamaruding
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Second Development ◽  
Analysis Methods

Unethical acts such as corruption, breach of trust and irresponsibility often occur among development actors. This is due to the negative traits such as greedy, materialistic and overly concerned about worldliness. The Qalb aspect is very important as precursor in determining development actors’ behavior and character during the leadership. This paper aims to discuss Qalb based leadership practices that can be applied by development actors. The objective is to identify and analyze the basics, elements, and mechanisms of implementing Qalb-based leadership. The identification and analysis are through document study and qualitative content analysis methods. As a result, Qalb based leadership methods that can be applied by development actors can be summarized into three aspects. First, development actors should always emphasize the aspects of faith, knowledge and nafs as the basis of their leadership. Second, development actors must always maintain good relationship with Allah SWT, fellow development actors as well as their relationship with nature. Third, the implementation of leadership or development activities by development actors should always be based on hisbah and tazkiyat al-Nafs. It is hoped that the qalb-based leadership approach discussed in this paper can be applied by development actors and can help resolve common issues amongst development actors in an organization.Keywords: Leadership, Qalb, development actor, Iman, Ilmu, Nafs, hisbah, tazkiyat al-Nafs Abstrak: Perbuatan tidak beretika seperti rasuah, pecah amanah dan tidak bertanggungjawab sering berlaku dalam kalangan pelaku pembangunan. Hal ini berlaku disebabkan oleh masalah qalb dalam diri pelaku pembangunan yang dipenuhi dengan sifat-sifat tercelah seperti tamak, materialistik dan terlalu mementingkan keduniaan semata-mata. Aspek qalb sangat penting dan perlu diambil berat oleh pelaku pembangunan terutamanya dalam soal kepimpinan kerana ia adalah raja atau pemerintah yang akan menentukan tingkah laku dan perwatakan mereka semasa memimpin. Atas dasar itu, kertas kerja ini bertujuan membincangkan kaedah kepimpinan berteraskan qalb yang boleh diaplikasikan oleh pelaku pembangunan. Objektifnya adalah untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis asas-asas, elemen-elemen, dan mekanisme pelaksanaan kaedah kepimpinan berteraskan qalb. Pengenal pastian dan penganalisisan tersebut dilakukan melalui kaedah kajian dokumen dan kaedah analisis kandungan kualitatif. Hasilnya, kaedah kepimpinan berteraskan qalb yang boleh diaplikasikan oleh pelaku pembangunan dapat dirumuskan kepada tiga perkara. Pertama, pelaku pembangunan hendaklah sentiasa menekankan aspek iman, ilmu dan nafsu sebagai asas dalam kepimpinan mereka. Kedua, pelaku pembangunan juga hendaklah sentiasa menjaga hubungan yang baik dengan Allah SWT, sesama pelaku pembangunan dan termasuklah hubungan mereka dengan sumber alam. Ketiga, pelaksanaan aktiviti kepimpinan atau pembangunan oleh pelaku pembangunan juga hendaklah sentiasa berdasarkan hisbah dan tazkiyat al-Nafs. Akhirnya, diharapkan agar kaedah kepimpinan berteraskan qalb yang dibincangkan dalam kertas kerja ini dapat diaplikasikan oleh pelaku pembangunan dan seterusnya dapat membantu menyelesaikan isu-isu yang sering berlaku dalam kalangan pelaku pembangunan di sesebuah organisasi.Kata kunci: Kepimpinan, qalb, pelaku pembangunan, iman, ilmu, nafsu, hisbah, tazkiyat al-Nafs

THE USE OF QUALITY CONTENT ANALYSIS METHODS TO INVESTIGATE THE PROBABILITY OF CRIMINALLY SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION ON NEW WEB SITES

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
A.S. Kolesnyk ◽  
N.F. Khairova
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

Today, in the age of the information society, the media play a powerful role in shaping and influencing public opinion. Accordingly, it is a social phenomenon, which affects the point of view of the society. Now all information can be found in text form on the Internet, especially with the help of social media resources. Implementation of such relevant information technology as content analysis is the best way to analyze such kind of data. This method studies documents in their social context and it is used when examining the thematic orientation of the media. At the same time, thanks to the development of methods of content analysis, now it is possible to automatically study the content of different texts, their effectiveness and assess the impact on society. This study analyses existing approaches, methods and tools for content analysis and justifies the relevance of exploring the use of a wide range of linguistic categories for qualitative content analysis. Conceptual possibilities of using this type of analysis in modern linguistic and social research are also considered. The article shows the use of qualitative content analysis methods, based on the use of machine learning approaches and the developed three-language dictionary of criminally colored terms, which is one of the main tools for examining the distribution of criminally significant information of web media news sites by geographical, time characteristics and categories of crime. In this study, we also offer the bases of the development of content analysis information technology of news web space of certain geographical regions that are analyzed in time dependence on the given topic, namely criminal picture of the region. The texts of news sites of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Great Britain and the USA were assembled automatically using the developed software product. They are considered as an experimental corpus.

scholarly journals Semiotic Analysis of Sampoerna a Mild Image Creation

K ta Kita ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-390
Author(s):  
Regina Siddharta
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Connotative Meaning ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Semiotic Resources ◽  
Image Creation

This thesis mainly deals with the process of signification in order to find out what images are being built, how those images are represented, and what messages delivered in Sampoerna A Mild billboard advertisements through the use of semiotic resources. The focus of the writers’ analysis is the advertisements themselves, as the writer uses the process of signification that involves denotation, connotation, and myth. Those theories help the writers in analyzing the meaning of the advertisement first, and then figure out how meaning is created by the advertisement. Meaning in this research is an integrated form consisting the meaning from three level of signification process: denotative level, connotative level, and myth. This research uses qualitative content analysis method to describe the meaning of qualitative materials in a systematic way. At the end, those denotative meaning and connotative meaning build an image and create myth which naturalizes the image itself. Key Words: billboard advertisements, sampoerna a mild, semiotics, process of signification, connotation, denotation

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