Women and Terrorism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Honor Code ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
Security Personnel ◽  
Untapped Resource ◽  
The Ideal

Women are playing an increasingly significant role in terrorism. As men are progressively targeted by security personnel, using female operatives provides terrorist organizations with a “win-win” scenario; if security forces avoid invasively searching women for fear of outraging the local conservative population (based on social norms of women’s modesty and the honor code), women are the ideal stealth operatives. If security personnel are too aggressive in searching women, they aid terrorist recruitment by outraging the men in that society and providing the terrorists with propaganda that “our women” are being violated. In most conflicts, women remain an untapped resource. Recruiting women allows terrorist organizations to access an additional 50% of the population. Female attacks generate greater media attention than those conducted by men. This is especially relevant when media attention is one of the terrorists’ main objectives. Although women’s involvement in terrorist and extremist activities is not a recent development, their presence as frontline activists, propagandists, and recruiters is increasing around the globe.

Fragmentation as a Challenge: Tribal and Sectrarian Identities in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Kleanthis Kyriakidis
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Tribal Identity ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
The Ideal

In the Arabian Gulf two identities can be really considered almost as important as the national one: the tribal and the sectarian ones. Someone should expect that the reinforcement of these identities is a direct response to inequality and processes of exclusion. Furthermore, parochial tribalism is expected to arise as the protector of cultural heritage, especially in a region where the ex-pats vastly outnumber the locals. Nonetheless, both statements are far from truth. In this paper we will analyze how in the Gulf, sectarian identity came to play a significant role only after the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran and it keeps on surviving through mainly instigations and Iranian propaganda, provocations and support. It should be noted that Sunni identity has been allegedly subjugated in other Middle East States (mainly in Syria and Iraq) but in the Gulf the sectarian challenge stems from the Shia communities, openly supported by Tehran. Strangely enough, the tribal identity does not pose that much of a challenge, since tribes are more the friend than the enemy of all Gulf States. Actually, these countries could not have survived without the loyalty and commitment of the tribes not only to the Royal families but also to the idea of the State and the ideal of the Nation – and Gulf Nations do protect their cultural heritage. Keywords: Gulf, Globalization, Fragmentation, Sectarianism, Tribalism

scholarly journals Factors that Influence the Purchase and Consumption of Alcoholic Drinks in Malawi Particularly among University Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Eliam Y.Z. Kamanga
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that influence the purchase and consumption of alcohol among university students in Malawi. The study sought to recommend strategies that can promote the marketing of alcohol among university students aged 18 and above. Results show that of the 138 respondents, 109 (72% males and 28% females) agreed that they consume alcohol. The study indicates that quality of alcohol influences most students to consume alcohol. In addition, promotions that emphasise on price cuts and special offers have a positive impact on the marketing of alcohol among students. Notable also are subjective social norms which play a significant role in influencing students to consume alcohol with friends other than alone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i1.11682      Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-1: 52-67 

Aggravating and Mitigating Factors in Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Kwok-yin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Cultural Expectations ◽  
Mitigating Factors ◽  
Specific Factors

Despite the significant role that aggravating and mitigating factors play in sentencing outcomes, they have been neglected by both policy and research. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of culture—which has been deemed to be an “elusive” influence—in the plea mitigation and sentencing process. An empirical study was conducted to examine the effects of both offense-specific and offender-specific factors that may serve to aggravate or mitigate the sentence in a magistrate’s court in Hong Kong. Data was collected through courtroom observations of sentencing hearings (n = 712). Statistical analyses reveal that Chinese cultural and social norms motivate judicial decisions, as defendants who did not conform to the cultural expectations of family, industry, enduring hardships, and maintaining good social order are likely to be sentenced more severely when they are convicted of a crime. A disciplinary model of sentencing is proposed to explain why certain factors are considered as aggravating in Hong Kong’s penal culture. These factors, however, are extraneous to the offense or the culpability of the offender. Implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Priorities in health: what do they mean to Brazilian adults?

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Fossati Reichert ◽  
Marlos Rodrigues Domingues ◽  
Pedro C. Hallal ◽  
Mario Renato Azevedo ◽  
Fernando Vinholes Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Ideal Weight ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Ideal

We aimed to evaluate how Brazilian adults rank seven well-known health-related factors in terms of importance for health. A population-based study was undertaken in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (N = 3,100; response rate: 96.5%). Individuals ranked three out of seven factors that, in their opinion, were the most important for health. The factors investigated were: "controlling stress", "practicing physical activity regularly", "avoiding drinking in excess", "avoiding smoking", "visiting a doctor regularly", "keeping the ideal weight", and "having a healthy diet". Healthy diet (73.9%), physical activity (59.9%), and visiting a doctor regularly (45.7%) were the most frequently reported factors. Younger subjects and those with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to report physical activity and stress as important factors for health than their counterparts. The importance attributed to health-related factors changes markedly among population subgroups.

The Rise of an Ideal: Tracing Changing Discourses of Wellbeing

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eeva Sointu
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Dominant Discourses ◽  
Theories Of Subjectivity ◽  
The Ideal

Wellbeing is a quality in demand in today's society. Wellbeing is virtue that is much desired, much promoted, and much debated. Yet, as an ideal, wellbeing is not a concept set in stone. Rather, conceptualisations and experiences of wellbeing are produced in and through wider social perceptions and practices. This article outlines and analyses contemporary conceptualisations of wellbeing and suggests that ideas of wellbeing capture and reproduce important social norms. Indeed, the increasing popularity of the ideal of wellbeing appears to reflect shifts in perceptions and experiences of individual agency and responsibility. In particular, dominant discourses of wellbeing relate to changes in subjectivity; they manifest a move from subjects as citizens to subjects as consumers. In a consumer society, wellbeing emerges as a normative obligation chosen and sought after by individual agents. This article is informed by social theories of subjectivity and critical analyses of selected newspaper reports from 1985 to 2003.

Terrorism Prosecutions, Material Support, and Islamophobia

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Wadie E. Said
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Marginalized Populations ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Material Support ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Foregone Conclusion

Abstract With Islamophobia rife and the government list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) telling us who is a threat, marginalized populations are being targeted and can expect a hostile and negative prosecutorial outcome. The large majority of terrorism prosecutions center on material support charges, which by their very structure concentrate on FTOs that are largely Islamist in ideology. Attaching a terrorist taint to a population based on its religious affiliation generates a kind of self-perpetuating law enforcement bias and prosecutorial outcome. Such police state tactics and assumptions only assure the adverse results of insisting that an exceptional status applies to those accused of terrorist activity or support for it. That, in the government's eyes, those individuals stem from one of the major monotheistic faiths in large part, seems to be a foregone conclusion that continues to affect the law's development in largely negative ways.

Suicide terrorism and post-mortem benefits

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Gray ◽  
Thomas E. Dickins
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Suicide Terrorism ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Willingness To Engage

AbstractLankford claims that suicide terrorists are suicidal, but that their suicidal tendencies are often frustrated by injunctive social norms. Martyrdom represents a solution, and terrorist organizations exploit this. In this commentary, we claim that this argument has not been fully made and that such ideation in itself does not explain a willingness to engage in punitive actions against an enemy. We suggest the psychology of kinship as a possible missing factor.

scholarly journals Issues in Border Security of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-160
Author(s):  
Yukesh Upreti
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Border Security ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Security Personnel ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The Government

 Cross border is a major threat to the internal and external security of Nepal. To maintain peace and security and neutralize illicit trade, smuggling, and cross-border crimes, the Government of Nepal has deployed Security forces at the border. The Indo-Nepal border comparatively is challenging due to its open border status. This paper analyses the field issues faced by security personnel at border areas of Nepal. The study uses both primary and secondary data for analysis and interpretation. The findings show geographical problems, socio-economic similarities, operational problems, border laws, values, and ethics. These issues are faced by security forces daily. The study outcome suggests a need for a collaborative approach of stakeholders on strengthening border security.

scholarly journals “Islamic Moderation” in Perspectives: A Comparison Between Oriental and Occidental Scholarships

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tazul Islam ◽  
Amina Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate ◽  
Contextual Difference

‘Islamic moderation’ has received a great deal of academic and media attention both in the West and in the East. Yet, the denotation of the very term still remains abundantly paradoxical as different regions and contexts provide different sheds of meanings. In the western scholarship, Islamic moderation is concerned with liberal social norms, hermeneutics, political pluralism, democratic process, organizational affinities, and views of state legitimacy over the monopoly of violence, some kind of adaptation, willingness to cooperate or compromise. However, it is by no means exhaustive as its definition in Islamic scholarship provides some unlike constituents. To define moderation, Muslim scholars, firstly explores to lexical meanings of its Arabic substitute “wasatiyyah”. Secondly, they explore the textual meanings of the word “wasatiyyah” used in the orthodox text i.e the Quran and traditions (Sunnah) of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). According to them, moderation is a best suited, justly balanced or middle position between two extremes i.e. extremism and laxity. Their use of the term, is contextualized in terms of counter-extremism, modest socio-religious behaviour and temperate legal position. This research finds out a considerable textual and contextual difference in the use of the term ‘Islamic moderation’ between the East and the West. Hence, this study aims to explore the lack of integration between both scholarships in this issue. 

scholarly journals Pendapatan Non-Halal, Zakat, Dewan Pengawas Syariah dan Reputasi Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Indria Puspitasari Lenap ◽  
Nina Karina Karim ◽  
Elin Erlina Sasanti
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Financial Report ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
The Ideal

This study examines the influence of non-halal funds, zakat, and the number of Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on the reputation of Islamic banking in Indonesia. The sample is determined by the purposive sampling method and resulted in 7 banks or 35 observations from 2014 to 2018. The results showed that non-halal funds did not affect the reputation of Islamic banking. However, non-halal funds in the company's financial report notes show that Islamic banks, especially in Indonesia, have not fulfilled sharia regulations. The results also showed that zakat affects the reputation of Islamic banking. Zakat in Indonesia is greatly influenced by company size in terms of its assets. Zakat paid by Islamic banks in Indonesia is still low, and the gap for the welfare of the directors and employees of Islamic banks is a huge difference. Furthermore, this study indicated that the number of SSB affects the reputation of Islamic banking. Therefore, SSB has a significant role in compiling reports about sharia compliance. The ideal number of SSB is between 3 and 6 people.

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