Economic Interdependence and Conflict

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo Joon Chang ◽  
Scott L. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Interdependence ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Commitment Problems ◽  
Bargaining Model Of War ◽  
Source Of Information

Recent studies on commercial liberalism have paid more attention to microfoundations linking economic interdependence to peace. Using a bargaining model of war, these studies have specified and tested different causal mechanisms through which economic ties function as a constraint, a source of information, or a transformative agent. Recent scholarly efforts in theoretical development and some empirical testing of different causal processes suggest the need to consider scope conditions to see when an opportunity cost or a signaling mechanism is likely to be salient. Future research can be best benefited by focusing on how economic interdependence affects commitment problems and empirically assessing the relative explanatory power of different causal arguments.

scholarly journals The Stigmatized Perceiver: Exploring the Implications of Social Stigma for Cross-Race Face Processing and Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Hinzman ◽  
Emily Paige Lloyd ◽  
Keith Brian Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Source Of Information

The human face is an important source of information, such as race or ethnicity, that can guide social interaction and outcomes. Research suggests that compared to majority and dominant group members, minority and subordinate group members tend to experience chronic stigma, resulting in more negative life outcomes (e.g., educational and occupational attainment). We argue that theory and research exploring face perception has not led to models that incorporate how the chronic experience of stigma may impact judgments, reflecting a gap with potential consequences for the validity and generalizability of the theories developed. We propose a framework for understanding how experiencing a socially stigmatized racial identity may lead perceivers to engage in face processing differently from their non-stigmatized counterparts. With a focus on the literature examining the cross-race effect, we explore the potential impact of chronic social stigma on three theorized moderators guiding processing and memory for same- versus cross-race faces. Our analysis suggests that future research focusing on stigmatized perceivers could help to explain some variation in findings, lead to novel theoretical development, and ultimately produce more generalizable research across several domains of inquiry.

OPERATIVE-SEARCH MONITORING THE INTERNET AS AN ELEMENT OF COUNTERING CRIMES OF EXTREMIST DIRECTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Aleksey V. Kutuzov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
Source Of Information

The article substantiates the need to use Internet monitoring as a priority source of information in countering extremism. Various approaches to understanding the defi nition of the category of «operational search», «law enforcement» monitoring of the Internet are analysed, the theoretical development of the implementation of this category in the science of operational search is investigated. The goals and subjects of law enforcement monitoring are identifi ed. The main attention is paid to the legal basis for the use of Internet monitoring in the detection and investigation of extremist crimes. In the course of the study hermeneutic, formal-logical, logical-legal and comparative-legal methods were employed, which were used both individually and collectively in the analysis of legal norms, achievements of science and practice, and development of proposals to refi ne the conduct of operational-search measures on the Internet when solving extremist crimes. The author’s defi nition of «operational-search monitoring» of the Internet is provided. Proposals have been made to improve the activities of police units when conducting monitoring of the Internet in the context of the search for relevant information to the disclosure and investigation of crimes of that category.

The Role of Normative Information in Judgments of Others

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Average Person ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

When forming impressions of an other’s personality, people often rely on information not directly related to the individual at hand. One source of information that can influence people’s impressions of others is the personality of the average person (i.e., normative profile). This relationship between the normative profile and an impression is called normative accuracy or normativity. In this chapter, you will learn about the average personality, why it is important, the relationship to social desirability and what it means to have a normative impression, as well as correlates and moderators of normativity. More broadly, you will learn about current research and views regarding the normative profile and normative impressions as well as concrete steps for incorporating this approach into your future research on interpersonal perception.

Influences of Stress on Interactions with Decision Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1886-1890
Author(s):  
Kylie Litaker ◽  
Christopher B. Mayhorn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Task Motivation ◽  
Situational Stress ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Scanning Task ◽  
Source Of Information

People regularly interact with automation to make decisions. Research shows that reliance on recommendations can depend on user trust in the decision support system (DSS), the source of information (i.e. human or automation), and situational stress. This study explored how information source and stress affect trust and reliance on a DSS used in a baggage scanning task. A preliminary sample of sixty-one participants were given descriptions for a DSS and reported trust before and after interaction. The DSS gave explicit recommendations when activated and participants could choose to rely or reject the choice. Results revealed a bias towards self-reliance and a negative influence of stress on trust, particularly for participants receiving help from automation. Controlling for perceived reliability may have eliminated trust biases prior to interaction, while stress may have influenced trust during the task. Future research should address potential differences in task motivation and include physiological measures of stress.

More than carrots and sticks: Economic statecraft and coercion in China–Taiwan relations from 2000 to 2019

Politics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026339572096265
Author(s):  
Christina Lai
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Power Asymmetry ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Economic Coercion ◽  
Chinese Group ◽  
Level Analysis

China has become one of the most important trading partners for many Asian countries, and Taiwan is at the forefront of China’s economic coercion. It also leads to the following empirical puzzle: When can Beijing’s economic sanctions and incentives achieve their desired outcomes? Why and how do they often fail? Given the power asymmetry between China and Taiwan, how Taiwan resists China’s coercive measures contributes significantly to theoretical development in international relations. Taiwan has responded to Chinese economic pressure by diversifying its trade with and investment in Southeast Asian and South Asian countries to lessen dependence on China. It also securitizes China–Taiwan relations by raising public awareness about over-reliance on China’s market. Taiwan is not only a target of China’s coercion, but an active actor in its own right as well. This article re-evaluates the literature on East Asian politics and economic statecraft. First, it highlights the salience of power asymmetry to the field of economic statecraft. Second, it offers a three-level analysis of when and how China exercised economic coercion and incentives towards Taiwan. Third, it examines how Taiwan addressed Beijing’s sanctions on Chinese group tourists starting in 2016. The final section discusses some conclusions that can be drawn and suggests some avenues for future research.

Trade Expectations and Great Power Conflict—A Review Essay

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Review Essay ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Liberal Theory ◽  
Economic Interdependence ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Self Sufficiency

Whether economic interdependence is a cause of war or peace constitutes a central debate in international politics. Two major approaches advance diametrically opposed claims: liberal theory holds that interdependence between states promotes peace by increasing the costs of war; realist theory argues that interdependence is just another word for vulnerability, a condition that states may try to escape by seizing the resources and markets they need for self-sufficiency. Considerable evidence supports both of these claims. In Economic Interdependence and War, Dale Copeland proposes to resolve this stalemate by showing that interdependence promotes peace when states expect mutually beneficial trade to continue, but creates incentives for war when at least one of the states expects that trade trends will leave it dangerously vulnerable. Notwithstanding this book's major theoretical contributions and its impressive historical research, it leaves open several important questions about how to move forward with its agenda of theoretical development and testing.

The roles of emerging multinational companies’ technology-driven FDIs in their learning processes for innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Liu
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Capability Building

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contextually theorise the different patterns of emerging multinational companies’ (EMNCs’) learning processes for innovation and the different influences of their technology-driven FDIs (TFDIs) on the processes. Design/methodology/approach A comparative case study method and process tracing technique are employed to investigate how and why firms’ learning processes for innovation took place, how and why the TFDIs emerged and influenced the firms’ learning processes in different ways. Findings The paper identifies two different patterns of learning process for innovation (Glider model vs Helicopter model) and two different roles of the case firms’ TFDIs (accelerator vs starter) in the different contexts of their learning processes. It is found that the capability building of the domestic wind energy industry has an important influence on the case of EMNCs’ learning processes and thus on the roles of their TFDIs. Research limitations/implications The limitation of the paper lies in its small number of cases in a specific industry of a specific country. The two contextually identified learning models and roles of TFDIs may not be applied to other industries or other countries. Future research should investigate more cases in broader sectoral and geographic scope to test the models and also to identify new models. Practical implications For EMNCs, who wants to use the Helicopter model to rapidly gain production and innovation capability, cross-cultural management and integration management are crucial to practitioners. For emerging countries with ambitions to explore the global knowledge and technology pool, besides of the EMNC’s capability building, the capability building in the domestic industries should not be overlooked by policy makers. Originality/value The paper develops a dynamic and contextual analytical framework which helps to answer the important questions about how and under what context a TFDI emerges and influences firm’s learning process for innovation. It theorises the EMNCs’ learning process and TFDIs in the context of the development of the domestic industry. It strengthens the explanatory power of the learning-based view and adds new knowledge to the current FSA/CSA discourse in the international business literature.

scholarly journals With whom do firms form ties? A meta-analysis on the influence of embeddedness and proximity on inter-organizational tie formation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Marinus van Zelst ◽  
Remco Mannak ◽  
Leon Oerlemans
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Contingency Theory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relational Embeddedness ◽  
Property Regimes

We meta-analyze the influence of various forms of embeddedness and proximity on interorganizational tie formation with a dataset that encompasses 256,529 ties from 73 studies. First, we uncover the unparalleled importance of relational embeddedness, while the influence of structural and positional embeddedness turns out to be highly dependent on the context. Second, we show that various forms of proximity positively influence tie formation and have unique explanatory power in addition to the embeddedness dimensions. Last, we explore to what extent these effects are contingent on the type of tie, resource munificence, status orientation, level of individuality, and intellectual property regimes. Our study introduces a preliminary contingency theory of interorganizational tie formation and provides directions for future research.

scholarly journals Based on COVID-19, Enterprise Strategic Transformation Management of Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 270-274
Author(s):  
Jiayang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Research Direction ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strategic Issues ◽  
Steel Manufacturing ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The One ◽  
Strategic Transformation ◽  
Concept Classification

The spread of COVID-19 has caused a huge impact on China's economic situation, and the industry has been significantly affected. Therefore, accelerating the strategic transformation of all industries is the only way to seek sustainable development in the post-epidemic era. This paper reviews the theory of strategic transformation through the study of the concept, classification, development stage, and various industries of strategic transformation, including education, steel, manufacturing, and commercial banks. This paper summarizes the theory of strategic transformation and its development in recent years to a certain extent and puts forward the future research direction of strategic transformation. On the one hand, the research results of this paper provide literature support for the theoretical development of strategy and strategic transformation. On the other hand, it provides a practical basis for studying strategic issues in various industries based on the background of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Social Information Retrieval and Recommendation: state- of-the-art and future research

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 27 - 2017 - Special... ◽  
Author(s):  
Abir Gorrab ◽  
Ferihane Kboubi ◽  
Henda Ghézala
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Social Information ◽  
User Profile ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Recommendation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Source Of Information

The explosion of web 2.0 and social networks has created an enormous and rewarding source of information that has motivated researchers in different fields to exploit it. Our work revolves around the issue of access and identification of social information and their use in building a user profile enriched with a social dimension, and operating in a process of personalization and recommendation. We study several approaches of Social IR (Information Retrieval), distinguished by the type of incorporated social information. We also study various social recommendation approaches classified by the type of recommendation. We then present a study of techniques for modeling the social user profile dimension, followed by a critical discussion. Thus, we propose our social recommendation approach integrating an advanced social user profile model. L’explosion du web 2.0 et des réseaux sociaux a crée une source d’information énorme et enrichissante qui a motivé les chercheurs dans différents domaines à l’exploiter. Notre travail s’articule autour de la problématique d’accès et d’identification des informations sociales et leur exploitation dans la construction d’un profil utilisateur enrichi d’une dimension sociale, et son exploitation dans un processus de personnalisation et de recommandation. Nous étudions différentes approches sociales de RI (Recherche d’Information), distinguées par le type d’informations sociales incorporées. Nous étudions également diverses approches de recommandation sociale classées par le type de recommandation. Nous exposons ensuite une étude des techniques de modélisation de la dimension sociale du profil utilisateur, suivie par une discussion critique. Ainsi, nous présentons notre approche de recommandation sociale proposée intégrant un modèle avancé de profil utilisateur social.

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