Psychological Responses to Scarcity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Zhao ◽  
Brandon M. Tomm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Mind

Scarcity is the condition of having insufficient resources to cope with demands. This condition presents significant challenges to the human cognitive system. For example, having limited financial resources requires the meticulous calculation of expenses with respect to a budget. Likewise, having limited time requires the stringent management of schedules with respect to a deadline. As such, scarcity consumes cognitive resources such as attention, working memory, and executive control and elicits a range of systematic and even counter-productive cognitive and behavioral responses as a result. Specifically, scarcity induces an attentional focus on the problem at hand, which facilitates performance by enhancing cognitive processing of information relevant to the problem, increasing the efficiency of resource use, and stabilizing the perception of value. Such prioritization of the problem at hand may seem advantageous, but it can produce undesirable consequences. For example, scarcity causes myopic and impulsive behavior, prioritizing short-term gains over long-term gains. Ironically, scarcity can also result in a failure to notice beneficial information in the environment that alleviates the condition of scarcity. More detrimentally, scarcity directly impairs cognitive function, which can lead to suboptimal decisions and choices that exacerbate the condition of scarcity. Thus, scarcity means not only a shortage of physical resources (e.g., money or time) but also a deficit of cognitive resources (e.g., attention, executive control). The cognitive deficits under scarcity are particularly problematic because they impair performance and lead to counter-productive behaviors that deepen the cycle of scarcity. In addition, people under financial scarcity suffer from stigmas and stereotypes associated with poverty. These social perceptions of poverty further burden the mind by consuming cognitive resources, weakening performance in the poor. Understanding the cognitive and behavioral responses to scarcity provides new insights into why the poor remain poor, identifying the psychological causes of scarcity, and illuminating potential interventions to stop the cycle of scarcity. These insights have important implications for the design and the implementation of policies and services targeting the populations under scarcity.

scholarly journals The Influence of Stimulus Deviance on Electrophysiologic and Behavioral Responses to Novel Events

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk R. Daffner ◽  
Leonard F.M. Scinto ◽  
Vivian Calvo ◽  
Robert Faust ◽  
M. Marsel Mesulam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Background Stimulus ◽  
Preceding Context ◽  
Within Subjects

This study investigated the role of stimulus deviance in determining electrophysiologic and behavioral responses to “novelty.” Stimulus deviance was defined in terms of differences either from the immediately preceding context or from long-term experience. Subjects participated in a visual event-related potential (ERP) experiment, in which they controlled the duration of stimulus viewing with a button press, which served as a measure of exploratory behavior. Each of the three experimental conditions included a frequent repetitive background stimulus and infrequent stimuli that deviated from the background stimulus. In one condition, both background and deviant stimuli were simple, easily recognizable geometric figures. In another condition, both background and deviant stimuli were unusual/unfamiliar figures, and in a third condition, the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure, and the deviant stimuli were simple, geometric shapes. Deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing durations than the repetitive background stimulus, even when the deviant stimuli were simple, familiar shapes and the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure. Compared to simple, familiar deviant stimuli, unusual deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing times. Within subjects, the deviant stimuli that evoked the largest N2-P3 responses also elicited the longest viewing durations. We conclude that deviance from both immediate context and long-term prior experience contribute to the response to novelty, with the combination generating the largest N2-P3 amplitude and the most sustained attention. The amplitude of the N2-P3 may reflect how much “uncertainty” is evoked by a novel visual stimulus and signal the need for further exploration and cognitive processing.

scholarly journals Preprint: Differential effects of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder symptoms on cognitive and fear processing in female offenders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja E. Anton ◽  
Arielle Baskin–Sommers ◽  
Jennifer E. Vitale ◽  
John Joseph Curtin ◽  
Joseph P. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Related Potentials

Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (APD) have long been considered important risk factors for criminal behavior and incarceration. However, little is known about the psychobiological underpinnings that give rise to the disinhibited behavior of female offenders. Using an instructed fear-conditioning paradigm and a sample of incarcerated female offenders, we manipulated attentional focus and cognitive load to characterize and differentiate between the dysfunctional cognitive and affective processes associated with these syndromes. We used fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and event-related potentials as measures of affective and cognitive processing, respectively. After controlling for APD symptoms, psychopathic women displayed greater FPS while attending directly to threat-relevant stimuli and displayed less FPS while performing a demanding task that directed attention to threat-irrelevant information. Conversely, controlling for psychopathy, women with high APD symptoms displayed less overall FPS, especially when instructed to focus on threat-relevant stimuli. However, as the demands on cognitive resources increased, they displayed greater FPS. For both psychopathy and APD, analysis of the event-related potentials qualified these findings and further specified the abnormal cognitive processes associated with these two syndromes. Overall, simultaneous analysis of psychopathy and APD revealed distinct patterns of cognitive processing and fear reactivity.

Meditation and Hemispheric Specialization I: Absorbed Attention in Long-Term Adherence

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Warrenburg ◽  
R. Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Cognitive Mode ◽  
The Right ◽  
Drop Outs

The hypothesis that meditation facilitates cognitive processing of the right hemisphere (RH) and impairs processing of the left hemisphere (LH) was tested in three groups of matched subjects: long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation (TM), non-meditators, and novice TM practitioners who were followed for 3–5 months to identify drop-outs. A test battery of verbal, musical, and spatial tests yielded performance data for LH- and RH-mediated cognitive abilities. Interpreting the data gathered in terms of current cognitive models of memory processing, we conclude that, prior to learning TM, the successfully adherent meditator is predisposed to readily alter his/her attentional focus from a LH dominant to a RH dominant cognitive mode. A clinical implication in the assessment of this trait of absorbed attention may be valuable to therapists in choosing whether to use meditation as an adjunct to psychotherapy.

Towards the Affective Cognition Approach to Human Performance in Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-534
Author(s):  
Nicola Mammarella
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
Interesting Pattern

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, there has been investigation into the effects of microgravity and microgravity-like environments on cognition and emotion separately. Here we highlight the need of focusing on emotion-cognition interactions as a framework for explaining cognitive performance in space. In particular, by referring to the affective cognition hypothesis, the significant interplay between emotional variables and cognitive processing in space is briefly analyzed. Altogether, this approach shows an interesting pattern of data pointing to a dynamic relation that may be sensitive to microgravity. The importance of examining interactions between emotion and cognition for space performance remains fundamental (e.g., stress-related disorders) and deserves further attention. This approach is ultimately interesting considering the potential effects that microgravity may play on human performance during long-term space missions and on return to Earth.Mammarella N. Towards the affective cognition approach to human performance in space. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(6):532–534.

Percepción de la Población Pobre de Santiago sobre el Mercado Laboral en Chile al año 2011 y evolución desde el año 2003

Oikos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (31) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Marcelo Yáñez Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Union Power ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
The Poor ◽  
State Unemployment ◽  
Poor Population

RESUMENEl artículo muestra los principales resultados de la investigación Percepción de la Población Pobre de Santiago sobre el Mercado Laboral en Chile, realizada durante 9 años consecutivos desde 2003, por la Escuela de Administración y Economía de la Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez. El estudio incluye antecedentes sobre las concepciones de empleo y desempleo de este grupo de la población, así como la identificación de quienes –a su juicio– serían los responsables de que las personas pobres obtengan un trabajo y la calificación que le asignan a su gestión. También contempla sus percepciones en torno al apoyo del Estado, nivel de desempleo, influencia del capital social, respeto por los trabajadores, igualdad de oportunidades, poder de los sindicatos, entre otros aspectos, además del nivel de desempleo familiar y tipo de problemas laborales que han enfrentado.Palabras clave: mercado laboral, pobreza, percepciones, equidad.Este estudio ha sido realizado en el contexto de la investigación “Percepción de la población pobre de Santiago sobre las condiciones de acceso, equidad y satisfacción en la obtención de bienes básicos y públicos – año 2011: visión evolutiva desde el año 2003”, que es parte del Programa de Investigación de la Escuela de Administración y Economía de la UCSH. Esta investigación ha sido financiada desde sus inicios y en su totalidad con fondos propios de esta Universidad.Perception of the Poor Population from Santiago of The Labor Market in Chile in the year 2011 and evolution from 2003ABSTRACTThe paper shows the main results of a long-term investigation on the perceptions of the poor of Santiago of the labor market in Chile, which began in 2003 and was carried out by the School of Management and Economics at the Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez. The study includes background on the concepts of employment and unemployment in this group of the population, and the identification of those who, in his opinion, would be responsible for the poor to get a job and the rating assigned to their management. It also includes their perceptions of the support of the state, unemployment, social capital influence, respect for workers, equal opportunities, union power, among other things, besides the level of unemployment and type of family labor problems they have faced.Keywords: labor market, poverty, perceptions, equity.

Individual differences in white and grey matter structure associated with verbal habits of thought

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Hayes ◽  
Katherine L Alfred ◽  
Rachel Pizzie ◽  
Joshua S. Cetron ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
White Matter Tracts

Modality specific encoding habits account for a significant portion of individual differences reflected in functional activation during cognitive processing. Yet, little is known about how these habits of thought influence long-term structural changes in the brain. Traditionally, habits of thought have been assessed using self-report questionnaires such as the visualizer-verbalizer questionnaire. Here, rather than relying on subjective reports, we measured habits of thought using a novel behavioral task assessing attentional biases toward picture and word stimuli. Hypothesizing that verbal habits of thought are reflected in the structural integrity of white matter tracts and cortical regions of interest, we used diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analyses to assess this prediction. Using a whole-brain approach, we show that word bias is associated with increased volume in several bilateral language regions, in both white and grey matter parcels. Additionally, connectivity within white matter tracts within an a priori speech production network increased as a function of word bias. These results demonstrate long-term structural and morphological differences associated with verbal habits of thought.

Marketing For Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Pankaj Jain
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Green Marketing ◽  
Marketing Social ◽  
Marketing Systems ◽  
Sustainable Marketing ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Marketing Principles

This paper is an attempt to put forward a roadmap to attain sustainable marketing through social marketing, green marketing and critical marketing. Social Marketing is an approach to decide the marketing strategies and activities keeping society’s long term welfare in the mind. Social and ethical concerns are at the centre of social marketing. Green Marketing is an approach to develop and market environmentally safer products and services in and introducing sustainability efforts in various marketing and business processes. At last, Critical Marketing is an approach that calls for analyzing marketing principles, techniques and theory using a critical theory based approach. This approach helps in regulating and controlling marketing activities with a focus on sustainability as it challenges and questions the existing capitalist and marketing systems so as to achieve a more sustainable marketing system.

scholarly journals The Effect of Heterogenous Subregions in Glioblastomas on Survival Stratification: A Radiomics Analysis Using the Multimodality MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153303382110330
Author(s):  
Lulu Yin ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Hongbing Lu ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Manual Delineation ◽  
Flair Sequence ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Mri Sequences

Intratumor heterogeneity is partly responsible for the poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of different heterogeneous subregions of GBM on overall survival (OS) stratification. A total of 105 GBM patients were retrospectively enrolled and divided into long-term and short-term OS groups. Four MRI sequences, including contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (T1C), T1, T2, and FLAIR, were collected for each patient. Then, 4 heterogeneous subregions, i.e. the region of entire abnormality (rEA), the regions of contrast-enhanced tumor (rCET), necrosis (rNec) and edema/non-contrast-enhanced tumor (rE/nCET), were manually drawn from the 4 MRI sequences. For each subregion, 50 radiomics features were extracted. The stratification performance of 4 heterogeneous subregions, as well as the performances of 4 MRI sequences, was evaluated both alone and in combination. Our results showed that rEA was superior in stratifying long-and short-term OS. For the 4 MRI sequences used in this study, the FLAIR sequence demonstrated the best performance of survival stratification based on the manual delineation of heterogeneous subregions. Our results suggest that heterogeneous subregions of GBMs contain different prognostic information, which should be considered when investigating survival stratification in patients with GBM.

Physiological and behavioral responses of laying hens exposed to long-term high temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 103017
Author(s):  
Da-Hye Kim ◽  
Yoo-Kyung Lee ◽  
Sung-Dae Lee ◽  
Sang-Ho Kim ◽  
Kyung-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Behavioral Responses

Emotion modulates cognitive flexibility in patients with major depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1373-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Murphy ◽  
A. Michael ◽  
B. J. Sahakian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Emotional Category ◽  
And Control

BackgroundDepression is associated with alterations of emotional and cognitive processing, and executive control in particular. Previous research has shown that depressed patients are impaired in their ability to shift attention from one emotional category to another, but whether this shifting deficit is more evident on emotional relative to non-emotional cognitive control tasks remains unclear.MethodThe performance of patients with major depressive disorder and matched healthy control participants was compared on neutral and emotional variants of a dynamic cognitive control task that requires participants to shift attention and response from one category to another.ResultsRelative to controls, depressed patients were impaired on both tasks, particularly in terms of performance accuracy. In the neutral go/no-go task, the ability of depressed patients to flexibly shift attention and response from one class of neutral stimuli to the other was unimpaired. This contrasted with findings for the emotional go/no-go task, where responding was slower specifically on blocks of trials that required participants to shift attention and response from one emotional category to the other.ConclusionsThe present data indicate that any depression-related difficulties with cognitive flexibility and control may be particularly evident on matched tasks that require processing of relevant emotional, rather than simply neutral, stimuli. The implications of these findings for our developing understanding of cognitive and emotional control processes in depression are discussed.

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