9. The future

2017 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Brian Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
The Future

Perception is one of the best understood topics in psychology and yet there is still no universal agreement as to how we should understand the purpose or objective of perceptual processes. Should it be to explain how we see, hear, smell, taste, and touch—our subjective experiences—or should it be to explain how sensory information guides and controls action? ‘The future’ considers to what extent our perceptual processes are cognitively penetrable, that is, affected by higher-level processes of attention, expectations, emotions, and knowledge. It also explains the important consequences of ecological validity for the kinds of experiments we use to study perception.

Criminal Protection Orders Among Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: Women’s Experiences of Court Decisions, Processes, and Their Willingness to Engage With the System in the Future

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110219
Author(s):  
Samantha C. Holmes ◽  
Christopher D. Maxwell ◽  
Lauren B. Cattaneo ◽  
Barbara A. Bellucci ◽  
Tami P. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Protection Orders ◽  
The Future ◽  
Criminal Protection ◽  
Willingness To Use

Consistent with a therapeutic jurisprudence framework, court decisions and processes can have a therapeutic or antitherapeutic effect on intimate partner violence (IPV) victims. To maximize therapeutic effects, IPV scholars have advocated for survivor-defined practices that emphasize the importance of engaging with victims in a collaborative manner that promotes autonomy, choice, and control. However, limited research exists in the context of criminal protection orders (POs). The current study addressed this gap by assessing whether criminal PO match (whether victims received the level PO they requested [i.e., PO match] or not [i.e., PO mismatch]) and victims’ subjective experiences of the court process were associated with their willingness to use the system in the future to address IPV. In a sample of 187 women whose partners were arrested for IPV, experiencing the court processes as positive (β = .36, p = .001) and court-related fear (β = .41, p < .001) were positively associated with willingness to use the system in the future. Additionally, PO match moderated the association between subjective court experiences and willingness to use the system in the future. Experiencing the court processes as negative ( b = .33, p = .005) and validating ( b = –.36, p = .001) was associated with willingness to use the system in the future only for participants who did not receive the PO level they requested. While experiencing the court as positive ( b = –.40, p ≤ .001) was associated with willingness to use the system regardless of PO match, it was most strongly associated for participants who did not receive the PO level they requested. Results suggest the importance of ascertaining strategies to improve victims’ experiences with the court, especially when victims’ requests are not met, to increase future engagement with the system.

Can machine learning be used to forecast the future uncertainty of military teams?

2021 ◽  
pp. 154851292199911
Author(s):  
Ronald H Stevens ◽  
Trysha L Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
The Future ◽  
Network States ◽  
Uncertainty Models ◽  
Military Teams

Uncertainty is a fundamental property of neural computation that becomes amplified when sensory information does not match a person’s expectations of the world. Uncertainty and hesitation are often early indicators of potential disruption, and the ability to rapidly measure uncertainty would have implications for future educational and training efforts by targeting reflective discussions about past actions, supporting in-progress corrections, and generating forecasts about future disruptions. An approach is described combining neurodynamics and machine learning to provide quantitative measures of uncertainty. Models of neurodynamic information derived from electroencephalogram (EEG) brainwaves have provided detailed neurodynamic histories of US Navy submarine navigation team members. Persistent periods (25–30 s) of neurodynamic information were seen as discrete peaks when establishing the submarine’s position and were identified as periods of uncertainty by an artificial intelligence (AI) system previously trained to recognize the frequency, magnitude, and duration of different patterns of uncertainty in healthcare and student teams. Transition matrices of neural network states closely predicted the future uncertainty of the navigation team during the three minutes prior to a grounding event. These studies suggest that the dynamics of uncertainty may have common characteristics across teams and tasks and that forecasts of their short-term evolution can be estimated.

scholarly journals How to Produce Novelty? Creating, Borrowing, Modifying, Repeating And Forgetting: The Process of Contemporary Fashion Aesthetics

2019 ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Ruhan Liao
Keyword(s):  
Media Studies ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
The Core ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
The Future

The aesthetics of fashion can be regarded as the aesthetics of novelty since constant changes make novelty the core of fashion. Based on Colin Campbell’s theory, novelty is a judgment about our subjective experiences, indicating something we never experienced before. In the early stage of the fashion system, designers led fashion trends by creating brand-new items or borrowing foreign elements. Then, as the pace of fashion circulation increased, designers started to produce novelty by modifying details, or by repeating what was in fashion long before. Hence, fashion became cyclical. And the cycle duration would become shorter and shorter as the repetition sped up. At this stage, novelty is not based on whether the item is brand-new, but whether we still remember it. In the future, maybe the repeating of the old cannot maintain the feeling of novelty any more since the pace of fashion change is too quick to give enough time for the new to become old and forgotten. At that time, the novelty will not be based on whether we still remember it, but whether we want to forget it. Therefore, with the acceleration of fashion change, the method of how fashion produces novelty has gone through a logical sequence as follows: creating something brand-new, borrowing foreign elements, modifying details, repeating the forgotten old, and forgetting what is still new. Novelty has gone through a process from ‘externally determined’ to ‘internally determined’, moving to the direction of ‘self-deception determined’. Article received: April 20, 2019; Article accepted: June 15, 2019; Published online: September 15, 2019; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Ruhan, Liao. "How to Produce Novelty? Creating, Borrowing, Modifying, Repeating And Forgetting: The Process of Contemporary Fashion Aesthetics." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 19 (2019): 101-107. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i19.310

Sensory politics: The tug-of-war between potability and palatability in municipal water production

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Spackman ◽  
Gary A Burlingame
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Consumer Complaints ◽  
Water Testing ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Human Sensing ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Professional People ◽  
Intended Use

Sensory information signaled the acceptability of water for consumption for lay and professional people into the early twentieth century. Yet as the twentieth century progressed, professional efforts to standardize water-testing methods have increasingly excluded aesthetic information, preferring to rely on the objectivity of analytic information. Despite some highly publicized exceptions, consumer complaints remain peripheral to the making and regulating of drinking water. This exclusion is often attributed to the unreliability of the human senses in detecting danger. However, technical discussions among water professionals during the twentieth century suggest that this exclusion is actually due to sensory politics, the institutional and regulatory practices of inclusion or exclusion of sensory knowledge from systems of action. Water workers developed and turned to standardized analytical methods for detecting chemical and microbiological contaminants, and more recently sensory contaminants, a process that attempted to mitigate the unevenness of human sensing. In so doing, they created regimes of perception that categorized consumer sensory knowledge as aesthetic. By siloing consumers’ sensory knowledge about water quality into the realm of the aesthetic instead of accommodating it in the analytic, the regimes of perception implemented during the twentieth century to preserve health have marginalized subjective experiences. Discounting the human experience with municipal water as irrelevant to its quality, control and regulation is out of touch with its intended use as an ingestible, and calls for new practices that engage consumers as valuable participants.

No lab, no problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-168
Author(s):  
Jordan Gallant ◽  
Gary Libben
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Online Experiments ◽  
The Future ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Online Experimentation ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Millisecond Timing ◽  
The Web

Abstract We present new opportunities for psycholinguistic research that are made available by presenting experiments online over the web. We focus on PsychoPy3, which is a new version of a system for the development and delivery of behavioural experiments. Crucially, it allows for both these functions to be performed online. We note that experiments delivered over the web have significant efficiency advantages. They also open up new opportunities to increase the ecological validity of experiments and to facilitate the participation of members of populations that have thus far been less studied in the psycholinguistic literature. We discuss the crucial matter of millisecond timing in online experiments. The technical details of implementation of a behavioural psycholinguistic experiment are presented, along with listings of additional technical resources and support. Our overall evaluation is that although online experimentation still has technical challenges and improvements are ongoing, it may well represent the future of behavioural psycholinguistic research.

scholarly journals Who hit the ball out? An egocentric temporal order bias

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaav5698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ty Y. Tang ◽  
Michael K. McBeath
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
External Events ◽  
Temporal Order Judgments

Temporal order judgments can require integration of self-generated action events and external sensory information. We examined whether conscious experience is biased to perceive one’s own action events to occur before simultaneous external events, such as deciding whether you or your opponent last touched a basketball heading out of bounds. Participants made temporal order judgments comparing their own touch to another participant’s touch, a mechanical touch, or an auditory click. In all three manipulations, we find a robust bias to perceive self-generated action events to occur about 50 ms before external sensory events. We denote this bias to perceive self-actions earlier as the “egocentric temporal order” bias. Thus, if two players hit a ball nearly simultaneously, then both will likely have different subjective experiences of who touched last, leading to arguments.

scholarly journals Investigating Indirect and Direct Reputation Formation in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoi-Lam Jim ◽  
Friederike Range ◽  
Sarah Marshall-Pescini ◽  
Rachel Dale ◽  
Joshua M. Plotnik
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
String Pulling

Reputation is a key component in social interactions of group-living animals and appears to play a role in the establishment of cooperation. Animals can form a reputation of an individual by directly interacting with them or by observing them interact with a third party, i.e., eavesdropping. Elephants are an interesting taxon in which to investigate eavesdropping as they are highly cooperative, large-brained, long-lived terrestrial mammals with a complex social organisation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) could form reputations of humans through indirect and/or direct experience in two different paradigms: (1) a cooperative string-pulling task and (2) a scenario requiring begging. Fourteen captive Asian elephants in Thailand participated in an experimental procedure that consisted of three parts: baseline, observation, and testing. In the observation phase, the subject saw a conspecific interact with two people—one cooperative/generous and one non-cooperative/selfish. The observer could then choose which person to approach in the test phase. The elephants were tested in a second session 2–5 days later. We found no support for the hypothesis that elephants can form reputations of humans through indirect or direct experience, but these results may be due to challenges with experimental design rather than a lack of capacity. We discuss how the results may be due to a potential lack of ecological validity in this study and the difficulty of assessing motivation and attentiveness in elephants. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of designing future experiments that account for the elephants' use of multimodal sensory information in their decision-making.

Everyday Thoughts in Time: Experience Sampling Studies of Mental Time Travel

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1631-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
Wilhelm Hofmann ◽  
Amy Summerville ◽  
Philip T. Reiss ◽  
Kathleen D. Vohs
Keyword(s):  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Mental Time Travel ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Experience ◽  
The Future ◽  
Present Focus

Time is among the most important yet mysterious aspects of experience. We investigated everyday mental time travel, especially into the future. Two community samples, contacted at random points for 3 (Study 1; 6,686 reports) and 14 days (Study 2; 2,361 reports), reported on their most recent thought. Both studies found that thoughts about the present were frequent, thoughts about the future also were common, whereas thoughts about the past were rare. Thoughts about the present were on average highly happy and pleasant but low in meaningfulness. Pragmatic prospection (thoughts preparing for action) was evident in thoughts about planning and goals. Thoughts with no time aspect were lower in sociality and experiential richness. Thoughts about the past were relatively unpleasant and involuntary. Subjective experiences of thinking about past and future often were similar—while both differed from present focus, consistent with views that memory and prospection use similar mental structures.

Neuronal Activity in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex in the Process of Motor Selection Based on Two Behavioral Rules

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 2355-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Hoshi ◽  
Keisetsu Shima ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Shape Matching ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Behavioral Rules ◽  
The Future ◽  
Correct Object ◽  
Shape Selective

This study examined neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PF) involved in the process of motor selection in accordance with two behavioral rules. We trained two monkeys to select a target based on the integration of memorized and current sensory information. Initially, a sample cue (triangle or circle) appeared at one of three locations (top, left, or right) for 1 s. After a 3-s delay, one of two types of choice cue appeared. The first type asked the monkeys to reach for a target by matching the location (location-matching task). The second type asked the monkeys to reach for a target by matching the shape (shape-matching task). The choice cue for location matching consisted of either three circles or three triangles, and the choice cue for shape matching consisted of a circle and a triangle. When the color of the choice cue changed from red to green 1.5 s later (GO signal), the monkeys touched the correct object to obtain a reward. We found cue-, delay-, choice-, and movement-related neuronal activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex. During the sample cue presentation and delay periods, we found selective neuronal activity for the location or shape of the sample cue. Shape-selective neurons were located more anteriorly in the ventral bank of the principal sulcus and inferior convexity area, whereas location-selective neurons were more posteriorly. After the choice cue appeared, we found three main types of neuronal activity in the critical period when the subject selected the future target: 1) activity reflecting past sensory information (the location or shape of the sample cue presented 3 s earlier), 2) activity selective for the configuration of the current choice cue, and 3) activity reflecting the properties (location or shape) of the future target. During the motor-response period, we found neuronal activity selective for the location or shape of the reaching target. When muscimol was microinjected into the ventral bank of principal sulcus and inferior convexity area, the performance of both tasks was impaired. Furthermore, we found that the wealth of neuronal activity in the PF that seemed to play a role in motor selection was rarely seen in the primary motor cortex.

scholarly journals Top-down resolution of visual ambiguity – knowledge from the future or footprints from the past?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258667
Author(s):  
Jürgen Kornmeier ◽  
Kriti Bhatia ◽  
Ellen Joos
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
And Behavior

Current theories about visual perception assume that our perceptual system weights the a priori incomplete, noisy and ambiguous sensory information with previous, memorized perceptual experiences in order to construct stable and reliable percepts. These theories are supported by numerous experimental findings. Theories about precognition have an opposite point of view. They assume that information from the future can have influence on perception, thoughts, and behavior. Several experimental studies provide evidence for precognition effects, other studies found no such effects. One problem may be that the vast majority of precognition paradigms did not systematically control for potential effects from the perceptual history. In the present study, we presented ambiguous Necker cube stimuli and disambiguated cube variants and systematically tested in two separate experiments whether perception of a currently observed ambiguous Necker cube stimulus can be influenced by a disambiguated cube variant, presented in the immediate perceptual past (perceptual history effects) and/or in the immediate perceptual future (precognition effects). We found perceptual history effects, which partly depended on the length of the perceptual history trace but were independent of the perceptual future. Results from some individual participants suggest on the first glance a precognition pattern, but results from our second experiment make a perceptual history explanation more probable. On the group level, no precognition effects were statistically indicated. The perceptual history effects found in the present study are in confirmation with related studies from the literature. The precognition analysis revealed some interesting individual patterns, which however did not allow for general conclusions. Overall, the present study demonstrates that any future experiment about sensory or extrasensory perception urgently needs to control for potential perceptual history effects and that temporal aspects of stimulus presentation are of high relevance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document