4. Translation, production, and distribution of the Bible

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
John Riches
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
The Bible ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Bible Reading

‘Translation, production, and distribution of the Bible’ examines the translation, production, and distribution of the Bible. For centuries, the religious texts were preserved in Hebrew on scrolls. By the 4th century ce, the whole of the Bible would be found in codex form. Later, the 15th century saw the growth of lay movements based on private prayer and bible reading. It also saw the development of printing using movable type, which made possible the production of cheaper bibles. This prepared the way for the Protestant Reformation with its powerful desire to make the Bible available to all. New methods of producing cheap bibles were developed in the 19th century and led to a remarkably dynamic process of distributing bibles across the world. In this the Bible societies played a vital role.

FOR FUN OR SERIOUSLY? IN SEARCH OF THE AUTHOR OF “L’ABUZÉ EN COURT”

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Yulia P. Krylova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Life Events ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article considers some new aspects for the issue of attribution of “L’Abuzé en court” (“Deceived at Court”) – the French anonymous text of the second half of the 15th century. In the world historiography questioning the authorship of the work since long has been abandoned. Until the 19th century the author of the text was considered to be the king Rene of Anjou (1409–1480). Later that hypothesis was refuted by scholars, as long as the style of the composition did not correspond to the king`s other works. Nothing is known about “L’Abuzé en court” and the text itself does not contain any visible references to its creator. However, a broader view of the context helps one to identify significant circumstances updating the longstanding issue. So far the view of researchers has missed such important aspects for the identification of “L’Abuzé en court” – as the roles-playing nature of medieval culture, especially the courtly one, intense literary and theater activity at the court of the king Rene of Anjou, in particular, of his jester Tribulet, who was extremely appreciated by the king, and the wide popularity of the text. Those circumstances, considered together, including the life events of the king himself, allow one to make a conclusion not only on the Angevin-Provençal court`s origin of the text, but also on the influence / participation of the jester Triboulet in its creation.

Protestantism in America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Fea
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Political Liberty ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is virtually impossible to understand the history of the American experience without Protestantism. The theological and religious descendants of the Protestant Reformation arrived in the United States in the early 17th century, shaped American culture in the 18th century, grew dramatically in the 19th century, and continued to be the guardians of American religious life in the 20th century. Protestantism, of course, is not monolithic. In fact, the very idea at the heart of Protestantism—the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages so it can be read and interpreted by all men and women—has resulted in thousands of different denominations, all claiming to be true to the teachings of scripture. Protestantism, with its emphasis on the belief that human beings can access God as individuals, flourished in a nation that celebrated democracy and freedom. During the period of British colonization, especially following the so-called Glorious Revolution of 1688, Protestantism went hand in hand with British concepts of political liberty. As the British people celebrated their rights-oriented philosophy of government and compared their freedoms with the tyranny of France and other absolute monarchies in Europe, they also extolled the religious freedom that they had to read and interpret the Bible for themselves. Following the American Revolution, this historic connection between political liberty and Protestant liberty proved to be compatible with the kind of democratic individualism that emerged in the decades preceding the Civil War and, in many respects, continues to define American political culture. Protestantism, of course, is first and foremost a religious movement. The proliferation of Protestant denominations provides the best support for G. K. Chesterton’s quip that “America is a nation with the soul of a church.” Spiritual individualism, a commitment to the authority of an inspired Bible, and the idea that faith in the Christian gospel is all that is needed to be saved from eternal punishment, has transformed the lives of millions and millions of ordinary Americans over the course of the last four hundred years.

Effective Preaching: A Cluster of Conditions

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
J. Stewart Miller
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
General Character ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
High Point ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Preaching ◽  
Bible Reading ◽  
The Church ◽  
Christian History

It has often been alleged that the liturgically-minded incline to indifference toward preaching and it must be confessed that Christian history has demonstrated that this is a plaint not wholly without foundation. The church has had its enthusiasts whose ardour for correctness in worship both in general character and in minute detail has left them somewhat short of concern for what has traditionally been deemed a high point in the Reformed cultus, the preaching of the Word. There has been a school of thought — now virtually it is to be hoped extinct — which was apt to exalt ‘worship’ above ‘mere preaching’. It developed partly no doubt in welcome reaction to another school of thought equally reprehensible in its lack of balance which relegated all of the service that preceded the sermon to the category of ‘preliminaries’. Any polarisation of worship and preaching, however, must be deprecated, for every part of the Christian cult is ‘worship’, and the sermon is an integral part of the cult. ‘The Word of God’, says the Roman Catholic scholar, Ambrosius Verheul, ‘read in the Epistle and Gospel must become a real message from God to us, men of the present, in the concrete circumstances of the world in which we live. Therefore Bible-reading demands an explanation. The Bible-reading evokes preaching, the homily, connecting with the content of what has been read.’

Protestant English-Language Bible Publishing and Translation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Gutjahr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
English Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Printing Presses

After the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776, the English Royal copyright on the Bible no longer held sway in the newly formed United States. Beginning in 1777, American publishers began to produce English-language Bibles. Over the next two and half centuries, four distinct waves of American Bible publishing moved from the use of hand-powered printing presses to computers to produce billions of copies of the scriptures that have been distributed around the world. This chapter examines the publishing technologies, the distribution methods, and the key social and religious developments that have been critical in shaping the production and distribution of the Protestant Bible in the United States.

scholarly journals O kształtowaniu się staropolskiej formuły Jakoby rzekł

LingVaria ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-156
Author(s):  
Dorota Rojszczak-Robińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

On Shaping the jakoby rzekł Formula in the Old Polish Language In the 15th century, a commenting formula: jakoby rzekł appeared in Polish as a calque of the Latin: quasi dicat. Its accumulation can be seen in those old Polish apocrypha that are multi-source and focused on theology, not just events. The jakoby rzekł formula occurs almost exclusively in dialogue and introduces a paraphrase of the quoted statement of a Biblical character. It serves various purposes: theological exegesis, especially explaining controversial issues and, sometimes, simplifying theological content, making the figure of Jesus more familiar, or changing the emotional attitude of the reader; also, it introduces explanations of foreign terms. The formula: jakoby rzekł became especially popular in the 16th-century religious texts. They include all functions of the formula noticed in the medieval materials. The formula was used in the Polish language until the 19th century.

Many legal systems throughout the world have a rule of thumb adherence to the doctrine of precedent. However, few keep to the concept of binding precedent as rigidly as the English legal system. Indeed, it has been said that it is more difficult to get rid of an awkward decision in England than it is anywhere else in the world. 4.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this chapter, readers should: • understand the basic rationale for the doctrine of precedent; • be able to explain what the doctrine of precedent is; • understand the difference between the theoretical dimension and the practical dimension of the doctrine of precedent; • be able to competently read a case and prepare a case note; • understand the relationship between reliable law reporting and the doctrine of precedent; • understand the relationship between statutes and cases; • be able to distinguish between year books, nominate reports, general and specialist series, and official reports; • understand the constituent parts of the ratio of a case. 4.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW REPORTING AND THE DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENT The only way of being able to keep successfully to the doctrine of binding precedent is to have a reliable system of law reporting. The competent production of volumes of reports of past cases is indispensable to the operation of the doctrine. Reliable law reports have only been available in England since 1865 although there are a range of fragmentary law reports going back to the 12th century, which are known as yearbooks. Reports existing in the Yearbooks cover the period from the late 12th century to the early 16th century. However, it is not always possible to discover if the report is of an actual case or a moot (an argument contest between lawyers). This makes them an unreliable source and also the detail that was given and the quality of the reports varies considerably. Some reports record outcome, but not facts, others record facts and outcome, but give no reasoning process. Reports also exist in the nominate (named) reports dating from the late 15th century to 1865. By the 19th century, a court-authorised reporter was attached to all higher courts and their reports were published in collected volumes again by name of reporter. By 1865, there were 16 reporters compiling and publishing authorised reports. They were amalgamated into the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting and the reports were published in volumes known as the Law Reports. These reports are checked by the judges of the relevant case prior to publication and a rule of citation has developed that if a case is reported in a range of publications, only that version printed in the Law Reports is cited in court. However, the accuracy of reports pre-dating the setting up of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting in 1865 cannot be guaranteed.

2012 ◽  
pp. 76-76
Keyword(s):  
Actual Case ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Law Reports ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The Hittites: Hattusa and Yazïlïkaya

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
The Bible ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The 19Th Century

In many ways the ancient Hittite sites of Hattusa and Yazïlïkaya are among the most distinctive sites related to the Bible in the entire Mediterranean region. Unlike the majority of ancient cities of the Bible in both Turkey and Greece, these sites are not related to the Apostle Paul and the New Testament. In fact, they are only marginally related to the Old Testament. Nevertheless, the identification of this city in 1906 by the German archaeologist Hugo Winckler created a sensation in archaeological and biblical studies. Since 1986 the site of Hattusa has been included on the World Heritage List of UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). Prior to the 19th century, the Hittites were entirely unknown to the world except for their mention in the Bible. The biblical references to such a powerful kingdom, for which no other evidence existed, were met by skepticism and even outright disbelief. Scholars did not believe that so dominant an empire could disappear without a trace. Following the discovery in 1799 of the Rosetta Stone in Egypt by Napoleon’s soldiers, however, which unlocked the key to reading hieroglyphics, reference to the Hittites was also discovered in Egyptian sources. Most notable among these citations are references to a great battle between the Egyptians, led by Ramses II (likely the pharaoh of the Exodus tradition), and the Hittites at Kadesh (Syria). Also mentioned was a subsequent treaty, a nonaggression pact, wherein both nations pledged mutual support and agreed to establish Syria as the southern boundary of the Hittites’ power and the northern boundary of the Egyptians’ power. Modern discovery of the Hittites began in 1834, when Charles Texier located the ruins of the capital city of the Hittites, Hattusa, which he believed to be a city of the Medes. Correct identification of the city was not made until 1906, when the discovery of 2,500 fragments of cuneiform tablets allowed Hugo Winckler to recognize that the extensive ruins were in fact the Hittite capital city. Since that time excavations by the German Archaeological Institute and others have continued.

scholarly journals Dispensasionalisme Sebagai Metode Dalam Memahami Alkitab

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-37
Author(s):  
Philip Suciadi Chia ◽  
Juanda Juanda
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Religious System ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Sharp Knife ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Bible is the word of God that needs to be understood by all those who already have Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior. This is called a Christian. It is different from people who are Christians as a 'religion'. Christians are obliged to study the Bible as a basic truth in order to know God's will from time to time. On the other hand, Bible learners often experience confusion problems, when understanding the continuity of the contents from Genesis to Revelation. Are there interrelations? Or it is just a fragmented story with different intentions.There are appropriate methods in avoiding confusion when doing this learning process. This method has been understood since the beginning of the century which then became popular throughout the world in the 19th century, with the term Dispensationalism.Dispensation is a period of time during which humans are tested in the perspective of obedience to a specific revelation of God's will. Theologically, the word dispensation means a religious system that is understood as a divine provision or as a sign of progressive revelation that expresses the changing needs of an individual nation or time period. Dispensationalism views the world as a household run or worked by God.Dispensation theology is often misunderstood by theologians, without wanting to study it carefully, where is the oddity? This discussion will show that Dispensationalism is as a sharp knife for understanding the Bible as a whole.   Abstrak Alkitab itu firman Allah yang perlu dipahami oleh semua orang yang telah memiliki Yesus sebagai Tuhan dan Juruselamatnya secara pribadi. Ini disebut orang Kristen. Beda dengan orang yang beragama Kristen. Orang Kristen itu hukumnya wajib, untuk mempelajari Alkitab, sebagai dasar kebenaran dalam rangka mengetahui kehendak Allah dari zaman ke zaman.Di sisi lain, para pembelajar Alkitab sering mengalami kendala kebingungan, saat memahami kesinambungan dari isi Kitab Kejadian hingga Kitab Wahyu. Apakah ada saling keterkaitannya? Ataukah hanya kisah yang terpotong-potong dengan maksud yang berbeda-beda.Ada metode yang tepat guna dalam menghindarkan diri dari kebingungan saat melakukan proses pembelajaran ini. Metode ini telah dipahami sejak abad permulaan yang kemudian mulai populer ke seluruh dunia pada abad 19, dengan istilah Dispensasionalisme.Dispensasi merupakan suatu periode waktu di mana pada masa itu manusia diuji di dalam perspektif ketaatan kepada suatu wahyu spesifik dari kehendak Allah. Secara teologis kata dispensasi berarti sistem religius yang dipahami sebagai suatu ketetapan ilahi atau sebagai penunjuk cara pewahyuan secara progresif yang mengekspresikan perubahan kebutuhan bangsa secara individu atau periode waktu. Dispensasionalisme memandang dunia sebagai rumah tangga yang dijalankan atau dikerjakan oleh Allah.Teologi Dispensasi sering disalahmengerti oleh para teolog, tanpa mau mempelajari terlebih dahulu dengan teliti, di mana letak kejanggalannya? Pembahasan ini akan menunjukkan bahwa Dispensasionalisme merupakan pisau yang tajam untuk memahami Alkitab secara utuh.

Printing, Publishing, and Reform in Tsarist Central Asia

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeeb Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Benedict Anderson ◽  
The 19Th Century

Scholars have long noted, often with disapproval, the tardiness of the introduction of printing to the Muslim world, but the consequences of that introduction on the production, reproduction, and transmission of knowledge in Muslim societies are only now beginning to be understood. For instance, the numerous movements for modernist reform that arose in the Muslim world in the 19th century were all propagated through the medium of print, yet the connection between those movements and the availability of printing seldom has been investigated. This neglect is all the more surprising in view of the fact that historians of early modern Europe have long emphasized the signal role played by printing in Europe's transition to modernity. In her influential work, Elizabeth Eisenstein has written of a “printing revolution” unleashed by the invention and rapid dissemination of the technology in 15th-century Europe. There is, for Eisenstein, something inherent in the very nature of printing that revolutionizes the intellectual outlook of individuals and cultures with which it comes in contact. In a different vein, Benedict Anderson has pointed to the importance of “print capitalism” in creating a sense of shared community in the 19th century that made possible the rise of national ism in many parts of the world.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Catholic Mission ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Figure

This chapter introduces the book’s main figure and situates him within the historical moment from which he emerges. It shows the degree to which global geographies shaped the European Catholic mission project. It describes the impact of the Padroado system that divided the world for evangelism between the Spanish and Portuguese crowns in the 15th century. It also argues that European clerics were drawing lines on Asian lands even before colonial regimes were established in the nineteenth century, suggesting that these earlier mapping projects were also extremely significant in shaping the lives of people in Asia. I argue for the value of telling this story from the vantage point of a Vietnamese Catholic, and thus restoring agency to a population often obscured by the lives of European missionaries.

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