Birth weight and body composition in young women: a prospective twin study

Abstract Objective: We aimed at evaluating the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring anthropometry and body composition. We also evaluated whether these associations were modified by gender, diet and physical activity and mediated by birth weight. Design: Birth cohort study. Setting: Waist circumference was measured with an inextensible tape, and fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for possible confounders and allele score of BMI. We carried out mediation analysis using G-formula. Participants: In 1982, 1993 and 2004, all maternity hospitals in Pelotas (South Brazil) were visited daily and all live births whose families lived in the urban area of the city were evaluated. These subjects have been followed up at different ages. Results: Offspring of obese mothers had on average higher BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index than those of normal weight mothers, and these differences were higher among daughters. The magnitudes of the association were similar in the cohorts, except for height, where the association pattern was not clear. In the 1982 cohort, further adjustment for a BMI allele score had no material influence on the magnitude of the associations. Mediation analyses showed that birth weight captured part of this association. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status is positively associated with offspring BMI and adiposity in offspring. And this association is higher among daughters whose mother was overweight or obese and, birth weight explains part of this association.

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Gender differences in relationships between body composition components, their distribution and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional opposite sex twin study

Osteoporosis International ◽

10.1007/s00198-005-1841-4 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 1495-1505 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Joanna Makovey ◽

Vasi Naganathan ◽

Philip Sambrook

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Twin Study ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Opposite Sex

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Tracking of Body Composition Variables

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.80.5.779 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 80 (5) ◽

pp. 779-783

Author(s):

David W. Harsha ◽

Carey G. Smoak ◽

Theresa A. Nicklas ◽

Larry S. Webber ◽

Gerald S. Berenson

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Early Detection ◽

Significant Degree ◽

Anthropometric Variable ◽

Skinfold Measurements ◽

Growth Abnormalities

Height, weight, and skinfold measurements were obtained on a cohort of 447 children from birth (weight) or 6 months of age (height and skinfold) and monitored yearly thereafter until 7 years of age. At age 7 years, 250 remained for follow-up screening. A significant degree of tracking was found for all variables from age 1 to age 7 years. Height and weight tracked most strongly (age 1- to 7-year correlations = .42 and .44, respectively), whereas skinfold tracked somewhat lower (.28). Earlier levels of each anthropometric variable were the best predictor of later levels of that parameter. Implications for early detection and treatment of growth abnormalities are discussed.

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Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age

Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2017-314547 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. F242-F247 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chonnikant Visuthranukul ◽

Steven A Abrams ◽

Keli M Hawthorne ◽

Joseph L Hagan ◽

Amy B Hair

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Body Composition ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Human Milk ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Metabolic Outcomes ◽

Catch Up

ObjectiveTo compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.DesignPremature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12–15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18–22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsOf 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs −0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.ConclusionsSGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.

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Examining the Relationship Between Physical Activity Intensity and Adiposity in Young Women

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2013-0441 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 764-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bruce W. Bailey ◽

Pamela Borup ◽

James D. LeCheminant ◽

Larry A. Tucker ◽

Jacob Bromley

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Young Women ◽

Physical Activity Intensity ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Bod Pod ◽

Activity Intensity ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

The Relationship

Background:The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between intensity of physical activity (PA) and body composition in 343 young women.Methods:Physical activity was objectively measured using accelerometers worn for 7 days in women 17 to 25 years. Body composition was assessed using the BOD POD.Results:Young women who spent less than 30 minutes a week performing vigorous PA had significantly higher body fat percentages than women who performed more than 30 minutes of vigorous PA per week (F = 4.54, P = .0113). Young women who spent less than 30 minutes per day in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) had significantly higher body fat percentages than those who obtained more than 30 minutes per day of MVPA (F = 7.47, P = .0066). Accumulating more than 90 minutes of MVPA per day was associated with the lowest percent body fat. For every 10 minutes spent in MVPA per day, the odds of having a body fat percentage above 32% decreased by 29% (P = .0002).Conclusion:Vigorous PA and MVPA are associated with lower adiposity. Young women should be encouraged to accumulate at least 30 minutes of MVPA per day, however getting more than 90 minutes a day is predictive of even lower levels of adiposity.

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The relationship between second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), muscle strength and body composition to bone mineral density in young women

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.51.2.8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 238-245

Author(s):

Hamid Arazi ◽

Ehsan Eghbali

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Young Women ◽

Upper Body ◽

Lower Body ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Body Strength ◽

Lower Body Strength ◽

The Relationship

2D:4D ratio is determined by balance between androgens and estrogens. Low level estrogen reduces bone mineral density (BMD) and incurs negative changes to bone microarchitecture, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and, as a consequence, fracture risk in women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D, muscle strength and body composition to BMD in young women. One hundred twenty-seven young women (age range 24-36 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Lengths of the second (index) and fourth (ring) fingers, upper and lower body strength and body composition (body mass index, BMI; waist to hip ratio, WHR) and body fat percentage were estimated. Also, blood levels of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) were evaluated and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device was used to measure BMD in the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). The results showed that digit ratios, upper body and lower body muscle strength, BMI and fat percentage had a positive relationship with LS and FN BMD (LS BMD: r=.47, r=.56, r=.46, r=.34, r=.28, p≤.001, respectively; FN BMD: r=.34, r=.49, r=.51, r=.45, r=.27, p≤.001, respectively). In addition, there was no significant relationship between WHR and BMD of LS and FN (p˃.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed the upper body strength was a stronger determinant of LS BMD and the lower body strength was a stronger determinant of FN BMD. Based on the results, the researchers concluded that upper and lower body strength, 2D:4D ratios and BMI were important determinants of young women’s BMD. Also, it seemed that some of these factors may be able to help predicting the osteoporosis potential in young women

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