PTC1 and PTC2: New Indices of Blood Pressure Waveforms and Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Systolic and diastolic blood pressures provide information about cardiovascular disease (CVD) but are only extremes of the pressure waveform during the cardiac cycle. We developed summaries of the pressure decay, called PTC1 and PTC2, that are related to arterial compliance and to an existing proprietary summary that has been shown to predict CVD. We derived the summaries from a Windkessel model (consisting of a decaying exponential plus a dampened cosine, with an intercept so they are independent of calibration with blood pressure, unlike the proprietary measures), and we estimated them using nonlinear least squares with standard, free software. Among 6,228 adults from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, initially free of CVD in 2000–2002, mean PTC2 was 94 (standard deviation, 46) milliseconds. During median 15-year follow-up, there were 911 CVD events (including 609 incidents of coronary heart disease and 270 strokes). One-standard-deviation higher PTC2 was associated with 17% (95% confidence interval: 10, 24) lower CVD risk, after adjustment for traditional risk factors. Results were similar for PTC1. PTC1 and PTC2 are relatively straightforward to compute and add information beyond traditional risk factors for prediction of CVD. Our work enables others to replicate and extend our results with waveforms from any suitable device.

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Abstract P206: The Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Traditional Risk Factors Increases

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p206 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Susanne Rospleszcz ◽

Barbara Thorand ◽

Tonia de las Heras Gala ◽

Christa Meisinger ◽

Rolf Holle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Population Attributable Risk ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Traditional Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Traditional risk factors include systolic blood pressure, diabetes, adiposity, cholesterol and smoking. The prevalence and distribution of these risk factors in the population have changed within the last decades and CVD mortality rates have been declining. However, the impact of these changes on the contribution of the single risk factors to overall CVD risk remains to be investigated. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that the population attributable risk (PAR) of traditional risk factors changes from 1985 to 2000. Methods: The sample comprises N = 11 760 participants aged 30 - 65 years from four prospective population-based cohort studies enrolled in Southern Germany in 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000. Participants were followed up for incident CVD events for ten years. We analyzed the traditional risk factors hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or treatment with antihypertensive medication; diabetes mellitus; obesity, defined as a Body Mass Index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ; hypercholesterolemia, defined as total cholesterol levels ≥ 200 mg/dL; and smoking. We calculated the PAR first according to Levin’s formula using both crude relative risks as well as adjusted hazard ratios and second as an average of all single sequential PARs according to the formulae by Ferguson. Results: Temporal trends in prevalence varied for the respective risk factors. The prevalence of hypertension decreased slightly for women (from 25.0% in 1985 to 23.0% in 2000) and increased slightly for men (32.3% to 33.3%), whereas the prevalence of diabetes and obesity increased for both women and men. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia decreased slightly for women (from 73.4% to 71.4%) and more pronounced for men (80.5% to 74.5%). Prevalence of smoking increased for women (20% to 23.6%), but decreased for men (36.4% to 32.4%). CVD events occurred in 2.4% of women in 1985 and 2.3% in 2000; for men, event rates were and 6.2% and 6.3%, respectively. For both women and men the risk factor with the highest PAR in 1985 was hypertension (64.0% and 43.3%, respectively according to Levin’s formula). However, in 2000 the risk factor with the highest PAR was hypercholesterolemia (78.2% and 57.0%, respectively). The PAR for diabetes declined for women and increased for men. The PAR for smoking varied substantially between the studies without a discernible trend. According to Ferguson’s formulae, the PAR of all risk factors taken together increased from 74.3% to 84.2% in women and from 70.8% to 81.8% in men. Conclusion: In conclusion, the CVD risk attributable to traditional risk factors has increased within the last decades. However, different methods of calculating the PAR have to be taken into account. These trends might influence public health policies focusing on the management of these risk factors in order to effectively prevent CVD.

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Can traditional risk factors explain the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in South Asians compared to Europeans in Norway and New Zealand? Two cohort studies

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016819 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. e016819 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kjersti S Rabanal ◽

Haakon E Meyer ◽

Grethe S Tell ◽

Jannicke Igland ◽

Romana Pylypchuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

New Zealand ◽

South Asians ◽

Excess Risk ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Traditional Risk Factors

ObjectivesThe objective was to prospectively examine potential differences in the risk of first cardiovascular disease (CVD) events between South Asians and Europeans living in Norway and New Zealand, and to investigate whether traditional risk factors could explain any differences.MethodsWe included participants (30–74 years) without prior CVD in a Norwegian (n=16 606) and a New Zealand (n=129 449) cohort. Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factor information was linked with hospital registry data and cause of death registries to identify subsequent CVD events. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to investigate the relationship between risk factors and subsequent CVD for South Asians and Europeans, and to calculate age-adjusted HRs for CVD in South Asians versus Europeans in the two cohorts separately. We sequentially added the major CVD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, diabetes and smoking) to study their explanatory role in observed ethnic CVD risk differences.ResultsSouth Asians had higher total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and more diabetes at baseline than Europeans, but lower blood pressure and smoking levels. South Asians had increased age-adjusted risk of CVD compared with Europeans (87%–92% higher in the Norwegian cohort and 42%–75% higher in the New Zealand cohort) and remained with significantly increased risk after adjusting for all major CVD risk factors. Adjusted HRs for South Asians versus Europeans in the Norwegian cohort were 1.57 (95% CI 1.19 to 2.07) in men and 1.76 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.82) in women. Corresponding figures for the New Zealand cohort were 1.64 (95% CI 1.43 to 1.88) in men and 1.39 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.73) in women.ConclusionDifferences in TC/HDL ratio and diabetes appear to explain some of the excess risk of CVD in South Asians compared with Europeans. Preventing dyslipidaemia and diabetes in South Asians may therefore help reduce their excess risk of CVD.

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Effects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/advances/nmz007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 634-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ehsan Ghaedi ◽

Mohammad Mohammadi ◽

Hamed Mohammadi ◽

Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie ◽

Janmohamad Malekzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Paleolithic Diet ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Randomized Controlled

ABSTRACTThere is some evidence supporting the beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet (PD) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This diet advises consuming lean meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, and nuts and avoiding intake of grains, dairy products, processed foods, and added sugar and salt. This study was performed to assess the effects of a PD on CVD risk factors including anthropometric indexes, lipid profile, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers using data from randomized controlled trials. A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to August 2018. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled effect size. Meta-analysis of 8 eligible studies revealed that a PD significantly reduced body weight [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −1.68 kg; 95% CI: −2.86, −0.49 kg], waist circumference (WMD = −2.72 cm; 95% CI: −4.04, −1.40 cm), BMI (in kg/m2) (WMD = −1.54; 95% CI: −2.22, −0.87), body fat percentage (WMD = −1.31%; 95% CI: −2.06%, −0.57%), systolic (WMD = −4.75 mm Hg; 95% CI: −7.54, −1.96 mm Hg) and diastolic (WMD = −3.23 mm Hg; 95% CI: −4.77, −1.69 mm Hg) blood pressure, and circulating concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD = −0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.42, −0.04 mmol/L), triglycerides (WMD = −0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.55, −0.06 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (WMD = −0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.01 mmol/L), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = −0.48 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.79, −0.16 mg/L) and also significantly increased HDL cholesterol (WMD = 0.06 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.11 mmol/L). However, sensitivity analysis revealed that the overall effects of a PD on lipid profile, systolic blood pressure, and circulating CRP concentrations were sensitive to removing some studies and to the correlation coefficients, hence the results must be interpreted with caution. Although the present meta-analysis revealed that a PD has favorable effects on CVD risk factors, the evidence is not conclusive and more well-designed trials are still needed.

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Abstract P156: Assessing the Effect of the Heart of New Ulm Project: a Population-Based Program to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.135.suppl_1.p156 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Abbey C Sidebottom ◽

Arthur Sillah ◽

David M Vock ◽

Michael M Miedema ◽

Raquel Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Health System ◽

Matched Control ◽

Population Based ◽

Control Population ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Matched Control Population

Background: Despite a highly recognized priority for public health and healthcare to implement population-level strategies to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), limited evidence exists on the most effective strategies. Data collection and evaluation of large scale, community based-prevention programs can be challenging and costly to achieve. The Heart of New Ulm (HONU) Project, begun in 2009, is a population-based initiative with healthcare, community, and workplace interventions addressing multiple levels of the social-ecological model designed to reduce modifiable CVD risk factors in rural New Ulm, MN. The community is served by one health system, enabling the use of electronic health record (EHR) data for surveillance. Objective: To assess trends for CVD risk factors, events, and healthcare utilization for New Ulm residents compared to a matched control population. Methods: We matched New Ulm residents (n = 4,077) with controls (n = 4,077) from a regional community served by the same health system using refined covariate balance techniques to match on baseline demographics, CVD risk factors, and health care utilization. Mixed effects longitudinal models with adjustment for age and gender, and an interaction for time by community, were run. Model based estimates were constructed for the entire cohort at each time period. Results: Over the first 6 years of the HONU Project,blood pressure, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were managed better in New Ulm than the matched comparison community. The proportion of New Ulm residents with controlled blood pressure increased by 6.2 percentage points while the control group increased by 2 points. 10-year ASCVD risk scores showed less decline for New Ulm residents than controls (16 vs. 18.4). The intervention and control groups did not differ with regard to inpatient stays, CVD events, smoking, or glucose. Conclusions: Compared to a matched control population, we found improved control of CVD risk factors in the New Ulm Population exposed to the HONU Project.

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Abstract P345: Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death using Multiple Biomarkers in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p345 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Solomon K Musani ◽

Ramachandran Vasan ◽

Aurelian Bidulescu ◽

Jung Lee ◽

Gregory Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

African Americans ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Jackson Heart Study ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Risk Reclassification ◽

Heart Study ◽

Traditional Risk Factors

Background: The usefulness of biomarkers from different biologic pathways for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among African Americans is not well understood. Methods: We evaluated prospectively 3,102 Jackson Heart Study participants (mean age 54 years; 64% women) with data on a panel of 9 biomarkers representing inflammation (high sensitivity C - reactive protein), adiposity (adiponectin, leptin), neurohormonal activation (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP], aldosterone, and cortisol); insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); and endothelial function (endothelin and homocysteine). We used Cox proportional hazard regression to relate the biomarker panel to the incidence of CVD (stroke, coronary heart disease, angina, heart failure and intermittent claudication) adjusting for standard CVD risk factors. Results: On follow-up (median 8.2 years), 224 participants (141 women) experienced a first CVD event, and 238 (140 women) died. Circulating concentrations of aldosterone, BNP and HOMA-IR were associated with CVD (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios [HR] and 95% confidence interval [CI] per standard deviation (SD) increase in log-biomarker) were, respectively 1.15, (95% CI 1.01-1.30, p=0.016), 1.97, (95% CI 1.22-2.41, p<0.0001), and 1.30, (95% CI 1.10-1.52, p=0.0064). Blood cortisol and homocysteine were associated with death (HR per SD increment log-biomarker, respectively, 1.17, (95% CI 1.01-1.35, p=0.042), and 1.24, (95% CI 1.10-1.40, pvalue=0.0005). Biomarkers improved risk reclassification by 0.135; 0.120 of which was gained in classification of participants that experienced CVD events and 0.015 from participants that did not. Also, biomarkers marginally increased the model c-statistic beyond traditional risk factors. Conclusions: In our community-based sample of African Americans, circulating aldosterone, BNP and HOMA-IR predicted CVD risk, whereas serum cortisol and homocysteine predicted death. However, the incremental yield of biomarkers over traditional risk factors for risk prediction was minimal.

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Association between birth weight and childhood cardiovascular disease risk factors in West Virginia

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s204017441900045x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 86-95

Author(s):

Amna Umer ◽

Candice Hamilton ◽

Lesley Cottrell ◽

Peter Giacobbi ◽

Kim Innes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Birth Weight ◽

West Virginia ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe reported associations between birth weight and childhood cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the relationship between birth weight and CVD risk factors at 11 years of age. This study used longitudinally linked data from three cross-sectional datasets (N = 22,136) in West Virginia; analysis was restricted to children born full-term (N = 19,583). The outcome variables included resting blood pressure [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL, and triglycerides (TG)]. Multiple regression analyses were performed, adjusting for child’s body mass index (BMI), sociodemographics, and lifestyle characteristics. Unadjusted analyses showed a statistically significant association between birth weight and SBP, DBP, HDL, and TG. When adjusted for the child’s BMI, the association between birth weight and HDL [b = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.18) mg/dl per 1000 g increase] and between birth weight and TG [b = –0.007 (–0.008, –0.005) mg/dl per 1000 g increase] remained statistically significant. In the fully adjusted model, low birth weight was associated with higher LDL, non-HDL, and TGs, and lower HDL levels. The child’s current BMI at 11 years of age partially (for HDL, non-HDL, and TG) and fully mediated (for SBP and DBP) the relationship between birth weight and select CVD risk factors. While effects were modest, these risk factors may persist and amplify with age, leading to potentially unfavorable consequences in later adulthood.

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Understanding the Relationship between Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Staff of an University in Malaysia

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2018/7027624 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Myat Su Bo ◽

Whye Lian Cheah ◽

Soe Lwin ◽

Tin Moe Nwe ◽

Than Than Win ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Blood Pressure Measurement ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Atherogenic Index Of Plasma

Background. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was found to be one of the strongest markers in predicting the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study was to determine the AIP and its relationship with other CVD risk factors. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study was done among 349 staff of a public university in Sarawak. Data were collected using questionnaire, blood sampling, and anthropometric and blood pressure measurement. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results. A total of 349 respondents participated with majority females (66.8%), aged 38.5 ± 7.82 years. Nearly 80% of the respondents were overweight and obese, 87.1% with high and very high body fat, and 46.9% with abnormal visceral fat. For AIP category, 8.9% were found to be in intermediate and 16.4% were at high risk. Elevated lipid profile showed that total cholesterol (TC) is 15.5%, low density lipoprotein (LDL) is 16.1%, and triglyceride (TG) is 10.6%. AIP was significantly correlated with body mass index (r=0.25), visceral fat (r=0.37), TC (r=0.22), LDL (0.24), HDL (r=−0.72), TG (r=0.84), glucose (r=0.32), systolic blood pressure (r=0.22), and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.28). Conclusion. It indicated that AIP is associated with other CVD risk factors. Modification of lifestyle is strongly recommended.

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Cardiovascular disease risk factors and blood pressure response during exercise in healthy children and adolescents: The European Youth Heart Study

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00316.2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 109 (4) ◽

pp. 1125-1132 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Niels C. Møller ◽

Anders Grøntved ◽

Niels Wedderkopp ◽

Mathias Ried-Larsen ◽

Peter L. Kristensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk

Raised blood pressure (BP) response during exercise independently predicts future hypertension. Subjects with higher BP in childhood also have elevated BP later in life. Therefore, the factors related to the regulation of exercise BP in children needs to be well understood. We hypothesized that physiological cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors would influence BP response during exercise in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study of 439 Danish third-grade children and 364 ninth-grade adolescents. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured with sphygmomanometer during a maximal aerobic fitness test. Examined CVD risk factors were high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride, homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and aerobic fitness. A random effect model was used to test the hypotheses. In boys, HOMA-IR score and BMI were positively related to SBP response during exercise (β = 1.03, P = 0.001, and β = 0.58, P = 0.017, respectively). The effects sizes of HOMA-IR score and BMI and the significance levels only changed slightly (β = 0.91, P = 0.004, and β = 0.43, P = 0.08, respectively) when the two variables were added in the same model. A significant positive association was observed between aerobic fitness and SBP response in girls (β = 3.13 and P = 0.002). HOMA-IR score and BMI were found to be positively related to the SBP response in male children and youth. At least partly, adiposity and insulin sensitivity seem to influence exercise SBP through different mechanisms. The positive relationship observed between aerobic fitness and SBP response in girls remains unexplainable for us, although post hoc analyses revealed that it was the case in the ninth graders only.

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Comparison of Muscular Endurance and Hypertrophy Resistance Training on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Sedentary Male Smokers

Asian Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.5812/asjsm.106589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Brandon Stuwart Shaw ◽

Stacey Turner ◽

Ina Shaw

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Muscular Endurance ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) exemplifies a major medical problem as it is the most considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. While sport conditioning specialists understand and differentiate the different benefits of resistance training (RT) subtypes on athletic performance, this distinction is less clear for health professionals when designing CVD risk reduction programs. Objectives: This study attempted to investigate and compare the effects of hypertrophy and muscular endurance RT on CVD risk in sedentary males. Methods: Sedentary male smokers were randomly assigned to either an eight-week hypertrophy RT group (HTG) (n = 15), muscular endurance RT groups (METG) (n = 15), or a non-exercising control group (CON) (n = 15) to assess their impact on smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) variables associated with the four most prominent CVD risk factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS-25 software using a paired sample t-test and ANOVA. Results: Significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvements were found in three of the 15 measured variables in the HTG (resting mean arterial pressure (RMAP) (P = 0.024); total cholesterol (TC): HDL-C ratio (P = 0.009), and HDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ratio (P = 0.038), with a deleterious decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.027). In turn, significant improvements were found in the METG in 10 of the 15 measured variables, namely; cigarettes smoked per day (P = 0.037), resting systolic blood pressure (RSBP) (P = 0.002), resting diastolic blood pressure (RDBP) (P = 0.006), RMAP (P = 0.000), TC (P = 0.010), triglycerides (TG) (P = 0.010), LDL-C (P = 0.007), HDL-C: LDL-C (P = 0.018), non-HDL-C (n-HDL-C) (P = 0.010), and VO2max (P = 0.001), and a deleterious decrease in HDL-C (P = 0.026). Conclusions: While the oversimplification of RT design for CVD reduction has resulted in cardio-centric CVD training programs, this study demonstrates that some subtypes of RT (i.e. muscular endurance training) may prove more useful than others in reducing multiple CVD risk factors simultaneously.

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Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly in Guguak Kabupaten 50 Kota, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Human Care Journal ◽

10.32883/hcj.v5i1.650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 348

Author(s):

Debie Anggraini ◽

Prima Adelin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

The Elderly ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Related Risk ◽

Low Hdl

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. The most stringent primary CVD screening guidelines in developed countries use absolute CVD risk scores or coronary heart disease, such as Framingham or SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) there are two types of CVD risk factors namely modifiable risk factors and unmodified risk factors. The aim of the current study is to determine the profil of potentially modifiable and unmodified cardiovascular risk factors. Method: This research consists of 41 elderly people which aged ≥ 60 years in Guguak, Kabupaten 50 Kota, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The data taken is modifiable risk factors consisting of diseases related risk factors including blood pressure categories, lipid profile, central obesity, body mass index and lifestyle related risk factors such as smoking habit. We also take data of unmodified risk factors such as age and gender. The result: this study consists of 41 elderly people which aged ≥ 60 years in Guguak, Kabupaten 50 Kota, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The mean age of elderly were 68±7.64861 years old that consisting of 29.3% men and 70.7% women, 34% of elderly with hypertension, the elderly with hypercholesterolemia 71%, hypertriglyceridemia 41%, and the elderly women with low HDL-C levels were 53%, the elderly men with low HDL-C levels were 92%. Conclusion: There are two types of risk factors CVD, modifiable risk factors and nonmodifiable risk factors. The modifiable risk factors consisting of diseases related risk factors including blood pressure categories, lipid profile, central obesity, body mass index and lifestyle related risk factors such as smoking habit.

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