Use of Ethanol-Based Hand Disinfectants: Source of Increased Ethyl Glucuronide Levels in Hair?

Abstract Aim Due to the COVID-19 pandemic increasing the use of hand disinfectants, we investigated the effect of frequent use of ethanol-based hand disinfectants (EBHD) on the levels of the alcohol marker ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair. Method Hair samples were collected from 10 health professionals (8 nondrinkers, 2 rarely drinking individuals) and EtG was examined in hair. Result EtG (~2 pg/mg) was only detected in the hair sample of a nondrinker using EBHD 60–70 times per working day. Conclusion Our data provide no evidence that frequent EBHD use results in hair EtG levels above the recommended Society of Hair Testing cutoff for repeated alcohol consumption (5 pg/mg).

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Ethyl Glucuronide as a Long-term Alcohol Biomarker in Fingernail and Hair. Matrix Comparison and Evaluation of Gender Bias

Alcohol and Alcoholism ◽

10.1093/alcalc/agz015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 402-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R Paul ◽

L Tsanaclis ◽

C Murray ◽

R Boroujerdi ◽

L Facer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hair Matrix ◽

Drinking History ◽

Alcohol Biomarker ◽

Study Participants

Abstract Aims This work aimed to assess the performance of hair and fingernail ethyl glucuronide (EtG) measurement for use as a biomarker of alcohol consumption in persons with known drinking history across a range of drinking behaviours. Methods EtG concentrations were assessed from the hair and fingernails of 50 study participants. Alcohol consumption of the previous 90 days was assessed by participant interview using the alcohol timeline follow-back method. EtG concentration was determined using LC–MS-MS using a method which was validated and accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 standards. Results There was significant correlation between alcohol consumption and EtG concentrations found in hair and fingernail samples across the study group (n = 50). From participants testing positive for EtG (male n = 14, female n = 13) no significant difference was found between male and female EtG levels in either hair or fingernails. Across all participants there was no significant difference in hair or fingernail EtG concentration between male (n = 23) and females (n = 27). Conclusions Our results support the use of EtG to indicate alcohol consumption over the previous 90 days, or ~3 months as is the normal practice in hair analysis. The results confirm that fingernails can be a useful alternative matrix where hair samples are not available.

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Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption in Body Fluids - Possibilities and Limitations of Application in Toxicological Analysis

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666171005111911 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 177-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mateusz Kacper Woźniak ◽

Marek Wiergowski ◽

Jacek Namieśnik ◽

Marek Biziuk

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Forensic Toxicology ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide ◽

Human Organism ◽

Analytical Toxicology ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Toxicological Analysis

Background:Ethyl alcohol is the most popular legal drug, but its excessive consumption causes social problems. Despite many public campaigns against alcohol use, car accidents, instances of aggressive behaviour, sexual assaults and deterioration in labor productivity caused by inebriated people is still commonplace. Fast and easy diagnosis of alcohol consumption is required in order to introduce proper and effective therapy, and is crucial in forensic toxicology analysis. The easiest method to prove alcohol intake is determination of ethanol in body fluids or in breath. However, since ethanol is rapidly metabolized in the human organism, only recent consumption can be detected using this method. Because of that, the determination of alcohol biomarkers was introduced for monitoring alcohol consumption over a wider range of time.Objective:The objective of this study was to review published studies focusing on the sample preparation methods and chromatographic or biochemical techniques for the determination of alcohol biomarkers in whole blood, plasma, serum and urine.Methods:An electronic literature search was performed to discuss possibilities and limitations of application of alcohol biomarkers in toxicological analysis.Results:Authors described the markers of alcohol consumption such as: ethanol, its nonoxidative metabolites (ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, phosphatidylethanol, ethyl phosphate, fatty acid ethyl esters) and oxidative metabolites (acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde adducts). We also discussed issues concerning the detection window of these biomarkers, and possibilities and limitations of their use in routine analytical toxicology for monitoring alcohol consumption or sobriety during alcohol therapy.

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Rapid evaluation method for propofol abusing with hair by using centrifugal filter and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412916999200801023457 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Jaesung Pyo

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Matrix Effect ◽

Hair Sample ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

The Body ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Centrifugal Filter ◽

Hair Samples

Background: Since propofol is rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body, it is not easy to quantify its intake in blood or urine sample over the time. In this case, the hair sample would be more advantageous to estimate during the abuse period. However, presence of protein and lipid in the hair sample could interfere extraction and be problematic during mass spectrometric analysis. Objective: The aim of this study is to develop the simple and less-time consuming method for extraction of propofol glucuronide by removing hair interferences with centrifugal filter. Method: Hair samples were washed and dissolved with sodiumhydroxide solution. This dissolved hair solution was applied to centrifugal filter and centrifuged. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted with methanol and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This developed analytical method was validated by testing of linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability of propofol glucuronide. Results and Discussion: The validation results showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.5~500 pg/mg, with correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The LOD and LLOQ was 0.2 and 0.5 pg/mg, respectively. The intra-and inter-day precision and accuracy were acceptable within 14.5% for precision and 10.1% for accuracy. Similarly, the developed method revealed high sample recovery (>88%), low hair matrix effect (<10%) and highly-efficient extraction procedure. Conclusion: This well validated procedure was successfully applied to determine propofol glucuronide in rat hair sample and can be applicable, with high potential, in the field of forensic toxicology especially with increasing abuse and accidental overdose of propofol.

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‘A Way to Know’ Your Stress: Acceptability and Meaning of Hair Sample Collection for Cortisol Analysis From African-American and Latina Women in a Digital Storytelling Study

International Quarterly of Community Health Education ◽

10.1177/0272684x21996908 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0272684X2199690

Author(s):

Hannah Davidson ◽

A. C. Gubrium

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Focus Groups ◽

African American Women ◽

Biological Samples ◽

Hair Sample ◽

Digital Storytelling ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Ethical Considerations ◽

Home Visitor ◽

Hair Samples

Obtaining biological samples for research purposes from members of marginalized communities demands careful social and ethical consideration. This paper aims to discuss how feasibility and acceptability translate into methodological and ethical considerations for collecting hair samples in a study comprised of young, pregnant Latinx and African-American women participating in a digital storytelling intervention (DST). Transcripts from two focus groups with Healthy Families home visitor staff (N =10) and follow-up interviews with DST participants (N = 8) were analyzed through qualitative content analysis for hair sampling acceptability. Responses regarding the feasibility of obtaining a hair sample were generally positive amongst Healthy Families home visitor staff participating in the two focus groups, though responses overall were more favorable with the pregnant women participants who were interviewed post-DST intervention. Home visitors emphasized clear communication to participants around the reasoning for obtaining biological samples. Social and ethical considerations for communication of biomarker data to participants, as well as the intersection of lay knowledge of stress and participants' perspectives on providing a hair sample for cortisol analysis, is discussed.

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Development and validation of a method for the simultaneous analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide in neonatal meconium: application in two cases of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry ◽

10.1007/s00216-021-03248-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 413 (11) ◽

pp. 3093-3105

Author(s):

Mateusz Kacper Woźniak ◽

Laura Banaszkiewicz ◽

Justyna Aszyk ◽

Marek Wiergowski ◽

Iwona Jańczewska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide ◽

Published Data ◽

Ethyl Sulfate ◽

Analytical Approaches

AbstractAlcohol consumption during pregnancy constitutes one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in the exposed children. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) have been studied as potential biomarkers of alcohol consumption. However, most analytical approaches proposed for their analysis in meconium samples consist of separated extraction procedures requiring the use of two meconium aliquots, which is costly in terms of both time and materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the simultaneous extraction of 9 FAEEs, EtG and EtS from one meconium aliquot. The sample was homogenized using methanol, and then FAEEs were extracted with hexane while EtG and EtS were isolated using acetonitrile. Then, extracts were applied to solid-phase extraction columns and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (FAEEs) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (EtG and EtS). Calibration curves were linear with r values greater than 0.99. The LODs ranged from 0.8 to 7.5 ng/g for FAEEs and were 0.2 ng/g and 0.8 ng/g for EtS and EtG, respectively. LOQs ranged from 5 to 25 ng/g for FAEEs and were 1 ng/g and 2.5 ng/g for EtS and EtG, respectively. Accuracies and precisions were between 93.8 and 107% and between 3.5 and 9.7%, respectively. The recovery values ranged from 89.1 to 109%. The method proved to be sensitive, specific, simple and fast and allowed for the reduction of the amount of organic solvent used for extraction compared to other published data while higher recoveries were obtained. The method was used for analysis of meconium samples in two cases of mothers who were consuming alcohol during pregnancy.

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Urinary ethyl glucuronide testing detects alcohol consumption in alcoholic liver disease patients awaiting liver transplantation

Liver Transplantation ◽

10.1002/lt.21163 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 757-761 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Yesim Erim ◽

Michael Böttcher ◽

Uta Dahmen ◽

Olof Beck ◽

Christoph E. Broelsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Transplantation ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide

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AWARE: A Wearable Awareness with Real-time Exposure, for monitoring alcohol consumption impact through ethyl glucuronide detection

Alcohol ◽

10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.10.006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 81 ◽

pp. 93-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kai-Chun Lin ◽

David Kinnamon ◽

Devangsingh Sankhala ◽

Sriram Muthukumar ◽

Shalini Prasad

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Real Time ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide ◽

Time Exposure

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Urinary Ethyl Glucuronide as Measure of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.119.014324 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Inge A. T. van de Luitgaarden ◽

Ilse C. Schrieks ◽

Lyanne M. Kieneker ◽

Daan J. Touw ◽

Adriana J. van Ballegooijen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Self Report ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

All Cause Mortality

Background Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all‐cause mortality compared with heavy drinkers and abstainers. To date, studies have relied on self‐reported consumption, which may be prone to misclassification. Urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is an alcohol metabolite and validated biomarker for recent alcohol consumption. We aimed to examine and compare the associations of self‐reported alcohol consumption and EtG with CVD and all‐cause mortality. Methods and Results In 5676 participants of the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) study cohort, EtG was measured in 24‐hour urine samples and alcohol consumption questionnaires were administered. Participants were followed up for occurrence of first CVD and all‐cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for age, sex, and CVD risk factors, were fitted for self‐reported consumption, divided into 5 categories: abstention, 1 to 4 units/month (reference), 2 to 7 units/week, 1 to 3 units/day, and ≥4 units/day. Similar models were fitted for EtG, analyzed as both continuous and categorical variables. Follow‐up times differed for CVD (8 years; 385 CVD events) and all‐cause mortality (14 years; 724 deaths). For both self‐reported alcohol consumption and EtG, nonsignificant trends were found toward J‐shaped associations between alcohol consumption and CVD, with higher risk in the lowest (hazard ratio for abstention versus 1–4 units/month, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02–1.98) and highest drinking categories (hazard ratio for ≥4 units/day versus 1–4 units/month, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.68–1.84). Neither self‐report nor EtG was associated with all‐cause mortality. Conclusions Comparable associations with CVD events and all‐cause mortality were found for self‐report and EtG. This argues for the validity of self‐reported alcohol consumption in epidemiologic research.

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Hair testing for 3-fluorofentanyl, furanylfentanyl, methoxyacetylfentanyl, carfentanil, acetylfentanyl and fentanyl by LC–MS/MS after unintentional overdose

Forensic Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s11419-019-00502-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 277-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Islam Amine Larabi ◽

Marie Martin ◽

Nicolas Fabresse ◽

Isabelle Etting ◽

Yve Edel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drugs Of Abuse ◽

Hair Analysis ◽

Methadone Treatment ◽

Time Frame ◽

Repetitive Exposure ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Exposure Pattern ◽

Hair Testing ◽

Urine Testing

Abstract Purpose To demonstrate the usefulness of hair testing to determine exposure pattern to fentanyls. Methods A 43-year-old male was found unconscious with respiratory depression 15 min after snorting 3 mg of a powder labeled as butyrylfentanyl. He was discharged from hospital within 2 days without blood or urine testing. Two locks of hair were sampled 1 month (M1 A: 0–2 cm (overdose time frame); B: 2–4 cm; C: 4–6 cm) and 1 year (Y1: A: 0–2 cm; B: 2–4 cm) later to monitor his exposure to drugs of abuse by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction. Results Hair analysis at M1 showed a repetitive exposure to 3-fluorofentanyl (A/B/C: 150/80/60 pg/mg) with higher concentration in segment A reflecting the overdose period. The non-detection of butyrylfentanyl was consistent with the analysis of the recovered powder identified as 3-fluorofentanyl. Furanylfentanyl (40/20/15 pg/mg) and fentanyl (37/25/3 pg/mg) were also detected in hair. The second hair analysis at Y1 showed the use of three new fentanyls, with probably repetitive exposures to methoxyacetylfentanyl (A/B: 500/600 pg/mg), and single or few exposures to carfentanil (2.5/3 pg/mg) and acetyl fentanyl (1/1 pg/mg). A decreasing exposure to 3-fluorofentanyl (25/80 pg/mg), and increasing consumption of furanylfentanyl (310/500 pg/mg) and fentanyl (620/760 pg/mg) were also observed despite methadone treatment initiation. The patient claimed not consuming three out of the six detected fentanyls. Conclusions We report single or repetitive exposure to several fentanyls using hair testing. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of 3-fluorofentanyl and methoxyacetylfentanyl in hair samples collected from an authentic abuser.

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