scholarly journals Differences in xylem development between Dutch and Japanese tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) correlate with cytokinin levels in hypocotyls

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Qi ◽  
Hirokazu Takahashi ◽  
Yasushi Kawasaki ◽  
Yuya Ohta ◽  
Masahide Isozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Xylem Development ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Background and Aims Dutch tomato cultivars tend to have a greater yield than Japanese cultivars even if they are grown under the same conditions. Factors contributing to the increased yield of the Dutch cultivars were a greater light use efficiency and greater leaf photosynthetic rate. On the other hand, the relationship between tomato yields and anatomical traits is still unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the anatomical traits related to the difference in yield between Dutch and Japanese cultivars. Methods Anatomical properties were compared during different growth stages of Dutch and Japanese tomatoes. Hormone profiles and related gene expression in hypocotyls of Dutch and Japanese cultivars were compared in the hypocotyls of 3- and 4-week-old plants. Key results Dutch cultivars have a more developed secondary xylem than Japanese cultivars, which would allow for greater transport of water, mineral nutrients and phytohormones to the shoots. The areas and ratios of the xylem in the hypocotyls of 3- to 6-week-old plants were larger in the Dutch cultivars. In reciprocal grafts of the Japanese and Dutch cultivars, xylem development at the scion and rootstock depended on the scion cultivar, suggesting that some factors in the scion are responsible for the difference in xylem development. The cytokinin content, especially the level of N6-(Δ 2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP)-type cytokinin, was higher in the Dutch cultivars. This result was supported by the greater expression of Sl-IPT3 (a cytokinin biosynthesis gene) and Sl-RR16/17 (a cytokinin-responsive gene) in the Dutch cultivars. Conclusions These results suggest that iP-type cytokinins, which are locally synthesized in the hypocotyl, contribute to xylem development. The greater xylem development in Dutch cultivars might contribute to the high yield of the tomato.

Effects on Plant Hormone levels at Different Growth Stages in Diverse Grape Organs with Root Restriction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Li ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Boyang Liu ◽  
Ruiqi Wang ◽  
Yixuan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Root Restriction ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Endogenous plant hormones play important roles in germination, blossom, senescence, abscission of plants by a series of signal transduction and molecular regulation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of root restriction (RR) cultivation on plant hormones variation tendency at different growth stages in diverse organs or tissues, ‘Muscat Hamburg’ (Vitis ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ × Vitis ‘Trollinger’) grapevine was used as test material. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify hormone levels, aiming to investigate the influence of root restriction on the formation and transportation of plant hormones. The results revealed that RR treatment increased abscisic acid, salicylic acid, zeatin riboside, N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenine nucleoside concentrations, while reduced auxin, 3-indolepropionic acid, 3-indolebutyric acid, gibberellin A3, zeatin, N6-(delta 2-Isopentenyl)-adenine, kinetin, jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate concentrations. To sum up, our results suggested that RR treatment could initiate stress responses via up-regulating abscisic acid and salicylic acid contents while down-regulating auxin and kinetin contents, resulting in the changes of fruit appearance and improvement of berry quality.

scholarly journals Water and heat unit requirement in different growth stages of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) at Bhopal

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
I. J. VERMA ◽  
H. P. DAS ◽  
V. N. JADHAV
Keyword(s):  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In this study, ET data available on Soybean crop for Bhopal during 1991-95 have been utilized.  With regard to water need of the crop, the life span of soybean has been divided into five important growth stages viz., seedling up to 2 weeks after sowing (WAS), vegetative (3-8 WAS), flowering (9-10 WAS), pod development (11-13 WAS), and maturity (14-15 WAS). In this paper, consumptive use of water (ET), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), Heat Units (HU), Heat Use Efficiency (HUE) and crop coefficient (Kc) for different growth stages of the crop have been computed and discussed.                The study revealed that on an average, Soybean crop consumed about 450 mm of water. The average WUE was found to be 3.23 kg /ha/mm. It was also observed that WUE does not depend only on the total amount of water consumed by the crop but also indicates the importance of its distribution during various growth stages. On an average, the crop consumed nearly 7%, 36%, 24%, 25% and 8% of water during seedling, vegetative, flowering, pod development and maturity stage respectively. The crop consumed maximum amount of water during vegetative stage. However, the average weekly ET rate was found to be highest during flowering stage (nearly 52 mm). Average heat unit requirement of soybean was found to be 1694 degree-days. Maximum heat units were required during vegetative stage (638 degree days) followed by pod development stage (358 degree days). The average HUE was found to be 0.86 kg/ha/degree days. Crop coefficient (Kc) values varied in the range 0.30 – 0.45, 0.55 – 0.90, 1.00 – 1.15, 0.85 – 0.70 and 0.55 – 0.40 during seedling, vegetative, flowering, pod development and maturity stage respectively. The crop coefficient values attained the peak during the flowering stage.  

Phytotoxicity of Oxidised and Reduced Nitrogen Aerosols on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Crop

2017 ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Bhagawan Bharali ◽  
Zafar Ullah ◽  
Bhupendra Haloi ◽  
Jayashree Chutia ◽  
Sonbeer Chack
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Membrane Stability ◽  
Tuber Bulking ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In a field trial (2012), simulated aerosols: NH4Cl (reduced) and NaNO2 (oxidised) @ 10 & 20 kg ha-1y-1 (˜ 100 ppm & ˜ 200 ppm respectively), 1000 cm3m-2 of each along with a control were misted to population of Kufri Jyoti at different growth stages viz., vegetative (10-60 DAS), tuber initiation (60-90 DAS) and tuber bulking >90DAS). The higher dose of aerosols lowered nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency, cell membrane stability, tuber yield, but increased photosynthesis, peroxidise activity significantly. The mechanisms of injury in terms of higher peroxidase activity and lower membrane stability of leaf cells have been elucidated. Foliar feeding of nitrogenous pollutant in the form of aerosols to plants at juvenile stage is important in addition to basal use of recommended fertilizers.

Nitrogen application modified the effect of deficit irrigation on tomato transpiration, and water use efficiency in different growth stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 109112
Author(s):  
Huiping Zhou ◽  
Shaozhong Kang ◽  
Fusheng Li ◽  
Taisheng Du ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

scholarly journals The Modification of Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) in middle and late growing period of winter wheat and its application in soil moisture inversion

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 01098
Author(s):  
Zhang Hong-wei ◽  
Huai-liang Chen ◽  
Fei-na Zha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Inversion Result ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In the middle and late growing period of winter wheat, soil moisture is easily affected by saturation when using MODIS data to retrieve soil moisture. In this paper, in order to reduce the effect of the saturation caused by increasing vegetation coverage in middle and late stage of winter wheat, the Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) model was modified with different coefficients in different growth stages of winter wheat based on MODIS spectral data and LAI characteristics of variation. LAI was divided into three stages, LAI ≤ 1 < LAI ≤, 3 < LAI, and the adjusting coefficient of α=1, α=3, α=5, were taken to modifying the Difference Vegetation Index(DVI). The results show that the Modified Difference Vegetation Index (MDVIα) can effectively reduce the interference of saturation, and the inversion result of soil moisture in the middle and late period of winter wheat growth is obviously superior to the uncorrected inversion model of DVI.

scholarly journals Development of Chlorophyll-Meter-Index-Based Dynamic Models for Evaluation of High-Yield Japonica Rice Production in Yangtze River Reaches

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Xiaojun Liu ◽  
Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim ◽  
Jingshan Lu ◽  
Brian Krienke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Ripening Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Accurate estimation of the nitrogen (N) spatial distribution of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is imperative when it is sought to maintain regional and global carbon balances. We systematically evaluated the normalized differences of the soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) index (the normalized difference SPAD indexes, NDSIs) between the upper (the first and second leaves from the top), and lower (the third and fourth leaves from the top) leaves of Japonica rice. Four multi-location, multi-N rate (0–390 kg ha−1) field experiments were conducted using seven Japonica rice cultivars (9915, 27123, Wuxiangjing14, Wunyunjing19, Wunyunjing24, Liangyou9, and Yongyou8). Growth analyses were performed at different growth stages ranging from tillering (TI) to the ripening period (RP). We measured leaf N concentration (LNC), the N nutrition index (NNI), the NDSI, and rice grain yield at maturity. The relationships among the NDSI, LNC, and NNI at different growth stages showed that the NDSI values of the third and fourth fully expanded leaves more reliably reflected the N nutritional status than those of the first and second fully expanded leaves (LNC: NDSIL3,4, R2 > 0.81; NDSIothers, 0.77 > R2 > 0.06; NNI: NDSIL3,4, R2 > 0.83; NDSIothers, 0.76 > R2 > 0.07; all p < 0.01). Two new diagnostic models based on the NDSIL3,4 (from the tillering to the ripening period) can be used for effective diagnosis of the LNC and NNI, which exhibited reasonable distributions of residuals (LNC: relative root mean square error (RRMSE) = 0.0683; NNI: RRMSE = 0.0688; p < 0.01). The relationship between grain yield, predicted yield, and NDSIL3,4 were established during critical growth stages (from the stem elongation to the heading stages; R2 = 0.53, p < 0.01, RRMSE = 0.106). An NDSIL3,4 high-yield change curve was drawn to describe critical NDSIL3,4 values for a high-yield target (10.28 t ha−1). Furthermore, dynamic-critical curve models based on the NDSIL3,4 allowed a precise description of rice N status, facilitating the timing of fertilization decisions to optimize yields in the intensive rice cropping systems of eastern China.

scholarly journals Response of Cotton Varieties to the Stage of Topping under Rainfed Condition of Bardiya, Nepal

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
KB Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Rainfed Condition ◽  
Seed Cotton Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Growth Stages

A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of topping at different growth stages (3-4, 6-7, 9-10 and 12-13 sympodial branches) on productivity of two (Tamcot SP-37 and H-777) cotton varieties under rainfed condition at the Kumbher Farm (Bardiya district) of Cotton Development Board in 1995. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The interaction effect between variety and stages of topping showed that significantly higher yield (1.23 t/ha) was produced by topping plants at the stage of 12-13 sympodial banches of the variety Tamcot SP-37 as compared to all other treatments. At all stages of topping the yield produced by Tamcot SP-37 was significantly higher than H-777. The average seed cotton yield (1.03 t/ha) of Tamcot SP-37 was significantly higher than that of H- 777 (0.71 t/ha) and the difference in yield was 45.0%. The seed-cotton yield increased from 0.75 to 1.00 t/ ha with the postponed of topping from 3-4 to 12-13 sympodial branches, but significant difference was recorded between late (12-13 sympodial branches) and early (3-4 and 6-7 sympodial branches) stages of topping. Thus, for rainfed condition of Bardiya Tamcot SP-37 was a suitable variety with 12-13 sympodial branches as an appropriate stage of topping for sustainable production of cotton. Key words: Variety, topping, sympodial branches. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:165-168 (2006)

scholarly journals Analysis of pesticide use efficiency of a UAV sprayer at different growth stages of rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Qingqing Zhou ◽  
Xinyu Xue ◽  
Weicai Qin ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Chen Cai
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages
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