scholarly journals What makes a fig: insights from a comparative analysis of inflorescence morphogenesis in Moraceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Gonçalves Leite ◽  
Finn Kjellberg ◽  
Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira ◽  
Simone Pádua Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
The Family ◽  
Open Structures ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Fig Trees ◽  
Pollination Mode ◽  
Study Species

Abstract Background and Aims Moraceae, the family of mulberry and fig trees, displays small homogeneous flowers but extremely diverse inflorescences ranging from simple and branched to complex and condensed. Inflorescences also vary in flower organization in the receptacle, in the degree of flower condensation, and in the receptacle shape. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the inflorescence morphogenesis of Moraceae species, to investigate whether clades with a similar pollination mode share the same patterns of inflorescence development and at which developmental stages do we observe the key changes resulting in the diversified inflorescence architecture that culminates in the Ficus syconium. Methods Inflorescences at different developmental stages were sampled from Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus pertusa, Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra and processed for surface and anatomical analyses. Key Results The inflorescence morphogenesis of the studied species is highly variable. The shape of the inflorescence meristem (bulging, hemispheric or elongated), the initiation order and arrangement of flowers along the receptacle and the occurrence of bracts vary even between related species. This diversity originates early during inflorescence development. B. gaudichaudii, C. elastica and F. pertusa have flowers enclosed or immersed within the receptacle although inflorescences begin their development as flat and open structures, as occurs in the other three study species. Conclusion The comparison of the inflorescence morphogenesis in Moraceae species allows us to infer that evolutionary ontogenetic changes driven by pollinators culminate in the enclosure of flowers inside the receptacle, as occurs in the Ficus syconium.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Profiles of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Genes and Cytochromes in the Leaves of Four Papaver Species

Data ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dowan Kim ◽  
Myunghee Jung ◽  
In Ha ◽  
Min Lee ◽  
Seok-Geun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid ◽  
Development Life Cycle ◽  
The Family ◽  
Leaf Transcriptome ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

Poppies are well-known plants in the family Papaveraceae that are rich in alkaloids. This family contains 61 species, and in this study we sequenced the transcriptomes of four species’ (Papaver rhoeas, Papaver nudicaule, Papaver fauriei, and Papaver somniferum) leaves. These transcripts were systematically assessed for the expression of secondary metabolite biosynthesis (SMB) genes and cytochromes, and their expression profiles were assessed for use in bioinformatics analyses. This study contributed 265 Gb (13 libraries with three biological replicates) of leaf transcriptome data from three Papaver plant developmental stages. Sequenced transcripts were assembled into 815 Mb of contigs, including 226 Mb of full-length transcripts. The transcripts for 53 KEGG pathways, 55 cytochrome superfamilies, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis (BIA) were identified and compared to four other alkaloid-rich genomes. Additionally, 22 different alkaloids and their relative expression profiles in three developmental stages of Papaver species were assessed by targeted metabolomics using LC-QTOF-MS/MS. Collectively, the results are given in co-occurrence heat-maps to help researchers obtain an overview of the transcripts and their differential expression in the Papaver development life cycle, particularly in leaves. Moreover, this dataset will be a valuable resource to derive hypotheses to mitigate an array of Papaver developmental and secondary metabolite biosynthesis issues in the future.

Biological control methods in Piper nigrum Linn. leaves infected with galls caused by Liothrips karneyi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 696-698
Author(s):  
Asha Renjith ◽  
Payal Lodha
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
The Family ◽  
Growth Reaction ◽  
Complex Phenomena

Piper nigrum Linn. (Black pepper)  belongs to the family Piperaceae and an economically and medicinally important spice and is a native of Southern India. Leaf marginal gall is transmitted by Liothrips karnyi belonging to family Phlaeothripidae of order Thysanoptera (Thrips). Insect induced galls arise due to growth reaction of plants due to the attack of cecidozoa, also known as zoocecidia. The growth and development of the host plant alter due to the infestation of the insect, which involves certain complex phenomena. The different groups of cecidozoa influence the plants in such a way as to produce galls at different stages in their life history. Most of the cecidozoa cause galls only in their developmental stages, but some of them are capable of inducing galls both in larval as well as adult stages. The crop production in India has been adversely affected due to the infestation of pests. And it is necessary to use different approaches of disease management to curb the infestation, and significant researchers have shown progress to protect the crops in an eco-friendly manner. Piperine exhibits diverse pharmacological activities like antihypertensive, antiplatelets, antioxidant, antitumor, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-reproductive, insecticidal activities. In the present investigation, the biological method of disease management of marginal leaf gall transmitted by Liothrips karnyi has been undertaken. The biological control of leaf diseases has been significant on the increased reflection of environmental problems over pesticide uses.

The study of psychological problems of developmental stages of the family in modern times

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (07) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Teybə Aslan qızı Əfəndiyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Goals ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Family Development ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Development Zone ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Problem Family

The family is an integral part of society. More precisely, the family can be called the primary social group. We know that the family is a key component of the social structure of any society, performs various social functions and plays a key role in the development of society. As the society developed socio-economically and culturally in the ups and downs of the historical process, the family developed along with it and gained new features. Let's look at some definitions of the family in modern encyclopedias and dictionaries: The family is a small group based on marriage or blood relationship. Its members are connected to each other by domestic unity, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance. The innovations of each stage of family development, the immediate development zone and the possible forms of fixation or regression in the family development are all given in separate stages of development. The highlighted stages not only reflect the social changes in the family, but also the changes in life goals, values and social roles of family members through their prism. Keywords: Development, psychology, problem, family, social, system, relationships, internal, roles

scholarly journals PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES, THALICTRUM JAVANICUM BLUME IN THOTTABETTA, NILGIRIS, THE WESTERN GHATS

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Abinaya G ◽  
Paulsamy S
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
The Nilgiris ◽  
The Western Ghats ◽  
Study Species ◽  
Phytosociological Study

Phytosociological study is the most essential in any community to know its structure and organization. The various qualitative characters obtained are used to determine the level of distribution, numerical strength and degree of dominance exhibited by the constituent species in the community. Thalictrum javanicum belongs to the family Ranunculaceae family, it is medium sized erect herb, found in the temperate Himalayas from Kasmir to Sikkim in Khasi hills, and Kodaikanal and Nilgiri hills of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India. At global level, it is generally distributed in the hilly tracts of India, Srilanka, China and Java at the altitude of around 2400 m above msl. The present study was undertaken in Thottabetta , the Nilgiris by sampling using belt transects of 10x1000m size which further divided into 100 segments each which 10x10m size. The total number of species encountered in the study area is 45 which includes 5 grasses and 40 forbs. The quantitative ecological characters of the study species, T. javanicum is a detailed below: frequency 11%, abundance 3.82 individuals/m2, density 0.42 individuals/m2, basal cover 172.20/mm2/ m2, relative frequency 0.55% and relative density 0.08%, relative dominance 0.16%. Based on the ecological attributes it is determined that the species, T. javanicum is less perpetuated in the community studied. Hence, further studies on the determination of propagation strategies for population enhancement and conservationof wilds are suggested.

scholarly journals A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5039 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-351
Author(s):  
JENNIFER M. MARTIN ◽  
ERIC J. HILTON
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Western Pacific Ocean ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Western Pacific

The family Trachipteridae—the Ribbonfishes, Dealfishes, and their relatives—has a circumglobal distribution, with at least 10 species in three genera (Zu Walters & Fitch 1960, Desmodema Walters & Fitch 1960, and Trachipterus Goüan 1770) that are characterized by elongate, extremely laterally compressed bodies, large eyes, absence of ribs, spines on lateral-line scales, greatly protrusible mouths, and a lack of pelvic fins in adults. They are also known for the drastic morphological changes that occur during ontogeny. Trachipterids are poorly represented in collections due to the fragile nature of their bodies. Most studies of the Trachipteridae have been limited by the numbers, developmental stages, and the completeness of the specimens that were examined. Along with the lack of available material, incomplete and conflicting character information compounds the taxonomic confusion of Trachipteridae. Despite the body of regional revisions that have examined trachipterid taxonomy, none have synthesized a suite of morphological characters across ontogeny. The goals of this paper are to (1) revise the family Trachipteridae, (2) revise the genera Trachipterus, Zu, and Desmodema, including information regarding ontogeny and biogeography, and 3) address the alpha taxonomy of Zu, Desmodema, and Trachipterus from the western Pacific Ocean. We recognize possibly five species of Trachipterus as being present in the western Pacific, as well as two species of both Zu and Desmodema. Despite additions to the specimen base that allows refinement of taxonomy and diagnoses, there are still large knowledge gaps associated with the taxonomic review of Trachipteridae. These reflect incomplete understanding of geographic distribution of taxa which may mask unrecognized taxonomic variability. The genus Trachipterus specifically remains problematic and will require greater detailed global study. Early life history stages remain unknown for several taxa which hinders full interpretation of ontogenetic transitions. Protracted transitions, some of which are clarified here, further confuse stage-based diagnoses and must be considered in future analyses of this family.  

scholarly journals Stigmatic surface in the Vochysiaceae: reproductive and taxonomic implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Carmo-Oliveira ◽  
Berta Lange de Morretes
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Stigmatic Surface ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The Vochysiaceae are Neotropical trees and shrubs, common in the savanna areas in Central Brazil (Cerrados). The family has been traditionally divided into two tribes: Erismeae, with three genera, and Vochysieae, with five genera. We investigated the stigmatic surface of six Vochysiaceae species, belonging to four genera of Vochysieae: Vochysia, Salvertia, Callisthene and Qualea. Flowers and buds at different developmental stages were collected. Morphological features were observed on fresh material and stigmatic receptivity was inferred based on esterasic activity. Pistils were fixed and embedded in paraplast and sectioned on a rotary microtome; the sections were stained before histological analysis. Stigmas of open flowers were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Stigmas of all species were wet and showed esterasic activity at pre-anthesis and anthesis stages. Stigmatic surface was continuous with transmitting tissue of glandular nature. Vochysia and Salvertia stigmatic surfaces were formed by multicelular uniseriate hairs, and species of the remaining genera showed papillate surface. The exudate over mature stigmas in all species flowed without rupture of stigmatic surface and pollen tubes grew down between hairs or papillae. Differences on the stigmatic surface agreed with a phylogenetic reconstruction that separated two clades and indicated that Vochysieae is not monophyletic. Stigmatic features could not be associated with pollination and breeding systems.

Colleters in the vegetative axis of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae): anatomical, ultrastructural and functional aspects

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ballego-Campos ◽  
Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
First Time

Colleters are common among eudicotyledons, but few records exist for monocotyledons and other groups of plants. For Bromeliaceae, mucilage secretions that protect the young portions of the plant have been observed only in the reproductive axis, and little is known about the secretory systems behind this or even other kind of secretions in the family. We aimed to describe, for the first time, the occurrence of colleters associated with the vegetative shoot of Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm., and elucidate aspects of their structure, ultrastructure and secretory activity. Samples of various portions of the stem axis were prepared according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Colleters were found compressed in the axillary portion of leaves and in all leaf developmental stages. Secretory activity, however, was found to be restricted to young and unexpanded leaves. The colleters displayed a flattened hand-like shape formed by a multiseriate stalk and an expanded secretory portion bearing elongated marginal cells. Ultrastructural data confirmed that the secretory role of the colleters is consistent with mucilaginous secretion. The functional roles of the colleters are discussed with regard to environmental context and intrinsic features of the plant, such as the presence of a water-impounding tank.

scholarly journals Nurturing and Transferring Entrepreneurship in Thai Business Families

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungluck Naksung ◽  
Opas Piansoongnern
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Parental Family ◽  
Business Family ◽  
Thai Business

This research aims (1) to investigate patterns and phenomena of entrepreneurship formation in Thai business families; (2) to investigate practices of parent (the founders/predecessors of the business family) in nurturing and transferring entrepreneurship to their family members (successors); and (3) to build a model for nurturing and transferring entrepreneurship in Thai business families. The Semi-structured interview was used for collecting data from key informants who are potential successors of Thai business families. Eighteen potential family business successors participated in the interview. The study revealed that entrepreneurship in the Thai business families has been emerged since childhood developmental stages. The key practices of the Thai business families used for creating family entrepreneurship are: (1) Parental role modeling; (2) Parental family business practices; and (3) Parental support. However, the study disclosed and indicated that the founder or predecessor should build the family infrastructure before implementing any key practices. In this regard, the intellectual and mental factors were found as key elements. According to the findings, to be effective, these two factors must be created simultaneously.

Delimitation and description of the immature stages of a pollinating fig wasp, Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Yi Jia ◽  
Jin-Hua Xiao ◽  
Li-Ming Niu ◽  
Guang-Chang Ma ◽  
Yue-Guan Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Model System ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Fig Wasp ◽  
Fig Wasps ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Ficus Hispida ◽  
Fig Trees ◽  
Developmental Traits

AbstractThe mutualism between fig trees and their wasp pollinators is a model system for many ecological and evolutionary studies. However, the immature stages of pollinating fig wasps have rarely been studied. We monitored developing fig wasps of known ages and performed a series of dissections at 24 h intervals to identify key developmental traits of Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), a pollinator of Ficus hispida L. (Moraceae). We identified where in the Ficus ovary eggs were deposited and time to hatch. We were also able to identify the timing and key underlying characters of five larval instars, three sub-pupal stages, and a single prepupal stage. We provide detailed morphological descriptions for the key stages and report some behavioral observations of the wasps in the several developmental stages we recorded. Scanning electron microscope images were taken.

The colonization of the Krakatau Islands by fig wasps and other chalcids (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)

1988 ◽  
Vol 322 (1211) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Fig Wasps ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Fig Trees ◽  
First Time

This paper describes aspects of the chalcid fauna of the Krakatau Islands in relation to recolonization and floral succession. Chalcids of the family Agaonidae (fig wasps) are the obligate pollinators of fig trees ( Ficus spp.). The years 1984-86 appear to have spanned a critical period in the colonization of Anak Krakatau by Ficus and its associated animals. Within this period, flowering and successful pollination have taken place for the first time and the diversity of fruit-eating vertebrates has multiplied. The chalcids present on Anak Krakatau were compared with those found on other islands in the group. The chalcid fauna of Anak Krakatau had most in common with that of the spit area of northern Sertung, with which it shares a Casuarina -dominated vegetation. Comparisons between chalcids collected by similar methods on the Krakatau Islands and in tropical West Africa indicated that at the family level the faunas are remarkably similar.

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