scholarly journals The Effects of Age and Adiposity on the Digestibility of Micellar Casein in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 610-610
Author(s):  
Nathalie Atallah ◽  
Audrey Boulier ◽  
Alain Baniel ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
Claire Gaudichon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
15N Enrichment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Micellar Casein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Meal Ingestion ◽  
Digestive Contents

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of casein and its amino acids (AA) in rats of different ages (2 months vs 11 months) and adiposity levels (normal vs high). Methods Wistar rats of 1 month (n = 15) and 10 months (n = 15) at their arrival were fed ad libitum for 28 days either with a standard diet (14% P/E, 75% C/E, 11% L/E) or a Western diet (14% P/E, 51% C/E, 35% L/E) in order to obtain respectively rats of normal and high adiposity levels. Four groups were constituted (n = 7/8): 2 months/normal adiposity (2 M/NA), 2 months/high adiposity (2 M/HA), 11 months/normal adiposity (11 M/NA) and 11 months/high adiposity (11 M/HA). After a week on the standard diet, the rats consumed a 4 g meal containing 15N labeled casein (Prodiet® 85B). Blood samples were taken at t = 0, t = 1 h, t = 3 h after meal consumption, and the rats were euthanized at t = 6 h. Digestive contents were collected and body composition was determined. Nitrogen quantity and 15N enrichment were analyzed in the meal and digestive contents by EA-IRMS, allowing for the estimation of casein digestibility. Concentrations in AA and their 15N enrichments were determined respectively by UHPLC and GC-C-IRMS to obtain the digestibility of individual AA. Results Weight did not differ between groups of the same age, but body composition analysis showed a significant difference in adiposity (P = 0.0008 between the 2 M groups; P = 0.0004 between the 11 M groups). Nitrogen fecal digestibility of casein increased significantly in rats with higher adiposity levels (2 M/NA = 94.1 ± 1.1%; 2 M/HA = 95.2 ± 1.7%; 11 M/NA = 94.5 ± 2.2% for 11 M/HA = 95.9 ± 0.7%; P = 0.0339). No difference was found in the digestibility of individual AA. 6 hours after meal ingestion, there was significantly more exogenous nitrogen in the stomach of rats aged 11 months compared to those of 2 months (3,9 ± 6,9% for the 2 M groups and 11,3 ± 9,2% for the 11 M groups P = 0.0188;). Except for methionine, there was no difference in plasma concentration levels of essential AA over time between the groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that age slows down digestion, in accordance with the literature. We showed that adiposity increased casein digestibility but without any effect at the level of individual AA digestibility. Funding Sources Ingredia.

Effects of Hydroxyurea Administration on the Body Weight, Body Composition and Exercise Performance of Patients with Sickle-Cell Anaemia

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hackney ◽  
W. Hezier ◽  
T. P. Gulledge ◽  
S. Jones ◽  
D. Strayhorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anaemia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Anaerobic Performance ◽  
Significant Difference

1. As an ancillary study carried out during the recently completed Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea, we examined the effect of hydroxyurea on the body weight, body composition and exercise capacity of adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia. 2. The subjects received either hydroxyurea (six males and four females) or placebo (eight males and six females). Data for each subject were generated during four separate 24 h admissions to the General Clinical Research Center. These admissions occurred at baseline and then at 6, 12 and 18 months after the start of study drug (hydroxyurea or placebo) administration. During each admission, body composition was measured by using a dual X-ray absorptiometer, and exercise testing was performed by cycle ergometry. Anaerobic performance was assessed according to a ‘Wingate’ protocol (20 s at maximal intensity against a cycling resistance of 7.5% body weight). Aerobic performance was examined using a steady state submaximal exercise protocol (10 min cycling time). 3. At baseline, no significant difference in any parameter was found between the hydroxyurea- and placebo-treated groups. At 18 months, the hydroxy-urea-treated subjects exhibited an average weight gain of 3.16 kg. The mean weight gain in the placebo-treated subjects was 1.82 kg. Body composition analysis showed that the additional weight in both groups involved both lean and fat body mass components. In anaerobic performance, the subjects given hydroxyurea showed an increase in peak muscle power of 104.9 W. The placebo group also showed an increase, but theirs was a more modest gain of 57.7 W. The most marked improvement in anaerobic performance was observed in the hydroxyurea-treated men (P < 0.05). In aerobic performance, the hydroxyurea-treated subjects exhibited a decrease in peak heart rate response to a standardized workload of 15.2 beats/min, as compared with a decrease of only 4.3 beats/min in the placebo-treated patients. 4. Taken together, the overall weight gain, combined with increases in both anaerobic muscular performance and aerobic cardiovascular efficiency, provides objective data to support the subjective impression that hydroxyurea administration produces an improvement in the physical capacity of patients with sickle-cell anaemia.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF A PURIFIED SOURCE OF CELLULOSE ON THE GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF GROWING PIGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Basal Ration

One hundred pigs were used in two experiments to determine the nutritive value of a purified source of cellulose (solka-floc) and its effect on body composition and iodine number of the loin fat. In each experiment one group of pigs received a basal ration ad libitum while levels of 10 and 40 per cent solka floe were added to the basal ration of two groups at 62 and 162 pounds liveweight, respectively. The pigs given solka-floc were fed ad libitum and the amounts of basal ration consumed were pair-fed to two respective control groups. There was a significant decrease (P <.01) in dressing percentage of pigs fed solka-floc. Feed efficiency, based on total feed (less solka-floc) per pound of gain, was better in the pair-fed controls reaching statistical significance (P <.05) in one experiment. There was no significant difference in the protein or fat content of the carcasses but the iodine number of the loin fat was significantly higher (P <.01) in pigs fed solka-floc. It was concluded that in growing pigs there is no net gain in energy from the consumption of cellulose.

scholarly journals Effect of Time-of-Day-Exercise in Group Settings on Level of Mood and Depression of Former Elite Male Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadijah Irandoust ◽  
Morteza Taheri ◽  
Hamdi Chtourou ◽  
Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Range

Since the prevalence of depression is high among athletes at the end of their athletic career, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of time-of-day-exercise in group settings on the level of the mood and depression of former elite male athletes.Out of 187 volunteers referring to the sports counseling clinic, 71 retired male athletes who had a national championship record were randomly divided into two morning and evening exercise groups. The inclusion criteria were severe depression (high score in the Beck Depression Inventory-II), the age range of 50 to 60 years, the absence of metabolic syndrome, and the body mass index (BMI) between 28 and 35. All body composition variables were measured using body composition analysis (In Body 320; Korea). The second stage was the collection of data after three months (completion of the training protocol). After data collection, independent and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that both groups had a significant improvement in depression compared to the pre-test (p ≤ 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05). The overall conclusion is that exercise at different times of the morning or evening can improve the psychological state and reduce depression.

scholarly journals The Effects of Age and Adiposity on Casein Digestibility and Tissue Protein Synthesis in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1196-1196
Author(s):  
Nathalie Atallah ◽  
Claire Gaudichon ◽  
Audrey Boulier ◽  
Alain Baniel ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis Rate ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis

Abstract Objectives Age and adiposity can impact the digestibility of dietary proteins and the metabolic response to their ingestion. The objective was to evaluate the effects of age and adiposity on casein digestibility and protein synthesis in tissues and organs. Methods Wistar rats of 1 month (n = 15) and 10 months (n = 15) at their arrival were fed ad libitum with a standard diet or High Fat diet to obtain rats of normal and high adiposity levels. Four groups were constituted (n = 7/8): 2 months/normal adiposity, 2 months/high adiposity, 11 months/normal adiposity and 11 months/high adiposity. At the end of the dietary intervention, they were fed the standard diet for 1 week before the test meal. The rats consumed a 4g meal containing 15N-labeled casein (Prodiet® 85B). Six hours after meal ingestion, the rats were euthanized. Intravenous injection of a massive dose of 13C-valine prior to euthanasia was used to determine protein synthesis rate in liver, kidneys, skin and muscle. Body composition was evaluated and digestive contents were collected to measure casein digestibility. Results No weight difference between rats of the same age was observed. However, a significant difference in adiposity was noted, with a surge in body fat of 3% in young rats and 7% in older rats. Digestibility increased with a higher adiposity level (P = 0.04). In young rats, it was 94.1 ± 1.1% in lean rats and 95.2 ± 1.7% in fat rats. In older rats, it was 94.5 ± 2.2% and 95.8 ± 0.7%, in lean and fat rats respectively. Significant effects of age (P &lt; 0.01) and adiposity (P &lt; 0.01) were observed in the muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR), with age decreasing it and adiposity increasing it. In young rats, FSR was 10.1 ± 2.1%/day and 12.0 ± 3.0%/day in lean and fat rats, respectively, these values being 6.2 ± 1.5%/day and 10.6 ± 2.0%/day in older rats. In the skin, younger rats exhibited a higher FSR (P &lt; 0.01) as it was 11.1 ± 2.6%/day and 12.6 ± 3.7%/day in lean and fat rats respectively, and 8.3 ± 2.3%/day and 8.2 ± 2.7%/day in older rats. No differences were found for the liver and kidneys. Conclusions Protein synthesis in muscle decreased with age while adiposity increased it. This is consistent with an improvement in ribosomal activity at an intermediate state of obesity. The surge in casein digestibility with higher adiposity, although moderate, could have contributed to the improvement in muscle anabolism response. Funding Sources Ingredia.

Effects of maternal controlled exercise on offspring adiposity and glucose tolerance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kristen M. Platt ◽  
Jenna Przybylowski ◽  
Richard J. Charnigo ◽  
Sara Y. Ngo Tenlep ◽  
Leryn J. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maternal Exercise

Abstract While metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes are costly and deadly to the current population, they are also extremely detrimental to the next generation. Much of the current literature focuses on the negative impact of poor maternal choices on offspring disease, while there is little work examining maternal behaviors that may improve offspring health. Research has shown that voluntary maternal exercise in mouse models improves metabolic function in offspring. In this study, we hypothesized that controlled maternal exercise in a mouse model will effect positive change on offspring obesity and glucose homeostasis. Female mice were separated into three groups: home cage, sedentary, and exercise. The sedentary home cage group was not removed from the home cage, while the sedentary wheel group was removed from the cage and placed in an immobile wheel apparatus. The exercise group was removed from the home cage and run on the same wheel apparatus but with the motor activated at 5–10 m/min for 1 h/d prior to and during pregnancy. Offspring were subjected to oral glucose tolerance testing and body composition analysis. There was no significant difference in offspring glucose tolerance or body composition as a consequence of the maternal exercise intervention compared to the sedentary wheel group. There were no marked negative consequences of the maternal controlled exercise intervention. Further research should clarify the potential advantages of the controlled exercise model and improve experimental techniques to facilitate translation of this research to human applications.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SELECTION CRITERIA IN YOUNG BALL SPORT PLAYERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
József Márton Pucsok ◽  
Gergely Ráthonyi ◽  
Katalin Varga ◽  
Gabriella Perényi ◽  
Andrea Lenténé Puskás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
O2 Pulse

Background: Our study aimed to analyze body composition and spiroergometric data of young (14-15 years) elite level ball sport players. We suggested three-ball sports (handball, soccer, and basketball) share common performance indicators, as rapid intermittent movements primarily characterize each ball sport. Methods: We selected one-hundred and ten, handball (n=30), basketball (n=40), and soccer (n=40) players male and female from local clubs in Hungary. Seventy-nine males and thirty-one females participated in our study; their average age was 14.51 and 14.56, respectively.   They participated in laboratory testing; the protocol included a body composition analysis and spiroergometric tests. We measured body composition and physiological parameters utilizing an In Body 720 device and a standard Bruce treadmill protocol. Although we were aware of the Bruce protocol limitations in elite athletes, we choose this protocol as a safer alternative for younger inexperienced athletes. Results and conclusions: We concluded that in young male soccer and basketball players, mean peak /load (W), peak/VE (l), peak/Vtex (l), peak/VO2 (ml/min), peak/VCO2 (ml/min), and peak/ O2 pulse (ml) data is a reliable indicator of the sport-specific performance.  We may also suggest that in our male basketball and handball players' population, peak/Vtex (l) is the only variable, which is significantly different. Between groups of male handball and soccer players, peak/VO2/kg (ml/min) may be a valid performance indicator. Among female basketball and handball players, we found a significant difference in three performance variables: peak/Vtex (l), peak/VO2 (ml/min), and peak/ O2 pulse (ml).

scholarly journals P546 The safety and efficacy of the new-generation budesonide-MMX in the aspect of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme genotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S516-S516
Author(s):  
T Resál ◽  
K Farkas ◽  
T Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
The Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Cytochrome P450 3A ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Mayo Score ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Generation

Abstract Background Unlike previous forms of budesonide absorbing from the ileal and ascending colon region, the new-generation budesonide-MMX contains a formula, that allows absorption throughout the whole colon. Budesonide is degraded in the liver by cytochrome P450 3A enzyme, but so far, there is no study examining the relationship between the budesonide’s effect and the enzyme activity. CYP3A5 is absent in 90% of the European/caucasian population due to a functional loss mutation (CYP3A5*3), whereas patients with the wild-type CYP3A5*1 allele may be expected to have increased metabolism. The most common genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4 (CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A4*22) result in increased and decreased expression, respectively. Methods We enrolled 33 patients with UC in this prospective study until January of 2021. Patients received 9 mg oral budesonide-MMX once daily until 8 weeks. Laboratory parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP) and serum hormone levels (parathormone, dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol) were monitored before and after the 8-week therapy to follow metabolic and hormonal changes. During these visits, body composition analysis was also performed with InBody 770 machine to observe the adverse effects of budesonide-MMX in respect of body fat mass, body mass index, protein content of the body and bone mineral content. We examined the CYP450 3A (CYP3A5 and CYP3A4) enzyme genotype of the patients, to see, whether the different alleles of this drug-degrading enzyme affect the efficacy and safety. Results 33 patients had received the 2-month therapy. By the end of follow-up, based on partial Mayo score, 26 (78.8%) patients experienced remission and 6 patients (18.2%) were primary non-responders. Mean pMayo score decreased from 4.18 to 1.63 (p&lt;0.001). No significant changes were observable regarding body composition. Serum cholesterol level showed significant increase (p&lt;0.001), while triglyceride and CRP did not show significant changes. Serum cortisol levels were decreased (p&lt;0.001), while PTH and DHEA showed no significant decrease. Only two patients experienced side effects: one of them hypertonia, headache and acnes, while the other mild diarrhoea. 3 patients have CYP3A5*1/*3 genotype, and 16 have CYP3A5*3/*3. There was no significant difference between the two groups, regarding safety and efficacy. Only 1 patient have CYP3A4*1B genotype, while the rest have CYP3A4*1, hence, no statistics could be performed. Conclusion In our study, budesonide-MMX proved to be safe and effective in the therapy of UC, however, cholesterol was elevated in the serum. Based on our cohort, different genotypes of CYP3A don’t have an impact on the effect of the drug, however, CYP3A allele variants are rare, therefore, further examinations should be performed.

scholarly journals Identification of Specific Selection Criteria in Young Ball Sport Players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Márton Pucsok ◽  
Gergely Ráthonyi ◽  
Katalin Varga ◽  
Gabriella Perényi ◽  
Andrea Lenténé Puskás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elite Level

Abstract Background: The purpose of our study was to analyze body composition and spiroergometric data of young (14-15 years) elite level ball sport players. We suggested that three-ball sports (handball, soccer, and basketball) share common performance indicators, as each ball sport is primarily characterized by rapid intermittent movements. Methods: We selected one-hundred and ten, handball (n=30), basketball (n=40) and soccer (n=40) players male and female from local clubs in Hungary. To measure their performance to develop high-quality training programs adequately age was differing from 14 to 15, they represented the elite level of their sports. They participated in performance analysis, the protocol included a body composition analysis and spiroergometric tests. We measured body composition and physiological parameters utilizing an In Body 720 device, and a standard Bruce treadmill protocol. Although we were aware of the limitations of the Bruce protocol in elite athletes, we choose this protocol as a safer alternative for younger inexperienced athletes. Results and conclusions: We concluded that in young male soccer and basketball players mean peak /load (W), peak/VE (l), peak/Vtex (l), peak/VO2 (ml/min), peak/VCO2 (ml/min), and peak/ O2 pulse (ml) data is a reliable indicator of the sport-specific performance. We may also suggest, that in our population of male basketball and handball players peak/Vtex (l) is the only variable, which is significantly different. Between groups of male handball and soccer players, peak/VO2/kg (ml/min) may be a valid performance indicator too. Among female basketball and handball players we found a significant difference in three performance variables: peak/Vtex (l), peak/VO2 (ml/min) and peak/ O2 pulse (ml). Although we must be careful when interpreting results, prior experiences with exercise testing, biological maturation differences must be considered. Trial registration: All examinations involving human subjects were approved by the Hungarian Ethical Committee ETT TUKEB:15117-4/2018/EÜIG.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota in the Obese Mangalica Pig Reveals Alterations in Bacteria and Bacteriophage Populations Associated With Changes in Body Composition and Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley A. Hallowell ◽  
Keah V. Higgins ◽  
Morgan Roberts ◽  
Robert M. Johnson ◽  
Jenna Bayne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Ad Libitum

Due to its immunomodulatory potential, the intestinal microbiota has been implicated as a contributing factor in the development of the meta-inflammatory state that drives obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of this link would facilitate the development of targeted treatments and therapies to treat the metabolic complications of obesity. To this end, we validated and utilized a novel swine model of obesity, the Mangalica pig, to characterize changes in the gut microbiota during the development of an obese phenotype, and in response to dietary differences. In the first study, we characterized the metabolic phenotype and gut microbiota in lean and obese adult Mangalica pigs. Obese or lean groups were created by allowing either ad libitum (obese) or restricted (lean) access to a standard diet for 54 weeks. Mature obese pigs were significantly heavier and exhibited 170% greater subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, with no differences in muscle mass compared to their lean counterparts. Obese pigs displayed impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia following oral glucose challenge, indicating that a metabolic phenotype also manifested with changes in body composition. Consistent with observations in human obesity, the gut microbiota of obese pigs displayed altered bacterial composition. In the second study, we characterized the longitudinal changes in the gut microbiota in response to diet and aging in growing Mangalica pigs that were either limit fed a standard diet, allowed ad libitum access to a standard diet, or allowed ad libitum access to a high fat-supplemented diet over an 18-week period. As expected, weight gain was highest in pigs fed the high fat diet compared to ad libitum and limit fed groups. Furthermore, the ad libitum and high fat groups displayed significantly greater adiposity consistent with the development of obesity relative to the limit fed pigs. The intestinal microbiota was generally resilient to differences in dietary intake (limit fed vs ad libitum), though changes in the microbiota of pigs fed the high fat diet mirrored changes observed in mature obese pigs during the first study. This is consistent with the link observed between the microbiota and adiposity. In contrast to intestinal bacterial populations, bacteriophage populations within the gut microbiota responded rapidly to differences in diet, with significant compositional changes in bacteriophage genera observed between the dietary treatment groups as pigs aged. These studies are the first to describe the development of the intestinal microbiota in the Mangalica pig, and are the first to provide evidence that changes in body composition and dietary conditions are associated with changes in the microbiome of this novel porcine model of obesity.

Depth Dependent Variations in Human Achilles Tendon as a Result of Active Smoking: An Elastographic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1495-1500
Author(s):  
Mahdi Al-Qahtani ◽  
Eraj Humayun Mirza ◽  
Rimsha Siddiqui ◽  
Mohammed Almijalli ◽  
Ravish Javed
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Active Smoking ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anatomical Images ◽  
Tendon Stem Cells ◽  
Body Mass Indexes ◽  
The Impact

Current study was set to determine the impact of active smoking on Achilles Tendon (AT) as soft tissue using an elastographic technique. This study comprises of 54 male individuals having sedentary lifestyle. Volunteers were categorized into two groups of smokers (n = 20) and non-smokers (n = 34). Body composition analysis was performed to evaluate the physiological changes in human body mass indexes. Ultrasound Strain Elastog-raphy (USE) technique was used to find the stiffness along with anatomical images to envisage the anomalous status of Achilles tendon. Statistical analysis of data obtained through body composition, tendon anatomy and Strain Elastography (SE) was used to scrutinize the physiological, anatomical and elasticity variations within the tendon. A reduction in Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI) was observed among smokers with a significant difference (P = 0.042). Further, an increased significant difference (P = 0.029) was found in AT Strain Ratios (SR) of smokers as compared to non-smokers. Lightening in tendon mass and dilution in tendon stiffness indicates that smoking mechanism may generate excessive apoptosis and decrease the density of tenocytes. Nicotine is the key element that inhibits the functional capacity of Tendon Stem Cells and is highly responsible for tendinopathy, eventually leading to tendon rupture and injury.

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