scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF A PURIFIED SOURCE OF CELLULOSE ON THE GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF GROWING PIGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Basal Ration

One hundred pigs were used in two experiments to determine the nutritive value of a purified source of cellulose (solka-floc) and its effect on body composition and iodine number of the loin fat. In each experiment one group of pigs received a basal ration ad libitum while levels of 10 and 40 per cent solka floe were added to the basal ration of two groups at 62 and 162 pounds liveweight, respectively. The pigs given solka-floc were fed ad libitum and the amounts of basal ration consumed were pair-fed to two respective control groups. There was a significant decrease (P <.01) in dressing percentage of pigs fed solka-floc. Feed efficiency, based on total feed (less solka-floc) per pound of gain, was better in the pair-fed controls reaching statistical significance (P <.05) in one experiment. There was no significant difference in the protein or fat content of the carcasses but the iodine number of the loin fat was significantly higher (P <.01) in pigs fed solka-floc. It was concluded that in growing pigs there is no net gain in energy from the consumption of cellulose.

Effect of salinomycin and enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility and the performance of pigs fed barley- or rye-based diets

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
G. L. Campbell ◽  
J. W. D. GrootWassink
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Two experiments of a factorial design (sex × treatment) were conducted to determine the effects of enzyme and salinomycin supplementation on the nutritive value of barley or rye-based diets for growing pigs fed from approximately 20 to 85 kg. For exp. 1, 72 crossbred pigs were fed either a barley-based control diet or a similar diet supplemented with enzyme (Aspergillus niger; 750 units g−1 beta-glucanase and 650 units g−1 pentosanase), salinomycin (25 ppm) or both additives in combination. For exp. 2, two replicates of 48 pigs were fed either a barley-based diet, an unsupplemented rye-based diet or a rye-based diet supplemented with enzyme, salinomycin or both additives. During both experiments, chromic oxide (0.5%) was added to the diet of four to six pigs/treatment to act as a digestibility indicator starting when the pigs reached 42 kg. Neither enzyme nor salinomycin, alone or in combination, significantly improved the growth rate or feed efficiency of pigs fed barley or rye. Supplementation of barley with the combination of additives significantly (P < 0.05) improved protein digestibility while neither enzyme nor salinomycin had any effect on nutrient digestibility when fed alone. In rye-based diets, salinomycin, both alone and in combination, significantly (P < 0.05) improved the digestibility of crude protein and energy. Dry matter digestibility of the rye-based diets was unaffected by treatment. Key words: Swine, rye, barley, beta-glucanase, pentosanase, salinomycin

scholarly journals Decreased Sarcopenia in Aged Females with Young Ovary Transplants was Preserved in Mice that Received Germ Cell-Depleted Young Ovaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Habermehl ◽  
Jeffrey B. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Health Span ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aging Health ◽  
Grip Test

Previously, transplantation of young, cycling, ovaries increased life and health span in post-reproductive female mice. The current study addressed the influence of ovarian germ cells in the improvement in health by performing transplantations of young, germ cell-depleted ovaries. The purpose of this study is to further the understanding of reproductive influences on aging health. Control mice were grouped by age. Treatment mice were age-matched and received either germ cell depleted ovaries or germ cell containing ovaries at 400 days of age. All groups underwent health span assays until sacrifice (treatment and age-matched control groups were between 680 and 700 days). Body composition results displayed an improvement of body composition in both treatment groups, compared to the controls, but no significant difference between the germ cell-depleted or germ cell-containing groups. Grip test results showed no improvement in musculoskeletal endurance and no change to mild loss of grip strength with both transplant groups compared to control groups. The research presented here suggests that reproductive status has a positive influence in post-reproductive health. A portion of this influence may be germ cell independent.

scholarly journals Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on muscle metabolism of growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3213-3227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Shelby M Curry ◽  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Wesley P Schweer ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Viral Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. However, the metabolic explanation for reductions in tissue accretion observed in growing pigs remains poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus challenge is often accompanied by reduced feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus vs. feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS challenge and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (13.1 ± 1.97 kg BW) and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At days postinoculation (dpi) 10 and 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis (LM only), protein synthesis (LM only), oxidative stress (LM only), gluconeogenesis (liver), and glycogen concentrations (LM and liver). Growth performance, feed intake, and feed efficiency were all reduced in both PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, growth performance and feed efficiency were additionally reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs (P < 0.05). Activity of most markers of LM proteolysis (μ-calpain, 20S proteasome, and caspase 3/7) was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs, although activity of m-calpain was increased in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs (P = 0.025) at dpi 17. Muscle reactive oxygen species production was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs. However, phosphorylation of protein synthesis markers was decreased in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad (P < 0.05) and PF (P < 0.05) pigs. Liver gluconeogenesis was not increased as a result of PRRS; however, liver glycogen was decreased (P < 0.01) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad and PF pigs at both time points. Taken together, this work demonstrates the differential impact a viral challenge and nutrient restriction have on metabolism of growing pigs. Although markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis showed limited evidence of increase, markers of skeletal muscle synthesis were reduced during PRRS viral challenge. Furthermore, liver glycogenolysis seems to provide PRRS+ pigs with glucose needed to fuel the immune response during viral challenge.

Effect of heat stress for specific period on juvenile traits, feed efficiency and some heat stress parameters in different genetic groups of broilers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L.N. Reddy ◽  
K. S. Rajaravindra ◽  
U. Rajkumar ◽  
M. R. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Naked Neck ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pure Lines ◽  
And Control ◽  
Stress Parameters

To evaluate the effect of heat stress an experiment was conducted in which one cross (PB-1X Naked neck), two pure lines ( PB-1 and Naked neck) and corresponding control populations were generated simultaneously on the same day.120 chicks in PB-1X Naked neck (Control 120), 91 chicks in Naked neck pure( Control 82) and 81 chicks in PB-1 pure ( Control 80)were generated. Temperatures were raised (up to 40°C) by providing the two halogen lamps in each of the heat stressed genetic groups from 4-6 weeks of age. Body weights were recorded at 0, 2,4, 6 and 7 weeks of age along with conformational traits like breast angle and shank length at 6 weeks of age. 2ml of blood was collected at 6weeks of age from all the 6 genetic groups (10 birds from each) to estimate the heat stress parameters. Feed efficiency was recorded at 6 weeks and 7 weeks of age. Significant differences were found for SOD, CAT, ALP and GPx between heat stressed and control genetic groups. Higher estimates were found in heat stressed genetic groups as compared to corresponding control groups. For juvenile body weights in stressful conditions there is significant difference between genetic groups. Lower juvenile body weights were recorded in heat stressed genetic groups as compared to control groups. Lower feed efficiency was recorded in heat stressed genetic groups as compared to corresponding control groups.

RESPONSE OF GROWING-FINISHING PIGS TO DIETARY INCLUSION OF GREEN FOXTAIL (Setaria viridis) SEEDS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1066
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Ad Libitum

Increasing the level of wheat screenings (95% green foxtail seeds) from 0 to 25% in diets fed ad libitum over the period from 34 to 89 kg liveweight resulted in an increased daily feed intake (P < 0.05), reduced (P < 0.05) feed efficiency and apparent digestibility, but produced no consistent effects on growth rate or carcass composition. Key words: Growing pigs, green foxtail, Setaria viridis, carcass, digestibility

scholarly journals The Impact of Limited Code Switching on the Achievement of the Jordanian English Language Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer R. Hmeadat
Keyword(s):  
English Language Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

    The study sought to investigate the impact of limited and regulated code switching on the achievement of the Jordanian EFL learners. To achieve the aim of study, the use of code-switching was intended to be integrated within the code of conduct which made up the backbone of the class management.  The study sample consisted of (105) students from the eighth and ninth grades in Berein Secondary School, The Second Directorate of Education in Zarqa District. The subjects were divided into four groups; two experimental groups consisted of (51) male students who were taught through using code-switching. The other two control groups consisted of (52) male students who were taught the same content through the conventional strategy. Questionnaires were distributed into (100) male and female English teachers in different public and private schools to know their attitudes toward using code-switching in their daily lessons in EFL classrooms.  To achieve the goals of this study, the researcher chose both the quantitative design (achievement test) and the qualitative design (interviews and questionnaire) to conduct his study. Analysis of One-Way ANOVA was performed to test the statistical significance of the differences among groups. The results revealed that there was a statistical significant difference at the level (α =0.05) in the mean scores between the experimental groups and the control groups in favor of the experimental groups. The result showed that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the subjects of the experimental groups who were taught through the code of conduct and using the code-switching.  

Dried Condensed Molasses Solubles in Complete-Type Diets for Growing Beef Heifers

1969 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-281
Author(s):  
Manuel Soldevila ◽  
José R. Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
General Health ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Tuna Fish ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Complete Type

The nutritive value of dried condensed molasses solubles (CMS) was evaluated in 16% CP complete-type diets for growing Charbray heifers in two studies. The diet contained 50% ground hay of tropical grasses, 15% tuna fish meal, 10% cane molasses and different ratios of ground corn and CMS. In both studies, rate of gain, feed efficiency and general health were used as comparison criteria. In both studies, CMS levels higher than 6% reduced the gains; CMS levels higher than 9% reduced gains more markedly. Feed conversion was decreased at CMS levels higher than 12%. No animal used in both studies, even those fed 21% dried CMS, exhibited diarrhea, as had previously occurred with broilers, laying hens, guinea hens and growing pigs when fed dried CMS levels as low as 10-15%. The general health of all animals remained excellent. The animals used the diets less efficiently as they became heavier, although the overall gains and conversion were reasonable for a feedlot operation under the climatic conditions in the arid Lajas Valley of Puerto Rico. Increasing the caloric density of diets as animals become heavier appears to be a necessity if improved utilization of feed is expected.

UTILIZATION OF GRASS SILAGE BY CATTLE: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF FISHMEAL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1225-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
A. FORTIN ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
J. G. PROULX
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sugar Levels

Following weaning at 6–7 mo of age, 48 beef calves were used to determine growth response when two grass silages of contrasting nutritive value were supplemented with small amounts of barley or fishmeal. The silages were fed ad libitum for 112 d either alone or supplemented with 500 g barley or 500 g fishmeal per day. Both silages had similar cell wall and organic acid contents but silage 1 had higher nitrogen, 3.1 vs. 2.4% of dry matter (DM), and lower soluble sugar levels, 3.7 vs. 7.7% of DM, compared with silage 2. Animals fed silage 2 alone grew faster (P < 0.01) than calves fed silage 1 alone, 1.25 vs. 0.88 kg d−1. Supplementation with barley had no effect (P > 0.05) on liveweight gain; however, fishmeal substantially increased growth rate on both silages (P < 0.01), 0.49 and 0.3 kg d−1 for silages 1 and 2 respectively. Fishmeal tended to increase total DM intake of the silage 1 diet by an amount equivalent to the quantity of supplement offered but had no effect on DM intake of either silage (P > 0.05). Fishmeal supplementation also resulted in improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency with both silages. Key words: Cattle, grass silage, fishmeal, growth

Outcomes of Lisfranc Injuries in the National Football League

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. McHale ◽  
Joshua C. Rozell ◽  
Andrew H. Milby ◽  
James L. Carey ◽  
Brian J. Sennett
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Lisfranc Injury ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lisfranc Injuries ◽  
Return To Competition

Background: Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint injuries commonly occur in National Football League (NFL) competition; however, the career effect of these injuries is unknown. Purpose: To define the time to return to competition for NFL players who sustained Lisfranc injuries and to quantify the effect on athletic performance. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data on NFL players who sustained a Lisfranc injury between 2000 and 2010 were collected for analysis. Outcomes data included time to return to competition, total games played after season of injury, yearly total yards and touchdowns for offensive players, and yearly total tackles, sacks, and interceptions for defensive players. Offensive power ratings ( OPR = [ total yards/10] + [ total touchdowns × 6]) and defensive power ratings ( DPR = total tackles + [ total sacks × 2] + [ total interceptions × 2]) were calculated for the injury season and for 3 seasons before and after the injury season. Offensive and defensive control groups consisted of all players without an identified Lisfranc injury who competed in the 2005 season. Results: The study group was composed of 28 NFL athletes who sustained Lisfranc injuries during the study period, including 11 offensive and 17 defensive players. While 2 of 28 (7.1%) players never returned to the NFL, 26 (92.9%) athletes returned to competition at a median of 11.1 (interquartile range [IQR], 10.3-12.5) months from time of injury and missed a median of 8.5 (IQR, 6.3-13.0) regular-season games. Analysis of pre- and postinjury athletic performance revealed no statistically significant changes after return to sport after Lisfranc injury. The magnitude of change in median OPR and DPR observed in offensive and defensive Lisfranc-injured study groups, −34.8 (IQR, −64.4 to 1.4) and −13.5 (−30.9 to 4.3), respectively, was greater than that observed in offensive and defensive control groups, −18.8 (−52.9 to 31.5) and −5.0 (−22.0 to 14.0), respectively; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance ( P = .33 and .21, respectively). Evaluation of the durability of injured players after the season of injury revealed no statistically significant difference in career length compared with controls. Conclusion: More than 90% of NFL athletes who sustained Lisfranc injuries returned to play in the NFL at a median of 11.1 months from time of injury. Offensive and defensive players experienced a decrease in performance after return from injury that did not reach statistical significance compared with their respective control groups over a similar time period.

Moist barley preserved with acid in the diet of the growing pig

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Perez-Aleman ◽  
D. G. Dempster ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYThe feeding value of moist barley (approximately 27% moisture) which had been treated with 1·3 % of a mixture of formic (70 %) and propionic (30 %) acids was compared with that of dried barley for growing pigs from 23 to 85 kg live weight. Two experiments were undertaken; 96 pigs were fed ad libitum on one of three diets containing dried or acid-treated moist barley and another 48 pigs were individually fed on one of four diets containing dried or acid-treated moist barley in controlled amounts. These amounts were governed by an allowance of dry matter at a certain live weight.In neither experiment were significant differences found between the treatments in growth rate or efficiency of utilization of food dry matter. Pigs fed ad libitum showed no significant difference in intake of dry matter, but those given the diet containing dried barley had a higher content of fat in their carcass than those on the acid-treated barley. A total of 21 pigs, 16 fed ad libitum and all receiving diets containing acid-treated barley had a discolouration of fat in the carcass.

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