scholarly journals Estimated Protein Intake From Animal and Plant Foods by U.S. Adults, What We Eat in America, NHANES, 2015–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 133-133
Author(s):  
Kathy Hoy ◽  
John Clemens ◽  
Alanna Moshfegh
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
Cured Meats ◽  
Total Protein Intake ◽  
Plant Sources

Abstract Objectives The 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans encourage varying protein intake to include both animal foods and plant foods for the range of nutrients provided. The objective of this study is to estimate proportions of adults’ protein intake from animal and plant sources and the contribution of foods to each. Methods One day dietary intake data of adults 20+ years (N = 5017) in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2015–2016 were used. Proportions of protein intake from animal and plant sources were estimated from the ingredients for the foods in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 2015–2016. Single ingredient foods such as chicken or beans were classified as 100% animal or plant, respectively. Proportions from multi-ingredient foods were determined from the amounts of animal and plant food ingredients in each item. If ingredients were not specified, the proportions from a similar food were applied. The proportions were applied to the dietary intakes to determine the population intake of protein from animal and plant sources. The WWEIA food categories were used to describe contribution of foods to animal and plant protein intake. Results Animal and plant foods accounted for 67% and 33% of total protein intake, respectively. Excluding mixed dishes, animal protein intake was contributed by dairy products (14%); meats (12%); poultry (16%); seafood (6%); cured meats (8%); and eggs (6%). Mixed dishes contributed 31% of animal protein intake. Protein from plant foods, excluding mixed dishes, was contributed by grains (24%); plant-based protein foods including legumes (4%), nuts and seeds (7%) soy products (1%); vegetables (9%); and fruit (2%). Mixed dishes accounted for 30% of plant protein intake; snacks and sweets contributed 14%. Conclusions Although protein intake from animal sources is relatively diverse, encouraging greater variety of protein intake from plant-based protein foods appears warranted. Funding Sources ARS-USDA.

scholarly journals Associations between plant and animal protein intake and anthropometric indices among school-aged girls in Kabul Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzia Zahidi ◽  
Mohammad Ashraf Farahmand ◽  
Mursal Basiry ◽  
Madiha Khalid ◽  
Pamela Surkan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Anthropometric Indices

Background: Adolescent girls in Afghanistan have high levels of food insecurity, yet little is known about their dietary intakes. Therefore, we aimed to study the association between dietary protein intake and anthropometric indices among adolescent girls in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 380 adolescent girls at 16 government schools from eight randomly sampled zones in Kabul. In July 2019, we assessed dietary intake, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and socio-demographic variables. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between different protein sources (plant protein, animal protein and total protein) and stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Results: Participant mean age was 14.8±2 years and mean BMI was 19.8±3.6kg/m2. The mean intakes of carbohydrates from plant proteins, animal proteins and total proteins were approximately 59.4±19.6gr/day, 22.3±7.3gr/day and 81.8±27.1gr/day, respectively. Students with more highly educated fathers consumed more plant proteins (P<0.05). Participants had overall high dietary plant protein intake (mean 34.8±22.0g/day), with 66% from grains, cereals and flour. We did not find an association between dietary protein intake and stunting (OR=0.92; CI: 0.55-1.54), wasting (OR= 0.98; CI: 0.55-1.78), overweight (OR=1.18; CI: 0.62-2.25) or obesity (OR=0.84; CI: 0.19-3.58). Conclusion: While prior research suggests that dietary protein intake is associated with improved nutritional and anthropometric indices, dietary protein intake in this study was not associated with stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Further investigation is needed on this topic.

scholarly journals Global Intakes of Total Protein and Sub-types; Findings from the 2015 Global Dietary Database (P10-050-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Reedy ◽  
Frederick Cudhea ◽  
Peilin Shi ◽  
Jianyi Zhang ◽  
Jennifer Onopa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Total Protein Intake

Abstract Objectives Adequate macronutrient intake is critical for child growth and health and the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Presently, the global distributions of macronutrient intake are not well established. Our objective was to comprehensively estimate daily intakes of total, animal, and plant protein, and additional macronutrients for individuals of all ages from 185 countries in 2015. Methods We collected and analyzed individual-level dietary intake data from nationally or sub-nationally-representative surveys, comprising 1137 survey-years of data representing 185 countries (97% of the world's population). Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, we estimated mean macronutrient intake by country, time (35 years), age (15 groups), sex, education (3 levels), urban or rural residence, and pregnancy status (when applicable). The primary model incorporated the number of subjects in each stratum, sampling representativeness, dietary assessment method, type of dietary metric, availability from the United Nations FAO, and country, and superregion (6 groupings of regions) random effects as covariates. Results In 2015, global total protein intake was 78.2 g/day, ranging from 61.0 g in the Middle East and North Africa to 92.5 g/day in Asia. Mean national total protein intake was ≥46 g/day in all 185 countries. Global animal protein intake was 33.3 g/day and intake was highest in Latin American and the Caribbean (42.8 g/day) and lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa (38.3 g/day). The countries with the lowest mean national animal protein intake were Bangladesh (7.2 g/day) and Nepal (10.1 g/day). Global plant protein intake was 29.1 g/day. Region-specific intake was highest in the Middle East and North Africa (32.1 g/day) and lowest in the Former Soviet Union (25.5 g/day). Plant protein intake was usually greater in males than females. Additional findings for dairy protein, carbohydrate, added sugar, fiber, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, seafood omega-3 fat, plant omega-3 fat, and trans-fat will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions Our results show trends and variation in protein worldwide, by region, and by country. These data provide the best available global evidence on macronutrient intakes and are valuable for informing public health policy and disease prevention efforts. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals The long-term association of different dietary protein sources with metabolic syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Hajihashemi ◽  
Razieh Hassannejad ◽  
Fahimeh Haghighatdoost ◽  
Noushin Mohammadifard ◽  
Masoumeh Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Total Protein Intake

AbstractDue to scarce epidemiologic data linking dietary protein intakes and metabolic syndrome (MetS), we aim to determine the longitudinal association of different types of dietary protein with the incidence of MetS among Iranians adults. The study was conducted in the framework of the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) on 6504 adults, aged ≥ 35 years, and free of MetS at baseline. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used for assessing usual dietary intakes. MetS was defined according to the Joint Scientific Statement. Mixed-effects logistic regression was applied to examine the associations between changes in weekly frequency consumption of protein and MetS status. After a median follow-up of 11.25 years, in multivariate-adjusted model, each additional frequency consumption of total protein intake (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.81–0.85), animal protein (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.77–0.83), plant protein (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.64–0.76), red meat (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.70–0.78), poultry (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.68–0.78), egg (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.72–0.88) and nuts and seeds (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.71–0.84) was associated with reduced risk of MetS. No significant association was found for processed meat (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.87–1.01) and legumes and soy (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.86–1.07) with MetS. Our results suggest an independent inverse association between total protein, animal and plant protein and the risk of MetS. These associations did not differ by sex. Although our results can be considered to be a strategy to reduce MetS risk by dietary guidelines, randomized clinical trials are required to confirm our findings.

Animal protein intake is inversely associated with mortality in older adults: the InCHIANTI study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Meroño ◽  
Raúl Zamora-Ros ◽  
Nicole Hidalgo-Liberona ◽  
Montserrat Rabassa ◽  
Stefania Bandinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Plant Protein

Abstract Background In general, plant protein intake was inversely associated with mortality in studies in middle-aged adults. Our aim was to evaluate the long-term associations of animal and plant protein intake with mortality in older adults. Methods A prospective cohort study including 1,139 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 75 years, 56% women) living in Tuscany, Italy, followed for 20 years (InCHIANTI study) was analyzed. Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaires and clinical information were assessed five times during the follow-up. Protein intakes were expressed as percentages of total energy. Time-dependent Cox regression models adjusted for confounders were used to assess the association between plant and animal protein intake, and mortality. Results During the 20-years of follow up (mean: 12y), 811 deaths occurred (292 of cardiovascular- and 151 of cancer-related causes). Animal protein intake was inversely associated with all-cause (HR per 1% of total energy from protein increase, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.93-0.99) and cardiovascular mortality (HR per 1% of total energy from protein increase, 95%CI: 0.93, 0.87-0.98). Plant protein intake showed no association with any of the mortality outcomes, but an interaction with baseline hypertension was found for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions Animal protein was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older adults. Further studies are needed to provide recommendations on dietary protein intake for older adults.

scholarly journals Dietary Plant Protein and the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome over 9 Years (OR27-08-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Root ◽  
Katelyn Meaux
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome Score ◽  
Plant Sources

Abstract Objectives Metabolic syndrome is a precursor to many leading causes of death in the United States including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. Diet plays a major role in preventing or exacerbating the development of metabolic syndrome. Increasing plant protein intake may help to reduce risk of developing metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible relationship between metabolic syndrome progression and % of protein from plant sources in the diet. Methods The ARIC dataset was used to compare changes in the number of metabolic syndrome criteria (0-5) over a 9-year period to average % of protein from plant sources for 10,038 Americans age 45–64. Quartiles of plant protein intake were controlled for important covariates in linear regression. Results As hypothesized, quartiles with higher percentages of protein intake from plant sources showed a decrease in metabolic syndrome score [B (change in metabolic syndrome score over 9 years per plant protein quartile) = -0.039; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.063, -0.016] over 9 years of follow up. Waist circumference was the most significantly associated metabolic syndrome factor (B = -0.053; 95% CI -0.030, -0.011). A decrease in BMI was similarly correlated with higher intakes of plant proteins (B = -0.077; 95% CI -0.214, -0.0112). Conclusions These results suggest that a higher intake of plant proteins could be protective against increased BMI, waist circumference, and worsening metabolic syndrome and therefore may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and stroke. Funding Sources University Funding.

scholarly journals Plant-Protein Diversity Is Critical to Ensuring the Nutritional Adequacy of Diets When Replacing Animal With Plant Protein: Observed and Modeled Diets of French Adults (INCA3)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Salomé ◽  
Erwan de Gavelle ◽  
Ariane Dufour ◽  
Carine Dubuisson ◽  
Jean-Luc Volatier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
National Study ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Protein Diversity ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Plant Protein Sources

ABSTRACT Background There is a current trend in Western countries toward increasing the intake of plant protein. A higher plant-protein intake has been associated with nutritional and health benefits, but these may depend on the pattern of plant-protein sources. Objective We hypothesized that the diversity of plant foods could be important to nutrient adequacy when increasing plant-protein intake in the diet. Methods Using data on 1341 adults (aged 18–64 y) from a representative French national dietary survey conducted in 2014–2015 (the third Individual and National Study on Food Consumption Survey—INCA3), we studied the links between plant-protein intake, dietary diversity (using various dimensions), and nutrient adequacy [assessed using the PANDiet (Probability of Adequate Nutrient Intake) scoring system, comprising adequacy (AS) and moderation (MS) subscores]. We simulated substituting plant-protein foods for animal-protein foods using different models of plant-protein diversity. Results We found that overall diet quality was weakly associated with total and protein diversity and more strongly with plant-protein diversity. Plant-protein intake was inversely associated with animal-protein intake, and positively with the PANDiet and MS, but not with the AS. Plant-protein intake displayed little diversity, mostly taking the form of grains (61% of plant-protein intake), and this diversity was even less marked under a higher plant-protein intake. Finally, modeled substitutions showed that reducing animal-protein intake increased the MS (by 32%) in a similar manner whichever plant protein was used for substitution, whereas it decreased the AS (by 20%) unless using a highly diversified plant-protein mix. These simulated improvements in overall adequacy included marked decreases in adequacy regarding certain nutrients that are typically of animal origin. Conclusions We conclude that in French adults the current pattern of plant-protein intake is hindering the nutritional benefits of a transition toward more plant protein, indicating that the consumption of plant-protein-based foods other than refined grains should be encouraged.

scholarly journals Different Associations of Socioeconomic Status on Protein Intake in the Korean Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Ho Kwon ◽  
Hyun Ah Park ◽  
Young Gyu Cho ◽  
Kyoung Woo Kim ◽  
Na Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Korean Elderly

Socioeconomic status affects food choices. This study examined the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and animal and plant protein intake in the Korean elderly population whose protein intake is insufficient. We used cross-sectional data from 3512 Koreans aged 60 years or older, who had participated in the Nutrition Survey of the 2013–14 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). One day 24-h recall data was used to estimate the daily total, animal, and plant protein intake. Household income and educational attainment were assessed by trained interviewers. After making adjustment, household income was positively associated with animal protein intake with a statistical significance in females (p = 0.030) and with a marginal significance in males (p = 0.069). However, plant protein intake did not show any significant association. In both sexes, educational attainment was positively associated with animal protein intake (p = 0.007 for males, p = 0.001 for females). Association of educational attainment with plant protein intake was negative in males (p = 0.037) and non-significant in females. (p = 0.945). High SES was associated with higher total protein intake and animal protein intake in the Korean elderly. Health policies and nutrition education are needed to improve protein intake of the vulnerable Korean elderly with low SES.

scholarly journals Dietary proteins and protein sources and risk of death: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1462-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli E K Virtanen ◽  
Sari Voutilainen ◽  
Timo T Koskinen ◽  
Jaakko Mursu ◽  
Petra Kokko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Disease Risk Factor ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Total Protein Intake ◽  
Risk Factor Study ◽  
Factor Study ◽  
Heart Disease Risk

ABSTRACT Background Previous studies investigating protein intake in relation to mortality have provided conflicting results. Objective We investigated the associations of dietary protein and protein sources with risk of disease death in the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Methods The study population consisted of 2641 Finnish men, aged 42–60 y at baseline in 1984–1989. We estimated protein intakes with 4-d dietary records at baseline and collected data on disease deaths from the national Causes of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs. Results During the average follow-up of 22.3 y, we observed 1225 deaths due to disease. Higher intakes of total protein and animal protein had borderline statistically significant associations with increased mortality risk: multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) in the highest compared with the lowest quartile for total protein intake = 1.17 (0.99, 1.39; P-trend across quartiles = 0.07) and for animal protein intake = 1.13 (0.95, 1.35; P-trend = 0.04). Higher animal-to-plant protein ratio (extreme-quartile HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.49; P-trend = 0.01) and higher meat intake (extreme-quartile HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47; P-trend = 0.01) were associated with increased mortality. When evaluated based on disease history at baseline, the association of total protein with mortality appeared more evident among those with a history of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer (n = 1094) compared with those without disease history (n = 1547) (P-interaction = 0.05 or 0.07, depending on the model). Intakes of fish, eggs, dairy, or plant protein sources were not associated with mortality. Conclusions Higher ratio of animal to plant protein in diet and higher meat intake were associated with increased mortality risk. Higher total protein intake appeared to be associated with mortality mainly among those with a predisposing disease. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03221127.

scholarly journals Validation of an FFQ to assess dietary protein intake in type 2 diabetic subjects attending primary health-care services in Mali

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Coulibaly ◽  
H Turgeon O’Brien ◽  
I Galibois
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Plant Protein ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

AbstractObjectiveTo validate a 53-item quantitative FFQ (QFFQ) for the assessment of dietary protein intake in type 2 diabetic outpatients in Bamako, Mali.DesignConsumption of protein-containing foods over the week preceding the interview was measured with a 7d QFFQ and compared with intakes measured with 48-h recalls.SettingCentre National de Lutte contre le Diabète.SubjectsSeventeen male and forty female adults with type 2 diabetes.ResultsCorrelation between protein intakes estimated using the QFFQ and 48h recalls was 0·63 (P< 0·0001). There was no significant difference between the two methods concerning the total protein daily intakes and intakes per kilogram of body weight. The QFFQ indicated that foods of animal origin were a lesser source of protein. Animal protein intake did not differ between men and women but sources did. In men, the main sources were beef (54 % of total animal protein), fish (15 %) and milk powder (8 %). In women, the principal sources were fish (28 %), beef (20 %) and birds (13 %). In contrast, plant protein intake was significantly higher in men than in women (P= 0·01), but the same plant foods contributed in similar proportions for both genders, rice being by far the greatest source (47 % of plant protein in men, 53 % in women).ConclusionThe QFFQ developed in this study is a valid tool to evaluate dietary protein intakes in Malian diabetic subjects. While the total protein intakes were low in both men and women, differences in choices and amounts of protein food sources were shown.

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