scholarly journals Acute Effect of Herbs and Spices Intake on Endothelial Function and Metabolic Markers in Overweight or Obese Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 324-324
Author(s):  
Yudai Huang ◽  
Meng-Fu Tsai ◽  
Rajrajeshwari Thorat ◽  
Di Xiao ◽  
Xuhuiqun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Herbs And Spices

Abstract Objectives Herbs and Spices (H/S) contain an array of bioactive compounds with purported health benefits. This study investigated the effect of acute H/S intake on vascular and metabolic health indicators, including flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), glucose control and inflammatory markers over 24 h in overweight or obese individuals. Methods In this randomized, single-blinded, 4-arm, 24-h, crossover clinical trial, subjects (n = 25, age 37 ± 15 years, BMI 28.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2, mean ± SD) consumed a high-fat and high-carbohydrate (HFHC) challenge meal (about 810 kcal) without (control) or with three different combinations of commercially-available H/S: Italian herbs (rosemary, basil, thyme, oregano, and parsley), cinnamon, or pumpkin pie spice (cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, and allspice) on four separate days at least three days apart. Meals provided 35% of subjects energy to maintain weight and 1 g H/S per 135 kcal. FMD and blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 5.5, 7, and 24 h for endpoint analysis (additional blood samples at 0.5 and 1 h for insulin/glucose). Mixed-model analysis of repeated measures via PROC MIXED PC-SAS 9.4 was performed on primary and secondary outcome variables. FMD was the primary outcome. Results The addition of H/S in HFHC meals significantly reduced postprandial insulin concentrations over 7 h compared to control (P = 0.03) with no significant decrease in glucose (P = 0.17) compared to the control meal. A significant interaction between H/S and age (P = 0.003) suggested benefits of H/S on insulinemia in individuals 41–65 years. Preliminary analysis showed significant effects of test meal (P < 0.05) on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6). FMD assessment revealed increased %FMD 24 h after H/S consumption compared to the control meal (P = 0.04), suggesting a possible effect of gut microbial-derived H/S bioactive metabolites, which is under study. Conclusions This study demonstrated the vascular and metabolic effects of meals differing in herbs and spices. Herbs and spices may improve vascular function after 24 h consumption and have different potencies on metabolic indices in different age groups in overweight or obese individuals. Funding Sources This project was funded by McCormick Science Institute.

scholarly journals Dose–response to 3 months of quercetin-containing supplements on metabolite and quercetin conjugate profile in adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1923-1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Cialdella-Kam ◽  
David C. Nieman ◽  
Wei Sha ◽  
Mary Pat Meaney ◽  
Amy M. Knab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Metabolite Profiles

Quercetin, a flavonol in fruits and vegetables, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating influences. The purpose of the present study was to determine if quercetin, vitamin C and niacin supplements (Q-500 = 500 mg/d of quercetin, 125 mg/d of vitamin C and 5 mg/d of niacin; Q-1000 = 1000 mg/d of quercetin, 250 mg/d of vitamin C and 10 mg/d of niacin) would alter small-molecule metabolite profiles and serum quercetin conjugate levels in adults. Healthy adults (fifty-eight women and forty-two men; aged 40–83 years) were assigned using a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial to one of three supplement groups (Q-1000, Q-500 or placebo). Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at 0, 1 and 3 months. Quercetin conjugate concentrations were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS, and metabolite profiles were measured using two MS platforms (UPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (TOFMS) and GC-TOFMS). Statistical procedures included partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear mixed model analysis with repeated measures. After accounting for age, sex and BMI, quercetin supplementation was associated with significant shifts in 163 metabolites/quercetin conjugates (false discovery rate, P< 0·05). The top five metabolite shifts were an increase in serum guaiacol, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, allocystathionine and two bile acids. Inflammatory and oxidative stress metabolites were not affected. PLS-DA revealed a clear separation only between the 1000 mg/d and placebo groups (Q2Y= 0·763). The quercetin conjugate, isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide, had the highest concentration at 3 months followed by quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-sulphate and quercetin diglucuronide. In human subjects, long-term quercetin supplementation exerts disparate and wide-ranging metabolic effects and changes in quercetin conjugate concentrations. Metabolic shifts were apparent at the 1000 mg/d dose; further research is required to understand the health implications of these shifts.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Turn Speeds on Whole-Body Coordination in Younger and Older Healthy Adults

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2827
Author(s):  
Fuengfa Khobkhun ◽  
Mark Hollands ◽  
Jim Richards
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis

Difficulty in turning is prevalent in older adults and results in postural instability and risk of falling. Despite this, the mechanisms of turning problems have yet to be fully determined, and it is unclear if different speeds directly result in altered posture and turning characteristics. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of turning speeds on whole-body coordination and to explore if these can be used to help inform fall prevention programs in older adults. Forty-two participants (21 healthy older adults and 21 younger adults) completed standing turns on level ground. Inertial Measurement Units (XSENS) were used to measure turning kinematics and stepping characteristics. Participants were randomly tasked to turn 180° at one of three speeds; fast, moderate, or slow to the left and right. Two factors mixed model analysis of variance (MM ANOVA) with post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed to assess the two groups and three turning speeds. Significant interaction effects (p < 0.05) were seen in; reorientation onset latency of head, pelvis, and feet, peak segmental angular separation, and stepping characteristics (step frequency and step size), which all changed with increasing turn speed. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed the main effects of speeds within the older adults group on those variables as well as the younger adults group. Our results suggest that turning speeds result in altered whole-body coordination and stepping behavior in older adults, which use the same temporospatial sequence as younger adults. However, some characteristics differ significantly, e.g., onset latency of segments, peak head velocity, step frequency, and step size. Therefore, the assessment of turning speeds elucidates the exact temporospatial differences between older and younger healthy adults and may help to determine some of the issues that the older population face during turning, and ultimately the altered whole-body coordination, which lead to falls.

Prospective Study Of Mobilization Kinetics Up To 18 Hours After Late Afternoon Dosing Of Plerixafor

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 4510-4510
Author(s):  
Patricia A Shi ◽  
Luis M. Isola ◽  
Lorraine Miller
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Interval Time ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Total Interval

Background Plerixafor (Mozobil®, Genzyme, Cambridge, MA) is approved for hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization into peripheral blood (PB) in combination with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) at ∼11 hours (hr) prior to apheresis initiation. Since apheresis facilities typically open at 8-9 AM, this 11 hr interval requires plerixafor dosing between 9-10 pm, impractical unless the patient self-administers the drug. No studies have examined mobilization kinetics beyond 15 hr in the target MM and NHL patient population. This is the first study in this target population to examine a total interval time of 17-18 hr post-plerixafor, important because, practically, leukapheresis may not be initiated until 10-11 AM. Even if initiated earlier between 8-9 AM, a standard leukapheresis typically lasts ∼3 hr. Therefore, it is important to rule out a significant decrease in PB [CD34+] extending through this interval. Study Design and Methods A single-center, prospective cohort, IRB-approved study where 11 patients with NHL and MM underwent HPC mobilization from March 2010 to October 2011. Patients met the same entry criteria specified in the initial studies leading to FDA approval. Plerixafor 240 ug/kg was administered at 5pm on day 4 of AM G-CSF 10 ug/kg. PB [CD34+] and [CD34+CD38-] concentrations were enumerated every 2 hours from 5PM to 7AM and immediately pre-apheresis on day 5, for a total interval time of 17-18 hr post-plerixafor. Leukapheresis (3 total blood volumes) was performed if the 7 am peripheral blood CD34+ concentration was ≥10/uL. Data was analyzed used mixed model analysis of repeated measures. Results 9 of 11 subjects , including all 5 patients who had received 3-9 cycles of lenalidomide, achieved a CD34+ product count of >5x106/kg with a single leukapheresis. All 9 patients (in contrast to the other 2) had a pre-plerixafor PB CD34+ concentration > 10/uL. PB [CD34+] did not differ between 10-18 hours post-plerixafor (p≈0.8). In contrast, PB [CD34+CD38-] increased from 10 to 18 hours post-plerixafor (p=0.03). 10 subjects underwent transplant with a median CD34+ dose of 6.0x106/kg (range 3.8-10.8x 106/kg) and engrafted within normal time frames. Using post- to (5PM) pre-plerixafor [CD34+] ratios to compare efficacy of plerixafor kinetics, the median ratio of the 17-18hr post/pre-plerixafor [CD34+] was 4.0 (range 1.8-6.8), not significantly different (p=0.09) from that of the peak post/pre-plerixafor [CD34+] of 4.7 (range 1.9-9). The 3 subjects with lowest mobilization had diabetes, but the peak post/pre [CD34+] ratio was not adversely affected. Two of these three reached their peak [CD34+] mobilization at 8hr post-plerixafor, whereas all other donors reached their peak [CD34+] ≥ 10hr post-plerixafor. The correlation coefficient of 0.54 between the PB [CD34+] and [CD34+CD38-] was weak. Conclusions In MM and NHL patients with adequate pre-plerixafor CD34+ concentration, which includes those with prior lenalidomide, leukapheresis initiated 17-18 hours post-plerixafor may not impair CD34+ product yield and may increase more primitive CD34+CD38- yield. Patient with risk factors for poor mobilization, such as diabetes or salvage chemotherapy, may be an exception. The three donors with post-plerixafor PB [CD34+] < 100/uL all had diabetes, which has been established to impair G-CSF induced stem cell mobilization. Our data supports murine data that plerixafor overcomes sympathetic nervous system-related defects in mobilization, since the peak post/pre plerixafor [CD34+] ratio was > 4 in all 3 patients. Interestingly, the donor with the second highest mobilization also had diabetes but a low peak/pre [CD34+] ratio of 2.9 (i.e. excellent mobilization with G-CSF alone); her mobilization impairment from diabetes may have been overcome by concurrent use (for asthma) of the β2-adrenergic agonist albuterol, previously associated with high mobilization. Consistent with previous studies, the 2 patients with poor [CD34+] mobilization reached their peak PB [CD34+] < 11 hours post-plerixafor. Finally, given the weak correlation between PB [CD34+] and [CD34+CD38-] , the utility of using PB [CD34+CD38-] to help determine the optimal time for collection may be worth exploring, given the correlation between CD34+CD38- graft content and long-term hematopoietic reconstitution in autologous transplantation. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Plerixafor administered up to 18 hours prior to apheresis initiation, rather than the FDA-approved 11 hours.

Primary Obesity Surgery Endoluminal (POSE-2) For Treatment of Obesity In Clinical Practice

Endoscopy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gontrand Lopez-Nava ◽  
Ravishankar Asokkumar ◽  
Janese Laster ◽  
Anuradha Negi ◽  
Enrique Pascual Normand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Gastric Body ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Technical Success Rate ◽  
The Mean

Introduction POSE-2 procedure shortens and narrows the stomach using multiple full-thickness plications in the gastric body. We studied the efficacy and safety of POSE-2 for obesity at 1-year in a real-world setting. Methods We reviewed the records of 75 patients who underwent POSE-2 at our unit. The primary outcome was to evaluate the %total body weight loss (%TBWL) at 1-year. Our secondary outcome was to assess the safety and durability. We used linear mixed model analysis. RESULTS: Forty-six patients completed 1-year. The rest are in various phases of follow-up. The mean(SD) age and BMI was 49.3(10.2) years and 38.2(6.6) kg/m2, respectively. The technical success rate was 98.7% (n=74). The mean(SD) TBWL, %TBWL, and the BMI decline at 1-year were 20(12.7) kg, 17.8(9.5)%, 7(4.3) kg/m2. Adverse events occurred in 4 patients. The average length of stay was 1-day. Endoscopy at 1-year in 15 patients showed intact sutures and a reduction in gastric length compared to baseline [35.7(3.5) cm vs. 26.9(5.3) cm, p<0.001] CONCLUSION: POSE-2 induced significant weight loss at 1-year. It is safe, durable and required only a short hospital stay.

scholarly journals Heating Capacity of ReBound Shortwave Diathermy and Moist Hot Packs at Superficial Depths

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Hawkes ◽  
David O. Draper ◽  
A. Wayne Johnson ◽  
Mike T. Diede ◽  
Justin H. Rigby
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Temperature Decay ◽  
Triceps Surae Muscle ◽  
Hot Pack

Context: The effectiveness of a new continuous diathermy unit, ReBound, as a heating modality is unknown. Objective: To compare the effects of ReBound diathermy with silicate-gel moist hot packs on tissue temperature in the human triceps surae muscle. Design:  Crossover study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 12 healthy, college-aged volunteers (4 men, 8 women; age = 22.2 ± 2.25 years, calf subcutaneous fat thickness = 7.2 ± 1.9 mm). Intervention(s): On 2 different days, 1 of 2 modalities (ReBound diathermy, silicate-gel moist hot pack) was applied to the triceps surae muscle of each participant for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the modality was removed, and temperature decay was recorded for 20 minutes. Main Outcome Measure(s):  Medial triceps surae intramuscular tissue temperature at a depth of 1 cm was measured using an implantable thermocouple inserted horizontally into the muscle. Measurements were taken every 5 minutes during the 30-minute treatment and every minute during the 20-minute temperature decay, for a total of 50 minutes. Treatment was analyzed through a 2 × 7 mixed-model analysis of variance with repeated measures. Temperature decay was analyzed through a 2 × 21 mixed-model analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: During the 30-minute application, tissue temperatures at a depth of 1 cm increased more with the ReBound diathermy than with the moist hot pack (F6,66 = 7.14, P &lt; .001). ReBound diathermy and moist hot packs increased tissue temperatures 3.69°C ± 1.50°C and 2.82°C ± 0.90°C, respectively, from baseline. Throughout the temperature decay, ReBound diathermy produced a greater rate of heat dissipation than the moist hot pack (F20,222 = 4.42, P &lt; .001). Conclusions: During a 30-minute treatment at a superficial depth, the ReBound diathermy increased tissue temperature to moderate levels, which were greater than the levels reached with moist hot packs.

scholarly journals Effect of maternal diet on select fecal bacteria of foals

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
Morgan B Pyles ◽  
Ashley L Fowler ◽  
Veronica T Bill ◽  
Brittany E Harlow ◽  
Andrea D Crum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

Abstract Adult horses depend on the microbial community in the hindgut to digest fiber and produce short-chain fatty acids that are use for energy. Colonization of the foal gastrointestinal tract is essential to develop this symbiosis. However, factors affecting colonization are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the age-related changes and effects of maternal diet on select fecal bacterial groups in foals from 1 to 28 d of age. Thoroughbred foals (n = 18) were from dams fed forage and one of two concentrates: an oat-based (OB) or corn and wheat middlings-based (CWB) pelleted concentrate. The mares had access to assigned concentrates, along with a mixed hay and cool-season grass pasture, 28 d before and 28 d after parturition. Fecal samples were collected from foals at 1 d (14 to 36 h), 4, 14, and 28 d after birth. Fecal samples were serially diluted with phosphate-buffered saline before inoculation of enriched, selective media to enumerate Lactobacillus spp., amylolytic bacteria, and cellulolytic bacteria. Enumeration data were log-transformed then analyzed with mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures (SAS 9.3) to test the main effects of maternal diet (OB or CWB), time of sample, and interaction between maternal diet and time. Cellulolytic bacteria first appeared in foal feces between 4 and 14 d of age and increased with age (P &lt; 0.05). Amylolytic bacteria and lactobacilli were abundant at 1 d and then increased with age (P &lt; 0.05). There was an interaction between maternal diet and time for Lactobacillus spp. with OB foals having more lactobacilli than CWB foals at 1 and 4 d (P &lt; 0.05); however, there were no differences observed at 14 d (P &gt; 0.05). Maternal diet did not influence amylolytic or cellulolytic bacteria (P &gt; 0.05). These results indicate that colonization of the hindgut is a sequential process beginning early in the foal’s life and that maternal diet may influence some bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of foals.

scholarly journals Anti-Fel d1 immunoglobulin Y antibody-containing egg ingredient lowers allergen levels in cat saliva

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Satyaraj ◽  
Qinghong Li ◽  
Peichuan Sun ◽  
Scott Sherrill
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Daily Trial ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Novel Approach

Objectives Fel d1 is the major cat allergen, causing IgE reactions in up to 90% of cat-allergic adults. Fel d1 secreted in saliva is spread to the haircoat during grooming. Current management includes attempts to reduce or eliminate exposure to Fel d1. A novel approach to reducing immunologically active Fel d1 (aFel d1) exposure, which involves binding the Fel d1 with an anti-Fel d1-specific polyclonal egg IgY antibody (sIgY), was evaluated. The hypothesis was that saliva from cats fed diets containing this sIgY would show a significant reduction in aFel d1. Methods Two trials in cats were completed. In trial 1, saliva was collected 0, 1, 3 and 5 h post-feeding during a 2 week baseline and subsequent 6 week treatment period. Trial 2 included a control and treatment group, and saliva was collected once daily. Trial 2 cats were fed the control diet during a 1 week baseline period, and then fed either control or sIgY diet during the 4 week treatment period. Fel d1-specific ELISA was used to measure salivary aFel d1. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and a linear mixed-model analysis. Results Salivary aFel d1 decreased post-treatment in both trials. There were no differences in aFel d1 based on time of collection relative to feeding in trial 1. In trial 2, 82% of treatment group cats showed a decrease in aFel d1 of at least 20% from baseline vs just 38% of control cats. Only one (9%) treatment cat showed an increase in aFel d1 vs 63% of control cats. Conclusions and relevance Feeding sIgY significantly reduced aFel d1 in the saliva of cats within 3 weeks. Although additional research is needed, these findings show promise for an alternative approach to the management of allergies to cats.

scholarly journals A preclinical randomized multicenter trial of anti-IL-17A treatment for acute ischemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Gelderblom ◽  
Simon Koch ◽  
Jan Kolja Strecker ◽  
Carina Joergensen ◽  
Lidia Garcia-Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Neurological Score ◽  
Consensus Statements ◽  
The Impact

Multiple consensus statements have called for preclinical randomized controlled trials (pRCT) to improve translation in stroke research. Here, we investigated the efficacy of IL-17A neutralizing antibodies in a multicentric pRCT using a murine stroke model. C57/Bl.6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Mice were randomly allocated (1:1). Either anti-IL-17A (500 microgram) or isotype antibody (500 microgram) were administered 1 h after tMCAO. Primary analysis of infarct volumes was done by MRI after three days. Secondary analysis included mortality, neurological score, neutrophil infiltration and the impact of the gut microbiome on treatment effects. Out of 136 mice, 109 mice were included in the analysis. Mixed model analysis revealed that the IL-17A neutralization significantly reduced infarct sizes (anti IL-17A: 61.77 mm3 (SD: 31.04); IgG control: 75.66 mm3 (SD: 34.79); p=0.01). Secondary outcome measures showed a decrease in mortality (Hazard Ratio=3.43, 95% CI = 1.157 - 10.18; p=0.04) and neutrophil invasion into ischemic cortices. There was no difference in the neurological score. The analysis of the gut microbiome showed significant differences between centers. Taken together, this is the first positive pRCT in an ischemia reperfusion model. It suggests IL-17A neutralization as a potential target in stroke.

scholarly journals Robot-Assisted Arm Training in Chronic Stroke: Addition of Transition-to-Task Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan S. Conroy ◽  
George F. Wittenberg ◽  
Hermano I. Krebs ◽  
Min Zhan ◽  
Christopher T. Bever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Robotic Training ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Task Training

Background. Robot-assisted therapy provides high-intensity arm rehabilitation that can significantly reduce stroke-related upper extremity (UE) deficits. Motor improvement has been shown at the joints trained, but generalization to real-world function has not been profound. Objective. To investigate the efficacy of robot-assisted therapy combined with therapist-assisted task training versus robot-assisted therapy alone on motor outcomes and use in participants with moderate to severe chronic stroke-related arm disability. Methods. This was a single-blind randomized controlled trial of two 12-week robot-assisted interventions; 45 participants were stratified by Fugl-Meyer (FMA) impairment (mean 21 ± 1.36) to 60 minutes of robot therapy (RT; n = 22) or 45 minutes of RT combined with 15 minutes therapist-assisted transition-to-task training (TTT; n = 23). The primary outcome was the mean FMA change at week 12 using a linear mixed-model analysis. A subanalysis included the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), with significance P <.05. Results. There was no significant 12-week difference in FMA change between groups, and mean FMA gains were 2.87 ± 0.70 and 4.81 ± 0.68 for RT and TTT, respectively. TTT had greater 12-week secondary outcome improvements in the log WMFT (−0.52 ± 0.06 vs −0.18 ± 0.06; P = .01) and SIS hand (20.52 ± 2.94 vs 8.27 ± 3.03; P = .03). Conclusion. Chronic UE motor deficits are responsive to intensive robot-assisted therapy of 45 or 60 minutes per session duration. The replacement of part of the robotic training with nonrobotic tasks did not reduce treatment effect and may benefit stroke-affected hand use and motor task performance.

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