A Direct Photometric Method for Chloride in Biological Fluids, Employing Mercuric Thiocyanate and Perchloric Acid

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Houston Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Mercuric Ions ◽  
Total Absorbance

Abstract The reagent described is 5.5 M in perchloric acid and 3.3 M in urea. It contains ferric ions, mercuric thiocyanate, mercuric ions (from mercuric perchlorate), and mercuric chloride. Serum dissolves directly in this reagent to yield a clear, reddish solution. When chloride ions are added, they combine first with the free mercuric ions, and then with some of the mercuric ions from the mercuric thiocyanate. Liberated thiocyanate combines with ferric ions to yield red ferric thiocyanate. The color is much more intense in the presence of strong perchloric acid than in other aqueous acid mixtures, Its intensity can be regulated at will by changing the concentration of the ferric iron. The presence of mercuric chloride in the reagent improves linearity between absorbance and chloride concentration. After the total absorbance is determined, compensation for absorbance by other substances is secured by adding mercuric ions to the photometer tube to reverse the color-producing reaction of chloride, reading the residual absorbance, and subtracting it from the total absorbance, to give a net absorbance produced by chloride alone.

scholarly journals Application of Novel Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting the Surface Chloride Concentration in Concrete Containing Waste Material

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2297
Author(s):  
Ayaz Ahmad ◽  
Furqan Farooq ◽  
Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski ◽  
Klaudia Śliwa-Wieczorek ◽  
Slawomir Czarnecki
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Gene Expression Programming ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Structures located on the coast are subjected to the long-term influence of chloride ions, which cause the corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete elements. This corrosion severely affects the performance of the elements and may shorten the lifespan of an entire structure. Even though experimental activities in laboratories might be a solution, they may also be problematic due to time and costs. Thus, the application of individual machine learning (ML) techniques has been investigated to predict surface chloride concentrations (Cc) in marine structures. For this purpose, the values of Cc in tidal, splash, and submerged zones were collected from an extensive literature survey and incorporated into the article. Gene expression programming (GEP), the decision tree (DT), and an artificial neural network (ANN) were used to predict the surface chloride concentrations, and the most accurate algorithm was then selected. The GEP model was the most accurate when compared to ANN and DT, which was confirmed by the high accuracy level of the K-fold cross-validation and linear correlation coefficient (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) parameters. As is shown in the article, the proposed method is an effective and accurate way to predict the surface chloride concentration without the inconveniences of laboratory tests.

Molecular Dynamics Study of the Interaction of C-S-H and Chloride Ions

2016 ◽  
Vol 711 ◽  
pp. 1061-1068
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Guo Dong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Calcium Silicate Hydrate ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Hydration Product ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Solution Interface ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Cement Based Materials

Molecular Dynamics was employed to investigate the interaction of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), the primary hydration product of cement based materials, and chloride, causing severe durable problems of concrete. The 11Å tobermorite structure was chosen to describe the C-S-H structure and the CLAYFF force field was used. It is observed in the simulation that there are no bound chlorides at 303K, while a fraction of chlorides appear in the adsorption district of tobermorite/solution interface at 323K indicating the temperature increase can improve chloride sorption capacity of C-S-H. The formation of Ca-Cl cluster is found on the surface of tobermorite, which is assumed to promote the chloride sorption. The experimental results of sorption isotherms of C-S-H in CaCl2 and NaCl aqueous solutions with the same chloride concentration have proved this point. Other researchers have made the same conclusion by means of molecular dynamics modeling, NMR tests or zeta potential experiments.

scholarly journals ELECTROMETRIC TITRATION OF CHLORIDE IN SMALL VOLUMES

1955 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 822-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. RAMSAY ◽  
R. H. J. BROWN ◽  
P. C. CROGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Silver Electrode ◽  
End Point ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Electrometric Titration ◽  
In Series ◽  
A Current

1. Two methods of titrating chloride with Ag+ ion using the potentiometric end-point are described. 2. The first method is conventional in that silver nitrate is added from a burette. It deals with volumes down to 0.2µl. and can measure 1µg. of chloride with an error of < ± 1% (standard deviation). 3. According to the second method Ag+ ion is added by passing a current through a silver electrode in series with a condenser. The charge developed on the condenser is a measure of the amount of chloride titrated. This method deals with volumes down to 0.5 x 10-3µl. and can measure 10-4µg. of chloride with an error of < ± 1% (standard deviation). 4. As far as is known these methods are not susceptible to interference from other substances likely to be present in biological fluids.

Photolysis of ferric ions in the presence of sulfate or chloride ions: implications for the photo-Fenton process

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amilcar Machulek Jr. ◽  
José Ermírio F. Moraes ◽  
Laura T. Okano ◽  
Cristina A. Silvério ◽  
Frank H. Quina
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Ferric Ions

scholarly journals Inhibition Effect of Tartrate Ions on the Localized Corrosion of Steel in Pore Solution at Different Chloride Concentrations

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Marina Cabrini ◽  
Sergio Lorenzi ◽  
Denny Coffetti ◽  
Luigi Coppola ◽  
Tommaso Pastore
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Adsorption ◽  
Pore Solution ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Passive Current ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel

The aim of this work is the evaluation of the inhibition effect of tartrate ions with respect to the localized corrosion of steel reinforcements in alkaline solution as a function of the concentration of chlorides ions. Weight loss tests and electrochemical tests were carried out in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution with NaOH at pH 12.7 and 13.2. The results only evidence a slight inhibition effect at pH 12.7, whereas at pH 13.2 the pitting onset is inhibited also for chloride concentration up to 3 M. Tartaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid with nucleophile substituents, which can act as a chelating agent both adsorbing on the surface of the passive film and forming a soluble complex with ferrous and ferric ions. Tartrate causes an increase in the passive current density but it prevents the depassivation of carbon steel due to the action of chlorides, thus preventing pitting initiation due to the competitive adsorption on metal surface.

THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF FLUORINE IN WATER

1940 ◽  
Vol 18b (6) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman James Walker ◽  
Gordon Roy Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Fluorine Content ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Titration Method

In the survey of Alberta waters in which fluorine content is compared with the prevalence of mottled teeth, the titration method and the colorimetric method for determining fluorine have not always given comparable results. Good results with the titration method are obtained when distillation is carried out with perchloric acid instead of with sulphuric acid. It was found that the colorimetric method is affected by more than 2 p.p.m. of phosphate, aluminium, or ferric ions, and by over 120 p.p.m. of sulphate ions. Moderate amounts of manganous, ferrous, silicate, chloride, and sodium ions do not interfere. When the water contains over 2 p.p.m. of phosphate, aluminium, or ferric ions, or if the water is coloured, the titration method is used. A scheme for correcting for sulphate ions is proposed. The titration method and the colorimetric method used in this laboratory for determining fluorine in waters are given in detail.

scholarly journals Human sweat monitoring using polymer-based fiber

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taekyung Lim ◽  
Youngseok Kim ◽  
Sang-Mi Jeong ◽  
Chi-Hyeong Kim ◽  
Seong-Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Coagulation Bath ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Simple Geometry

AbstractLightweight nano/microscale wearable devices that are directly attached to or worn on the human body require enhanced flexibility so that they can facilitate body movement and overall improved wearability. In the present study, a flexible poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) fiber-based sensor is proposed, which can accurately measure the amount of salt (i.e., sodium chloride) ions in sweat released from the human body or in specific solutions. This can be performed using one single strand of hair-like conducting polymer fiber. The fabrication process involves the introduction of an aqueous PEDOT:PSS solution into a sulfuric acid coagulation bath. This is a repeatable and inexpensive process for producing monolithic fibers, with a simple geometry and tunable electrical characteristics, easily woven into clothing fabrics or wristbands. The conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS fiber increases in pure water, whereas it decreases in sweat. In particular, the conductivity of a PEDOT:PSS fiber changes linearly according to the concentration of sodium chloride in liquid. The results of our study suggest the possibility of PEDOT:PSS fiber-based wearable sensors serving as the foundation of future research and development in skin-attachable next-generation healthcare devices, which can reproducibly determine the physiological condition of a human subject by measuring the sodium chloride concentration in sweat.

Electron Transfer between Ferrous and Ferric Ions in Perchloric Acid Solutions

1950 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 4978-4980 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Betts ◽  
H. S. A. Gilmour ◽  
Rita K. Leigh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Ferric Ions

Aluminium corrosion studies. II. Corrosion rates in water

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Berzins ◽  
JV Evans ◽  
RT Lowson
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Corrosion Studies ◽  
Competitive Action ◽  
Ph Range

The corrosion rate of aluminium in flowing neutral waters at 50�C has been determined as a function of pH, oxygen concentration and chloride concentration. The corrosion rate, At, as total aluminium lost between the 4th and 80th day was observed to be logarithmic according to At = B log t+C with a minimum rate in the pH range 5-6, and with B c. 3 x 10-5g cm2, C c. 20 x 10-5 g cm-2 and t in days for oxygen-saturated water. Saturating the water with nitrogen or adding up to 15 mg Cl- l-1 increased the corrosion rate. It was concluded that this was due to competitive action on the oxide surface, between dissolved oxygen and chloride ions.

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