Conservation implications of extraordinary Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) concentrations in the Odra Estuary, Poland

The Condor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Marchowski ◽  
Michael Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Aythya Marila ◽  
Odra Estuary

Abstract Human activities in marine coastal areas may coincide with protected areas for birds. Some of these anthropogenic activities may pose threats, such as gillnet fisheries, which can significantly affect populations of diving birds, especially gregarious species that gather in huge flocks in small areas such as Greater Scaup (Aythya marila). The Odra Estuary (Baltic Sea, Poland) is known for its importance as a wintering site for scaup; it is also used by fishermen using gillnets. Precise tools to determine the distribution and abundance of birds allow evaluation of risks faced by large aggregations. We used kernel density interpolation to estimate the spatial density of scaup in the Odra Estuary in spring 2011. At that time, an extraordinarily high number of scaup (95,400) was recorded, ~73% (63.0–94.5%) of the entire northwest European flyway population. Three variables are particularly important for conserving highly mobile long-distance migrating species: spatial distribution, abundance, and time (season of the year). This event concentrated most of the scaup flyway population in a small space, making the population vulnerable to mass mortality. We also show aggregated data of the spatial distribution of scaup during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 seasons to highlight differences in the spatial use of the area between seasons. Vast areas occupied by scaup in 2011 were not used during 2 other studied seasons; this spatial variation may be crucial in conservation planning of this species. Our results are a first step in documenting the spatial distribution of scaup in the Odra Estuary and identifying the potential area of overlap with fishing activity.

A landscape-ontology scale MTInSAR deformation monitoring solution for the sustainable conservation of architectural heritage sites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Xu ◽  
FuLong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Sustainable Conservation ◽  
Great Wall

<p>Architectural heritage is cultural and spiritual symbol of our predecessors with immeasurable historical, artistic, and technological value. However, these heritages are exposed to long-term degradation due to the combination impacts from the natural erosion and anthropogenic activities. Consequently, it is important to establish an effective deformation monitoring system to support the sustainable conservation of those properties. In order to make complementary to conventional geodetic measurements such as global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and leveling in terms of spatial density, we propose a landscape-ontology scale multi-temporal InSAR (MTInSAR) solution for the preventive deformation monitoring of large-scale architectural heritage sites through the adaption of current MTInSAR approaches. We apply different solutions in Shanhaiguan section of the Great Wall in China and the Angkor Wat in Cambodia based on their onsite characteristics. At the cultural landscape scale, we improve the small baseline subset (SBAS) approach by the induced pseudo-baseline strategy in order to avoid the errors caused by inaccurate external DEM, resulting in a robust deformation estimation in mountainous areas where the architecture heritage of the Great Wall located; at the ontology scale, we integrate the differential SAR tomography (DTomoSAR) with the finite element method (FEM) for the structural instability detection of the Angkor Wat Temple, pinpointing the structural defects from the 3D deformation measurements and simulation. This study demonstrates the capability of adaptive MTInSAR approaches for the preventive monitoring the deformation of large-scale architectural heritage sites.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Architectural heritage; two-scale; deformation; MTInSAR</p>

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of marine macro-litter on the seafloor in the northern Mediterranean Sea: the MEDITS initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (S1) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Spedicato ◽  
Walter Zupa ◽  
Pierluigi Carbonara ◽  
Fabio Fiorentino ◽  
Maria Cristina Follesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Southern Cyprus ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Anticyclonic Eddies

Marine litter is one of the main sources of anthropogenic pollution in the marine ecosystem, with plastic representing a global threat. This paper aims to assess the spatial distribution of plastic macro-litter on the seafloor, identifying accumulation hotspots at a northern Mediterranean scale. Density indices (items km–2) from the MEDITS trawl surveys (years 2013-2015) were modelled by generalized additive models using a Delta-type approach and several covariates: latitude, longitude, depth, seafloor slope, surface oceanographic currents and distances from main ports. To set thresholds for the identification of accumulation areas, the percentiles (85th, 90th and 95th) of the plastic spatial density distribution were computed on the raster data. In the northern Mediterranean marine macro-litter was widespread (90.13% of the 1279 surveyed stations), with plastic by far the most recurrent category. The prediction map of the plastic density highlighted accumulation areas (85th, 90th and 95th percentiles of the distribution, respectively, corresponding to 147, 196 and 316 items km–2) in the Gulf of Lions, eastern Corsica, the eastern Adriatic Sea, the Argo-Saronic region and waters around southern Cyprus. Maximum densities were predicted in correspondence to the shallower depths and in proximity to populated areas (distance from the ports). Surface currents and local water circulation with cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies were identified as drivers likely facilitating the sinking to the bottoms of floating debris.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in Roundhill Landfill Vicinity of South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117862211987277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Nyika ◽  
Ednah Onyari
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate

Groundwater is the most reliable resource for consumptive uses worldwide, but it is vulnerable to anthropogenic pollution in this post-industrialization era. Pollution of the resource may result from anthropogenic activities; hence, analysing the effects of leachate on groundwater is imperative. This study assessed the spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in Roundhill landfill vicinity of South Africa and conducted their hydrogeochemical analysis. Water samples were collected from 3 boreholes in the landfill surroundings and analysed for selected physicochemical characteristics. Spatial distribution of these parameters showed dominant pollution by Mn2+, Fe2+, and [Formula: see text], which surpassed prescribed allowable limits of the country in most of the study area. Possibilities of simple dissolution and ion mixing were deduced from the Durov diagram. Magnesium carbonate, sodium chloride, and mixed faces of groundwater were dominant in boreholes 1 to 3, respectively. The dominance of Ca2+, Cl−, Mg2+, and [Formula: see text] ions in some boreholes suggested anthropogenic pollution. Landfill leachate was associated with groundwater pollution in the study area.

Abundance and Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Culicoides Brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on Cattle in South-East Queensland.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Campbell ◽  
DS Kettle
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Time Of Year

Numbers of C. brevitarsis on cattle in south-east Queensland increased rapidly from zero at 0.5 h before sunset, to a peak during the half hour after sunset, then decreased to zero in the following 5-6 h and remained at zero throughout the day. On standing animals abundance was greatest on the ridgeline at the tail, decreasing rapidly down the flank and less rapidly towards the head. On mature animals abundance after sunset halved with each increase of 0.53 m s-1 in wind speed, each increase of 6.4�C, each decrease of 158 Pa vapour pressure deficit, and each additional 38 min after sunset. Only females were collected from cattle; 97% of nullipars were mated. They did not always feed at their first attempt and were much less likely to feed on some hosts than others. Close shaving did not alter the number of flies on small areas and did not prevent feeding. Before sunset C. brevitarsis were observed more frequently on hosts in the absence of direct sunlight. In direct sunlight, abundance was influenced most by wind speed (positive), minutes before sunset (negative) and temperature (negative), in order of decreasing importance. Without direct sunlight, the factors were minutes before sunset (negative), temperature (positive), and wind speed (negative); after sunset the factors were wind speed (negative), vapour pressure deficit (positive), minutes after sunset (negative) and minor effects from time of year and temperature.

Seed dispersal, spatial distribution and population structure of Brazilnut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in southeastern Amazonia

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Peres ◽  
Claudia Baider
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Neotropical Forests ◽  
Bertholletia Excelsa ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Shadows

ABSTRACTSeeds of the Brazilnut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl., Lecythidaceae) sustain one of the most important extractive industries in neotropical forests. Yet little is known about the demography and seed dispersal ecology of Bertholletia, particularly in natural stands which have not been previously harvested. This study presents data on the population density, spatial distribution, and seed dispersal ecology of Brazilnut trees at a pristine stand located within the Kayapó Indian Area of southeastern Amazonia, Pará, Brazil. Brazilnut trees were primarily found within groves (castanhais) of 75 to 149 trees, with a few isolated trees in between. Although the density of trees ≥ 10 cm in diameter at breast height (hereafter, dbh) at two groves was 4.8 to 5.1 trees ha–1, the overall density for the entire study area of c. 950 ha was estimated at 1.3 tree ha–1. Within-grove nearest neighbour distances averaged 21 m and were markedly skewed towards even shorter distances. Seed dispersal experiments using 709 marked seeds indicated that this pattern can be largely explained by the highly restricted seed shadows imparted by the main seed dispersal agents of Bertholletia at this site, the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). Agoutis on average scatterhoard Bertholletia seeds to an average distance of 5 m, and rarely beyond 20 m, from seed stations. We suggest that, once edaphic and climatic conditions are suitable, the highly contagious spatial distribution of Bertholletia trees at the landscape level can be largely accounted for by the quantitatively dominant effect of short-distance dispersal by caviomorph rodents, and rare events of long-distance dispersal provided by other vectors. This mechanism of grove formation need not resort to untested conjectures of human dispersal and intentional planting in prehistoric and historic times as it has often been suggested in the literature.

scholarly journals Analysis of fishing activity in the Itá reservoir, Upper Uruguay River, in the period 2004-2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
. Schork ◽  
Hermes-Silva. G. ◽  
. S ◽  
E. Zaniboni-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Annual Productivity ◽  
Socioeconomic Profile ◽  
Uruguay River

This study characterized fishing activity in the reservoir of the Hydroelectric Power Plant of Itá in Brazil. The reservoir is located in the Upper Uruguay River, which forms the border between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. To analyze fishing activity and the composition of ichthyofauna in the reservoir after damming, questionnaires were administered to fishermen in the region between 2004 and 2009. The results showed that fishing in the Itá reservoir can be classified as a subsistence activity performed on small vessels and usually involving the use of drift nets and handlines. Between 2004 and 2009, 292,780.10 kg worth of fish were captured, with an average annual productivity of 3.46 kg ha−1 yr−1. We recorded the highest values of catch per unit effort in 2006, with an annual average of 9.69 kg fisherman−1 day−1. A total of 27 morphospecies were captured during the sample period; carp, traíra, mandi and jundiá together accounted for almost 60% of the catch. This finding indicates that fishing is centered on the capture of sedentary and short-distance migratory species. Despite their lower abundance, long-distance migratory species continue to be captured. The case of the piracanjuba, a long-distance migratory species reintroduced to the region in 2004 and still present in the catches, is particularly noteworthy. Regarding the fishermen's socioeconomic profile, all were men, most of who have engaged in the activity for more than eleven years, have a low educational level, fish with the aid of family members and list agriculture as their main economic activity.

scholarly journals Cues, creaks, and decoys: using passive acoustic monitoring as a tool for studying sperm whale depredation

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1621-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Thode ◽  
Delphine Mathias ◽  
Janice Straley ◽  
Victoria O'Connell ◽  
Linda Behnken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Acoustic Monitoring ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Passive Acoustic Monitoring ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Passive Acoustic

Abstract Since 2003, a collaborative effort (SEASWAP) between fishers, scientists, and managers has researched how Alaskan sperm whales locate demersal longline fishing activity and then depredate sablefish from gear. Sperm whales constantly produce relatively low-frequency biosonar signals whenever foraging; therefore, over the past decade, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has become a basic tool, used for both measuring depredation activity and accelerating field tests of potential depredation countermeasures. This paper reviews and summarizes past published PAM research on SEASWAP, and then provides a detailed example of how PAM methods are currently being used to test countermeasures. The review covers two major research thrusts: (i) identifying acoustic outputs of fishing vessels that provide long-distance “cues” that attract whales to fishing activity; and (ii) validating whether distinctive “creak” sounds can be used to quantify and measure depredation rates, using both bioacoustic tags and statistical comparisons between visual and acoustic depredation estimates during federal sablefish surveys. The latter part of the paper then provides an example of how PAM is being used to study a particular potential countermeasure: an “acoustic decoy” which transmits fishing vessel acoustic cues to attract animals away from true fishing activity. The results of an initial 2011 field trial are presented to show how PAM was used to design the decoy signals and monitor the efficacy of the deployment. The ability of PAM to detect both whale presence and depredation behaviour has reduced the need to deploy researchers or other specialists on fishing cruises. Instead, volunteer fishers can deploy “user-friendly” acoustic recorders on their gear, greatly facilitating the testing of various deterrents, and providing the industry and regulators a convenient and unobtrusive tool for monitoring both the scale and long-term spread of this behaviour across the Alaskan fishery.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Phytoplankton in Jatigede Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Rima Nabilah Haifa ◽  
Zahidah Hasan ◽  
Heti Herawati ◽  
Isni Nurruhwati ◽  
Asep Sahidin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
West Java ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Compensation Depth ◽  
Temperature Depth

Jatigede Reservoir has water input from the Cimanuk River. This river has gone through several anthropogenic activities that can affect its waters. Changes in conditions can occur due to changes in ecosystems carried out by several ecological aspects, one of which is the distribution of biota structures. The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of phytoplankton through spatial distribution both horizontally and vertically at the Jatigede Reservoir, West Java. The study began in July 2019 until September 2019. This research uses survey method. Sampling was carried out at 4 stations on the surface, half of the compensation depth, and compensation depth. The water parameters analyzed are transparency, temperature, depth, current, pH, CO2, BOD, DO, NO3-, PO43-, NH3, fitoplankton abundance, diversity index and dominance index. The results showed that 49 genera from 11 classes and 5 phyla were identified. Diversity index during the study reached between 0.904-2.062 and the dominance index was in the range of 0.267-0.681. The highest phytoplankton composition at each station and depth was found in the Bacillariophyceae class as much as 59.65% with an average abundance of 5523 ind/L.11 phytoplankton classes found during the study were identified at all observation stations, except in the eustigmatophyceae and mediophyceae classes.

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