Reconstructing landscapes of ungulate parturition and predation using vegetation phenology

Abstract Enhanced vegetative index (EVI) data can be used to identify and define the space in which ungulates practice parturition and encounter predation. This study explores the use of EVI data to identify landscapes linked to ungulate parturition and predation events across space, time, and environmental conditions. As a case study we used the moose population Alces alces of northern Minnesota in the United States. Using remotely sensed EVI data rasters and GPS collar data, we quantified how vegetation phenology and moose movement shaped the births and predation of 52 moose calves from 2013 to 2020 on or adjacent to the Grand Portage Indian Reservation. The known sources of predation were American black bears (Ursus americanus, n = 22) and grey wolves (Canis lupus, n = 28). Satellite-derived data summarizing seasonal landscape features at the local level revealed that landscape heterogeneity use by moose can help to quantitatively identify landscapes of parturition and predation in space and time across large areas. Vegetation phenology proved to be differentiable between adult moose ranges, sites of cow parturition, and sites of calf predation. Landscape characteristics of each moose group were consistent and tractable based on environment, suggesting that sites of parturition and predation of moose are predictable in space and time. This analytical framework can be employed to identify areas for future ungulate research on the impacts of landscape on parturition and predation dynamics.

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Accessibility in Inclusive Tourism? Hotels Distributed Through Online Channels

Societies ◽

10.3390/soc11020034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Eva Martin-Fuentes ◽

Sara Mostafa-Shaalan ◽

Juan Pedro Mellinas

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

Local Level ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Distribution Channel ◽

People With Disabilities ◽

The United States ◽

Travel Agency ◽

International Studies ◽

The Status ◽

Accommodation Sector

There is a lack of comprehensive international studies on accommodations for people with disabilities; only small, local-level studies exist. This study aims to show the status of the tourist accommodation sector through the online distribution channel in terms of accessibility to offer more inclusive tourism. A descriptive analysis has been carried out with more than 31,000 hotels from the online travel agency Booking.com, in the 100 most touristic cities in the world. For the first time, an accurate picture of adaptation in the hotel sector for people with disabilities is presented. Results show that the adapted hotel infrastructures by countries are uneven. The main adaptations are those that help to avoid mobility barriers, and in contrast, hotels offer very few adaptations for sensory disabilities such as visual disabilities. Moreover, this study shows that, worldwide, countries with the highest income per capita, such as the United States of America, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Qatar or the United Arab Emirates, have the highest degree of hotel adaptation.

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‘So yo creo que es un proceso evolutivo’: Language ideologies among Puerto Ricans in southeastern Pennsylvania

Multilingua ◽

10.1515/multi-2015-0123 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Elaine Shenk

Keyword(s):

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

Language Ideologies ◽

Puerto Ricans ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

The United States ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Puerto Rican Spanish ◽

Publicity Campaign

AbstractThis article examines the perspectives of Puerto Ricans living in the United States in response to a publicity campaign that focuses on the correction of linguistic features that appear in some Puerto Ricans’ spoken Spanish. The campaign addresses phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic features, including a specific set of words or phrases that are named as lexical and semantic borrowings from English. Participants were invited to respond to the content and ideologies present in the campaign by means of semi-structured interviews. Through a framework of Critical Discourse Analysis and language (de)legitimation, the article analyzes the ways in which interviewees (de)legitimize loanwords in Puerto Rican Spanish. A Critical Discourse Analytical framework allows for the mapping of spoken and written texts (e. g. the campaign texts) onto discourses

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Underneath Kyoto: Emerging Subnational Government Initiatives and Incipient Issue-Bundling Opportunities in China and the United States

Global Environmental Politics ◽

10.1162/glep.2008.8.1.53 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 53-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Peter H. Koehn

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Stress Reduction ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Local Level ◽

National Level ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

The United States ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Stabilization Policies

At present, progress in mitigating global GHG emissions is impeded by political stalemate at the national level in the United States and the People's Republic of China. Through the conceptual lenses of multilevel governance and framing politics, the article analyzes emerging policy initiatives among subnational governments in both countries. Effective subnational emission-mitigating action requires framing climatic-stabilization policies in terms of local co-benefits associated with environmental protection, health promotion, and economic advantage. In an impressive group of US states and cities, and increasingly at the local level in China, public concerns about air pollution, consumption and waste management, traffic congestion, health threats, the ability to attract tourists, and/or diminishing resources are legitimizing policy developments that carry the co-benefit of controlling GHG emissions. A co-benefits framing strategy that links individual and community concerns for morbidity, mortality, stress reduction, and healthy human development for all with GHG-emission limitation/reduction is especially likely to resonate powerfully at the subnational level throughout China and the United States.

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Education for Sustainable Development

Technology & Innovation ◽

10.21300/21.4.2020.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Meghna Tare

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

South Carolina ◽

United Nations ◽

Informal Education ◽

Local Level ◽

The United States ◽

Education For Sustainable Development ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

The United Nations ◽

Multi Stakeholder

In 2003, in response to the United Nations (UN) Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, the United Nations University (UNU) Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability launched a global multi-stakeholder network of Regional Centers of Expertise (RCEs) on education for sustainable development (ESD). RCEs facilitate multi-sector collaboration and utilize formal, non-formal, and informal education to address sustainable development challenges in local and regional communities. In essence, RCEs are a tool for transformation to a more sustainable society, combining education and action for sustainable development. As we enter the new "ESD for 2030" decade, RCEs will continue to construct platforms for cross-sectoral dialogue between regional stakeholders and actors to promote and strengthen ESD at the local level. RCEs have committed to helping advance the five priority areas of action established in the Global Action Program on ESD and the new UN decade "ESD for 2030": advancing policy by mainstreaming ESD, transforming learning and training environments using whole-institution approaches, building capacities of educators and trainers, empowering and mobilizing youth, and accelerating sustainable solutions at the local level. RCEs are uniquely positioned to serve as shepherds in the realization of the new "ESD for 2030" decade. As of January 2019, 174 RCEs have officially been acknowledged by UNU worldwide, with eight RCEs in the United States: Georgetown, South Carolina; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Greater Atlanta, Georgia; Greater Burlington, Vermont; Greater Portland, Oregon; North Texas, Texas; Salisbury, Maryland; and Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. RCEs serve an essential role in the achievement of "ESD for 2030" goals by translating global objectives into the local contexts of our communities.

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A Municipal Tail

Southern California Quarterly ◽

10.1525/scq.2021.103.4.398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 398-436

Author(s):

Sean McCaskill

Keyword(s):

Los Angeles ◽

Animal Welfare ◽

Social Issues ◽

Municipal Government ◽

Local Level ◽

The United States ◽

Colonial Era ◽

State Expansion ◽

Animal Control ◽

Extension Of State

This project examines municipal animal control in Los Angeles between 1880 and 1909. It traces the emergence of municipal animal control from the confluence of animal welfare reform and progressive state expansion. The animal welfare movement in the United States began in the Colonial Era, but soon reflected the influence of changing attitudes in Europe and the rise of anti-cruelty reform movements after the Civil War. As Americans sought to create a better world out of the ashes of that war, many looked towards animal welfare. This movement occurred first on the East Coast, beginning with Henry Bergh’s founding of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866, and reached Los Angeles by the end of the century. Many in that growing city viewed the dawn of the twentieth century with optimism, hoping for L.A.’s ascendancy into the ranks of the nation’s great metropolises. As a result, they began to look at the city’s problems through an increasingly progressive lens. Newspapers had covered the animal impoundment system’s brutality since the 1880s, but by the end of the century, they carried dramatic exposés of cruelties and corruption at the pound that emphasized connections to larger social issues. Citizens, including an impressive number of women, became activists for animal welfare. The municipal government responded by passing an ordinance that put animal control in the hands of the Humane Animal League, a private animal welfare organization. When the League failed to handle the city’s burgeoning animal population humanely and efficiently, the city assumed responsibility for animal control and created a municipal system. The emergence of municipal animal control in Los Angeles demonstrates a city turning to the extension of state power at the local level to create a more humane and efficient world for both its human and animal inhabitants.

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New Mayors: France and the United States

The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville ◽

10.3138/ttr.8.263 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (x) ◽

pp. 263-275

Author(s):

Richard Balme ◽

Jeanne Becquart-Leclercq ◽

Terry N. Clark ◽

Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot ◽

Jean-Yves Nevers

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Welfare State ◽

Local Level ◽

The United States ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Socialist Government ◽

The University ◽

The City ◽

Significant Support ◽

The Welfare State

In 1983 we organized a conference on “Questioning the Welfare State and the Rise of the City” at the University of Paris, Nanterre. About a hundred persons attended, including many French social scientists and political activists. Significant support came from the new French Socialist government. Yet with Socialism in power since 1981, it was clear that the old Socialist ideas were being questioned inside and outside the Party and government—especially in the important decentralization reforms. There was eager interest in better ways to deliver welfare state services at the local level.

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“This Mine is for the Entire Casamance Coastline”: The Politics of Scale and the Future of the Extractive Frontier in Casamance, Senegal

African Studies Review ◽

10.1017/asr.2021.54 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 628-652

Author(s):

Ashley Fent

Keyword(s):

Local Level ◽

Small Scale ◽

Limited Extent ◽

Politics Of Scale ◽

Space And Time ◽

Term Extraction ◽

Mining Investment ◽

The Future

AbstractAs evidenced by the widespread controversy surrounding an otherwise small-scale mining investment pending in Casamance, Senegal, uncertainty shapes the extension of the extractive frontier. Fent argues that amid this uncertainty, different actors are able to politicize or depoliticize extractive investments through the work of scaling. Opponents cast the project as part of larger-scale, longer-term extraction, linking it with regional narratives. By contrast, state and corporate actors depoliticized the mine by emphasizing its limited extent and downscaling conflict to the local level. This demonstrates the conflictual processes through which extractive frontiers are realized—and resisted—through both space and time.

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Injury-related falls from bicycles, skateboards, roller skates, and non-motorized scooters in the United States: 2005 - 2014

Journal of Epidemiological Research ◽

10.5430/jer.v4n1p16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

William Milczarski ◽

Peter Tuckel ◽

Richard Maisel

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

New York ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Local Level ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Negative Binomial Regression ◽

The United States ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Public Health Officials ◽

National Databases

Purpose: To provide an updated and comparative analysis of injury-related falls from bicycles, skateboards, roller skates and non-motorized scooters.Methods: The study uses two national databases – the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample – and subnational databases for New York, California, and Maryland. Univariate and multivariate analyses (negative binomial regression) are performed to identify effects of age, gender, racial-ethnic background, and region on the incidence of injury-related falls from each of the four devices.Results: The rate of injuries due to falls from bicycles far surpasses the rates due to falls from the other devices. When a measure of “exposure” is taken into consideration, however, the rate of injuries from skateboards outstrips the rates from bicycles or roller skates. The profile of patients who are injured from falls from each of the four devices is distinctive. Asian-Americans are greatly underrepresented among those who suffer a fall-related injury from any of the four devices. The incidence of injuries attributable to falls varies considerably by geographic region.Conclusions: Public health officials need to be mindful that while certain activities such as scootering might be gaining in popularity, the number of injuries sustained from bicycles still dwarfs the number attributable to falls from skateboards, roller skates, and scooters combined. Thus special attention needs to be paid to both prevent falls from bicycles and specific treatment modalities. It is important for public health officials to gather injury data at the local level to allocate prevention and treatment resources more efficiently.

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The Economics of Policing and Public Safety

The Journal of Economic Perspectives ◽

10.1257/jep.35.4.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 3-28

Author(s):

Emily Owens ◽

Bocar Ba

Keyword(s):

Police Officers ◽

Local Level ◽

The United States ◽

Relative Magnitude ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Police Departments ◽

Indirect Benefits ◽

Monitoring Strategies ◽

Police Action ◽

The City

The efficiency of any police action depends on the relative magnitude of its crime-reducing benefits and legitimacy costs. Policing strategies that are socially efficient at the city level may be harmful at the local level, because the distribution of direct costs and benefits of police actions that reduce victimization is not the same as the distribution of indirect benefits of feeling safe. In the United States, the local misallocation of police resources is disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals. Despite the complexity of this particular problem, the incentives facing both police departments and police officers tend to be structured as if the goals of policing were simple—to reduce crime by as much as possible. Formal data collection on the crime reducing-benefits of policing, and not the legitimacy costs, produce s further incentives to provide more engagement than may be efficient in any specific encounter, at both the officer and departmental level. There is currently little evidence as to what screening, training, or monitoring strategies are most effective at encouraging individual officers to balance the crime reducing benefits and legitimacy costs of their actions.

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Application of Geographical Information System Techniques to Determine High Crash-Prone Areas in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation

The Open Transportation Journal ◽

10.2174/1874447802014010174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 174-185

Author(s):

Sahima Nazneen ◽

Mahdi Rezapour ◽

Khaled Ksaibati

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

High Risk ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Indian Reservation ◽

Road Segments

Background: Historically, Indian reservations have been struggling with higher crash rates than the rest of the United States. In an effort to improve roadway safety in these areas, different agencies are working to address this disparity. For any safety improvement program, identifying high risk crash locations is the first step to determine contributing factors of crashes and select corresponding countermeasures. Methods: This study proposes an approach to determine crash-prone areas using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques through creating crash severity maps and Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE). These two maps were assessed to determine the high-risk road segments having a high crash rate, and high injury severity. However, since the statistical significance of the hotspots cannot be evaluated in NetKDE, this study employed Getis-Ord Gi* (d) statistics to ascertain statistically significant crash hotspots. Finally, maps generated through these two methods were assessed to determine statistically significant high-risk road segments. Moreover, temporal analysis of the crash pattern was performed using spider graphs to explore the variance throughout the day. Results: Within the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, some parts of the US highway 13, BIA Route 1, and US highway 2 are among the many segments being identified as high-risk road segments in this analysis. Also, although some residential roads have PDO crashes, they have been detected as high priority areas due to high crash occurrence. The temporal analysis revealed that crash patterns were almost similar on the weekdays reaching the peak at traffic peak hours, but during the weekend, crashes mostly occurred at midnight. Conclusion: The study would provide tribes with the tool to identify locations demanding immediate safety concerns. This study can be used as a template for other tribes to perform spatial and temporal analysis of the crash patterns to identify high risk crash locations on their roadways.

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