scholarly journals Sex differences in anogenital distances and digit ratios in wild David’s rock squirrels Sciurotamias davidianus

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dapeng Zhao ◽  
Zhuoyue Chen ◽  
Baoguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Qinling Mountains ◽  
Lateral Asymmetry ◽  
Anogenital Distance ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Digit Length

Abstract The prenatal hormonal environment plays an important role in organizing sex differences in the morphology, physiology and behavior of humans as well as other vertebrates. Currently, all related research on rodents has been focused on Myo-morpha. This study presents data on sex differences in the anogenital distance (AGD) and the ratio of the second to the fourth digit length (2D:4D) from 44 wild David’s rock squirrels Sciurotamias davidianus captured from the Qinling Mountains, China. This was the first study of a species from Sciuromorpha. The AGD as well as body mass are sexually dimorphic. There are no sex differences or lateral asymmetry in 2D:4D. Significant correlation was not found between AGD and 2D:4D for any paw. The findings indicate that 2D:4D may not be fixed or influenced by the prenatal steroidal environment in David’s rock squirrels.

Second to fourth digit ratios, sex differences, and behavior in Chinese men and women

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang ◽  
Peter B. Gray ◽  
Jianxin Zhang ◽  
Harrison G. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Investigating the reliability and sex differences of digit lengths, ratios, and hand measures in infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Ernsten ◽  
Lisa M. Körner ◽  
Martin Heil ◽  
Gareth Richards ◽  
Nora K. Schaal
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Androgen Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Androgen Exposure ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Prenatal Androgen

AbstractHands and digits tend to be sexually dimorphic and may reflect prenatal androgen exposure. In the past years, the literature introduced several hand and digit measures, but there is a lack of studies in prepubertal cohorts. The available literature reports more heterogeneous findings in prepubertal compared to postpubertal cohorts. The comparability of the available studies is further limited by the study design and different measurement techniques. The present study compared the reliability and sex differences of available hand and digit measures, namely digit lengths of 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, digit ratios 2D:4D, 2D:5D, 3D:4D, 3D:5D, 4D:5D, relative digit lengths rel2, rel3, rel4, rel5, directional asymmetry of right and left 2D:4D (Dr-l), hand width, length, and index of 399 male and 364 female 6-month-old German infants within one study using only indirect and computer-assisted measurements. The inter-examiner reliability was excellent while the test-retest reliability of hand scans was only moderate to high. Boys exhibited longer digits as well as wider and longer hands than girls, but smaller digit ratios, with ratios comprising the fifth digit revealing the largest effect sizes. Other hand and digit ratios revealed sex differences to some extent. The findings promote the assumption of sexual dimorphic hand and digit measures. However, by comparing the results of the available literature, there remains an uncertainty regarding the underlying hypothesis. Specifically in prepubertal cohorts, i.e. before the influence of fluctuating hormones, significant effects should be expected. It seems like other factors than the influence of prenatal androgens contribute to the sexual dimorphism in hand and digit lengths.

Evolution, Societal Sexism, and Universal Average Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Shed Light

During the past century, social scientists have documented many cross-cultural sex differences in personality and behavior, quite a few of which now appear to be found in all human societies. However, contrary to most scientists’ expectations, these so-called universal sex differences have been shown to be more pronounced in Western industrial societies than in most non-Western developing societies. This chapter briefly reviews the evidence bearing on these findings and offers a biologically based theory that could help shed light on why cross-cultural sex differences exist. The following hypothesis is offered: The expression of many genes influencing sexually dimorphic traits is more likely among descendants of couples who are least closely related to one another. If so, societies in which out-marriage is normative (i.e., Western industrial countries) will exhibit a stronger expression of genes for sexually dimorphic traits compared to societies in which consanguineal marriages are common.

Digit Ratios (2D:4D and other) and Relative Thumb Length: A Test of Developmental Stability

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Denise Offenmuller
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Prenatal Androgens ◽  
Length Measurements

Sex and side differences in relative thumb length of children and adolescents have been reported by prior researchers. These findings mirror those reported for the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a likely biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal androgens on the human brain and body. The present study investigated relative thumb length, in particular, its associations with all possible digit ratios (2D:3D, 2D:4D, 2D:5D, 3D:4D, 3D:5D, and 4D:5D), in a sample of young adults (60 men and 64 women). Relative thumb length was less precisely measurable than direct or image-based finger-length measurements, as used in digit ratio research. There were no significant sex or side differences in relative thumb length. Contrary to expectation, thumb size was not positively correlated with any digit ratios. Relative thumb length appears to be developmentally unstable (decreases during childhood and adolescence). Additional findings, such as the magnitude ranking of sex differences in digit ratios and the comparability of direct versus image-based finger-length measurements, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Correlation between Second to Fourth Digit Ratio and Anthropometric Variables Indicative of Cardiovascular Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 028-032
Author(s):  
Shveta Swami ◽  
Virender Buddhiraja ◽  
Rimpi Gupta ◽  
Swati Bansal ◽  
Neha Gaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Statistical Computation

AbstractSecond to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic biometric marker. Regarding indirect evidence, there have been several studies that link the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with the 2D:4D ratio. If the 2D:4D ratio is associated with testosterone and estrogen levels, it may be correlated with a risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the present study is to find out the correlation between anthropometric risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the 2D:4D ratio in 250 young females of the state of Haryana in Northern India. The present study was conducted on 250 females of the Haryana population aged between 17 and 35 years old. A series of 8 anthropometric measurements was obtained from the participants: height, weight, 2D:4D ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), neck circumference (NC), and WHR. The data was collected, tabulated and subjected to statistical computation using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Strong positive associations between the NC and the WHR confirm that both measures are indicative of body fat. Also, a positive correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and the WHR suggests that low androgen levels in women are associated with a greater risk of obesity. Moreover, this result, as well as the positive correlation between 2D:4D ratios and NC, suggest that the digit ratio is indicative for being overweight in women and suggest a predisposition toward cardiovascular disease – however, these correlations of body measurements with digit ratios are not significant.

Sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit length ratio in green anoles, Anolis carolinensis (Squamata: Polychrotidae), from the southeastern United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Chang ◽  
Stephanie Doughty ◽  
Juli Wade ◽  
Matthew B. Lovern
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Michigan State University ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
State University ◽  
Oklahoma State University ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Digit Length

Digit length ratios are organized during embryonic development and may show sexual dimorphism related to steroid exposure. The second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) has received the most attention. In the present study, we measured 2D:4D of all four feet of adult male and female green anoles ( Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832) to determine whether it is sexually dimorphic and whether results are repeatable across laboratories. Lizards were housed at Michigan State University (MSU) and Oklahoma State University (OSU), and one investigator at each institution used digital calipers to measure the 2D:4D of each foot. At both MSU and OSU, we found that males had a significantly larger 2D:4D on the back right foot than females did, and that no sex difference existed in either the back left or the front right foot. Furthermore, although no sex difference in the front left foot was found at MSU, the 2D:4D on this foot was larger in females at OSU. Our results demonstrate both sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D and repeatability between laboratories, but they also suggest the importance of verifying such repeatability if 2D:4D or any other digit length ratio is used as a potential indicator of the early steroid environment.

Later life sex differences in sexual psychology and behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 109730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Vance ◽  
Todd K. Shackelford ◽  
Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford ◽  
Mohaned G. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Later Life ◽  
And Behavior

Neonatal exposure to estradiol-17β modulates tumour necrosis factor alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in brain and also in ovaries of adult female rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Nagamangalam Shridharan ◽  
Harshini Krishnagiri ◽  
Vijayakumar Govindaraj ◽  
SitiKantha Sarangi ◽  
Addicam Jagannadha Rao
Keyword(s):  
Recent Observation ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Neonatal Exposure ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

AbstractThe sexually dimorphic organization in perinatal rat brain is influenced by steroid hormones. Exposure to high levels of estrogen or endocrine-disrupting compounds during perinatal period may perturb this process, resulting in compromised reproductive physiology and behavior as observed in adult In our recent observation neonatal exposure of the female rats to estradiol-17β resulted in down-regulation of

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