Identity and Bias: Insights from Driving Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (625) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revital Bar ◽  
Asaf Zussman
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Typical Finding ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract How does one's identity affect the evaluation of others? To shed light on this question, we analyse the universe of driving tests conducted in Israel between 2006 and 2015, leveraging the effectively random assignment of students and testers to tests. We find strong and robust evidence of both ethnic (Arab/Jewish) in-group bias and gender out-group bias. While the first result is in line with the typical finding in the literature, the second is novel. Analyses of administrative and survey data suggest a utility-based interpretation for the observed patterns: testers seem to reward members of groups whose company they enjoy.

Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shed Light

This volume reframes the debate around Islam and women’s rights within a broader comparative literature. It examines the complex and contingent historical relationships between religion, secularism, democracy, law, and gender equality. Part I addresses the nexus of religion, law, gender, and democracy through different disciplinary perspectives (sociology, anthropology, political science, law). Part II localizes the implementation of this nexus between law, gender, and democracy, and provides contextualized responses to questions raised in Part I. The contributors explore the situation of Muslim women’s rights vis-à-vis human rights to shed light on gender politics in the modernization of the nation and to ponder over the role of Islam in gender inequality across different Muslim countries.

scholarly journals Can evolutionary thinking shed light on gender diversity?

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Wren ◽  
John Launer ◽  
Michael J. Reiss ◽  
Annie Swanepoel ◽  
Graham Music
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
List Type ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shed Light

SUMMARYIssues of sexual reproduction lie at the core of evolutionary thinking, which often places an emphasis on how individuals attempt to maximise the number of successful offspring that they can produce. At first sight, it may therefore appear that individuals who opt for gender-affirming medical interventions are acting in ways that are evolutionarily disadvantageous. However, there are persuasive hypotheses that might make sense of such choices in evolutionary terms and we explore these here. It is premature to claim knowledge of the extent to which evolutionary arguments can usefully be applied to issues of gender identity, although worth reflecting on the extent to which nature tends towards diversity in matters of sex and gender. The importance of acknowledging and respecting different views in this domain, as well as recognising both the uncertainty and likely multiplicity of causal pathways, has implications for clinicians. We make some suggestions about how clinicians might best respond when faced with requests from patients in this area.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to:•understand evolutionary arguments about diversity in human gender identity•identify strengths and weaknesses in evolutionary arguments applied to transgender issues•appreciate the range and diversity of gender experience and gender expression among people who present to specialist gender services, as well as the likely complexities of their reasons for requesting medical intervention.

scholarly journals The Role of Superstition in Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Shakespeare’s Macbeth: A Comparative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Jamal Subhi Ismail Nafi’
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Huckleberry Finn

<p>This article is an attempt to explore the inclusion and the use of superstitious elements in Mark Twain’s novel <em>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</em> (1884) and Shakespeare’s play <em>Macbeth</em> (1611). Superstition involves a deep belief in the magic and the occult, to almost to an extent of obsession, which is contrary to realism. Through the analytical and psychological approaches, this paper tries to shed light on Twain’s and Shakespeare’s use of supernaturalism in their respective stories, and the extent the main characters are influenced by it. A glance at both stories reveals that characters are highly affected by superstitions, more than they are influenced by their religious beliefs, or other social factors and values. The researcher also tries to explore the role played by superstition, represented by fate and the supernatural in determining the course of actions characters undertake in both dramas. The paper concluded that the people who lived in the past were superstitious to an extent of letting magic, omens; signs, etc. affect and determine their lives; actions and future decisions. They determine their destiny and make it very difficult for them to avoid it, alter it or think rationally and independently. And that, man’s actions are not isolated, but closely connected to the various forces operating in the universe.</p>

The Coming-of-Age Experience in Chicanx Queer Novels What Night Brings and Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-190
Author(s):  
Carolina Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Universe

This chapter establishes a dialogue between Chicanx canonical coming-of-age and queer young adult novels What Night Brings (2004) by Carla Trujillo, and Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe (2012) by Benjamin Alire Sáenz. These writers have destabilized the traditional Chicanx coming-of-age genre by placing two social outcasts and queer characters as their protagonists. In these two novels the main characters do not integrate with the rest of their peers; they are both knowledge seekers and outsiders. Additionally, these main characters have a queer sexuality, and they, along with other characters, break from gender binaries and gender stereotypes.

Star Trek Discovers Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-286
Author(s):  
Amy C. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Black Woman ◽  
Real World ◽  
White Male ◽  
Women Scientists ◽  
Star Trek ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Woman Scientist ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Universe

Women scientists are often seen as anomalous exceptions in the fictional (and indeed real) world of white, male dominated scientific research. Even in the supposedly race and gender blind future of Star Trek, a black woman science specialist is considered revolutionary. Science and technology are a backdrop for the Star Trek universe. The theory and practice that gives the narrative a spectacular speculative frame is often perceived as neutral (or at least benevolent) as Starfleet explores the universe. Star Trek idealises science and the scientist, and throughout much of its history the science future it imagines has been distinctly white and male. This chapter argues that Star Trek has historically given women the space to be scientists, but Discovery goes further than previous entries into the canon by taking a black woman scientist from the margin to the centre of the story and offering a future when neither race nor gender present a barrier.

scholarly journals The origin of very massive stars around NGC 3603

2019 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. L2 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Kalari ◽  
J. S. Vink ◽  
W. J. de Wit ◽  
N. J. Bastian ◽  
R. A. Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Mass Function ◽  
Initial Mass Function ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Solar Type ◽  
Stellar Initial Mass Function ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Shed Light

The formation mechanism of the most massive stars in the Universe remains an unsolved problem. Are they able to form in relative isolation in a manner similar to the formation of solar-type stars, or do they necessarily require a clustered environment? In order to shed light on this important question, we study the origin of two very massive stars (VMS): the O2.5If*/WN6 star RFS7 (∼100 M⊙), and the O3.5If* star RFS8 (∼70 M⊙), found within ∼53 and 58 pc, respectively, of the Galactic massive young cluster NGC 3603, using Gaia data. The star RFS7 is found to exhibit motions resembling a runaway star from NGC 3603. This is now the most massive runaway star candidate known in the Milky Way. Although RFS8 also appears to move away from the cluster core, it has proper-motion values that appear inconsistent with being a runaway from NGC 3603 at the 3σ level (but with substantial uncertainties due to distance and age). Furthermore, no evidence for a bow-shock or a cluster was found surrounding RFS8 from available near-infrared photometry. In summary, whilst RFS7 is likely a runaway star from NGC 3603, making it the first VMS runaway in the Milky Way, RFS8 is an extremely young (∼2 Myr) VMS, which might also be a runaway, but this would need to be established from future spectroscopic and astrometric observations, as well as precise distances. If RFS 8 was still not found to meet the criteria for being a runaway from NGC 3603 from such future data, this would have important ramifications for current theories of massive star formation, as well as the way the stellar initial mass function is sampled.

scholarly journals The most distant quasars and their environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S352) ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bañados
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe number of quasars known within the first billion years of the universe (z > 6) has increased significantly over the last five years. Many of these recently discovered quasars are ideal targets for observatories in the southern hemisphere such as ALMA. I will review the current status of the highest-redshift quasars and their environments, highlighting main achievements and limitations. I will then discuss how synergistic JWST/ALMA observations will shed light onto the properties and formation of some of the most extreme environments in the early universe.

Gender, Feminism, and Attitudes toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East

1997 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tessler ◽  
Ina Warriner
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
International Studies ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Shed Light

In an effort to contribute to the dialogue between gender studies and international studies, this report presents findings from an empirical investigation based on the integrated secondary analysis of survey data from Israel, Egypt, Palestine, and Kuwait. The goal is to assess the utility of both gender and attitudes pertaining to the circumstances of women in accounting for variance in views about war and peace, and thereafter to examine the degree to which political system attributes constitute conditionalities associated with important variable relationships. Major findings include the absence of gender-linked differences in attitudes toward international conflict in all four of the societies studied and a significant relationship in each of these societies between attitudes toward gender equality and attitudes toward international conflict. Based on data from the Arab world and Israel, with attitudes about a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict treated as the dependent variable, the research also aspires to shed light on more practical considerations pertaining to the international relations of the Middle East.

Designing for Trust: Understanding the Role of Agent Gender and Location on User Perceptions of Trust in Home Automation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole B. Damen ◽  
Christine A. Toh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Male Voice ◽  
User Perceptions ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Automation Technology ◽  
Shed Light

The potential of smart home devices for improving the comfort, energy efficiency, and security of its residents has been noted by researchers and early adopters of these technologies. Despite these advantages and advances in home automation technology, their adoption has not been as widespread as anticipated by experts. Existing research has shown that the lack of trust in home devices is a significant deterrent to widespread adoption. There is little data on how this perceived trustworthiness of the system might be impacted by the location that the device operates in, and the perceived gender of the automated agent within the device. Therefore, this exploratory study addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the role of agent location (office / home) and gender of the agent’s voice (female / male) on perceptions of trustworthiness in a controlled laboratory setting with a simulated smart lock system. Preliminary results following quantitative and qualitative analysis of this pilot study show that users trust stereotype-congruent automated agents (male voice in office, female voice in home) more than stereotype-incongruent automated agents. These results shed light on users’ perceptions of trust with home automation devices, and provide directions for future research and development of trustworthy home automation devices.

scholarly journals Prevalence and types of sexual inactivity in Britain: analyses of national cross-sectional probability survey data

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e030708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ueda ◽  
Catherine H Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Anal Intercourse ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course

ObjectivesTo examine how prevalence and context of sexual inactivity varies across the life-course, assess dissatisfaction with sex life among those who are sexually inactive and identify associations with factors that may represent reasons for sexual inactivity.DesignAnalysis of cross-sectional probability sample survey data.SettingBritish general population.Participants14 623 participants (n men: 6045 unweighted, 7245 weighted), aged 16–74 years, of the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), undertaken in 2010–2012.Main outcome measuresSexual inactivity, defined as not reporting oral, vaginal or anal intercourse in the past year and further categorised into those who were sexually inexperienced (had never had sex), single or in a relationship.ResultsOverall, 15.9% (weighted n 1155/7245) of men and 22.2% (1646/7410) of women were sexually inactive (p<0.001). The proportion of sexually inactive individuals who were sexually inexperienced was larger among men than women (26.3% (304/1155) vs 16.3% (268/1646)), while the proportion who were singles was larger among women (49.8% (820/1646) vs 40.4% (467/1155)). Sexual inexperience was the most common type of sexual inactivity in early adulthood, with this declining with age. A minority of those who had sexual experience but were sexually inactive—34.8% (293/842) of men and 23.6% (319/1349) of women—reported being dissatisfied with their sex lives. Associations with sexual inactivity was observed for a range of sociodemographics and sexual behaviours/attitudes, for example, religion, ethnicity, Body mass index, height, employment status and index of multiple deprivation; these associations varied by type of sexual inactivity and gender.ConclusionsWhile sex is important for well-being, a non-negligible proportion of the population at all ages are sexually inactive, yet many are not dissatisfied with their situation, with implications for sex and relationship counselling.

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