Collecting standardised urban health indicator data at an individual level for adults living in urban areas: methodology from EURO-URHIS 2

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in 70 countries and has been reported in 12 countries of Latin America, with over 90% of the cases reported in Brazil, where epidemics have occurred since 1980. The objective of this review is to describe the factors associated with the occurrence of VL epidemics in humans in urban areas. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA-P guidelines. The databases PubMed (by Medline), Cochrane Library, Embase, Amed, LILACS and grey literature [Google Scholar and handsearch of the database of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) of Brazil's Unified Health System] were used. The protocol was registered under PROSPERO (CRD42019128998). Climatic, environmental factors and indicators of urban social structure were described as influencing the outbreaks in the North and Northeast regions. Gender and age characteristics were related to a greater chance of developing VL in the Central-West, Northeast and Southeast regions. Vector indicators showed a positive correlation with the incidence of VL in studies in the Northeast region. In the Southeast and Northeast regions, studies revealed the presence of dogs with positive correlation with VL. Knowledge gaps remain regarding the contribution to the increase in the risk factors described in ecological approaches, as no analysis was performed at the individual level, and it is still necessary to discuss the influence of other associated elements in epidemic episodes in the spread of VL.

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Urban–Rural Disparities in the Magnitude and Determinants of Stunting among Children under Five in Tanzania: Based on Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys 1991–2016

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5184

Author(s):

Wenjun Zhu ◽

Si Zhu ◽

Bruno F. Sunguya ◽

Jiayan Huang

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Health Surveys ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Household Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Child Stunting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Individual

Our study aims to examine the disparity of under-5 child stunting prevalence between urban and rural areas of Tanzania in the past three decades, and to explore factors affecting the rural–urban disparity. Secondary analyses of Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) data drawn from 1991–1992, 1996, 1999, 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016 surveys were conducted. Under-5 child stunting prevalence was calculated separately for rural and urban children and its decline trends were examined by chi-square tests. Descriptive analyses were used to present the individual-level, household-level, and societal-level characteristics of children, while multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine determinants of stunting in rural and urban areas, respectively. Additive interaction effects were estimated between residence and other covariates. The results showed that total stunting prevalence was declining in Tanzania, but urban–rural disparity has widened since the decline was slower in the rural area. No interaction effect existed between residence and other determinants, and the urban–rural disparity was mainly caused by the discrepancy of the individual-level and household-level factors between rural and urban households. As various types of determinants exist, multisector nutritional intervention strategies are required to address the child stunting problem. Meanwhile, the intervention should focus on targeting vulnerable children, rather than implementing different policies in rural and urban areas.

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Environmental health indicator for the evaluation of neighborhoods in urban areas: a case study in Caruaru (PE), Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) ◽

10.5327/z21769478750 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 166-179

Author(s):

Armando Dias Duarte ◽

Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra ◽

Elizabeth Amaral Pastich Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Environmental Management ◽

Environmental Health ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Public Policies ◽

Environmental Indicators ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Health Indicator ◽

Public Managers ◽

Negative Impacts

The environment, over the years, has been subjected to strong negative impacts caused by economic policies that have promoted an uncontrolled growth of urbanization in the cities and abusive exploration of the natural resources. In this context, developing socio-environmental indicators to subsidize the formulation of municipal public policies which consider, specifically, the environmental (in)salubrity of each neighborhood or locality of municipalities is imperative. The present paper presents the construction and application of an environmental health indicator for residential neighborhoods in two localities of Caruaru City, Pernambuco State. The data adopted in research were obtained from databases of City Hall institutions, from interviews with the population of the localities and water quality analyses. The results indicated that the neighborhoods analyzed presented characteristics of medium health; water supply, the disposal of solid waste, and socioeconomic aspects require attention and priority of public policies. In conclusion, the proposed indicator can be an instrument to assist in urban planning and environmental management of Brazilian municipalities, because it can guide the performance of public managers and the civil society to identify priority actions for improving the infrastructure of the most unhealthy neighborhoods. Keywords: healthiness; environmental health; environmental sanitation; environmental management; environmental health indicator.

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Book Review: Urban Health Issues: Exploring the Impacts of Big-City Living

Reference & User Services Quarterly ◽

10.5860/rusq.59.2.7296 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

Tracy Carr

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Urban Health ◽

Urban Areas ◽

First Century ◽

Health Issues ◽

Health Concerns ◽

Accessible Volume ◽

Big City ◽

First Time

Due to poverty, climate change, and other factors, the world’s populations are becoming more urban. While “urban” is relative to various countries, the shift from rural to urban is happening worldwide. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the world’s populations became, for the first time, evenly split between urban and rural. By midcentury, the prediction is that most populations will live in urban areas. It follows that where there are more people, there are also more health concerns. Richard V. Crume’s Urban Health Issues: Exploring the Impacts of Big-City Living is an eminently readable, accessible volume that addresses these health concerns.

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What Is Urban Health?

Urban Public Health ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190885304.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3-26

Author(s):

Ana V. Diez Roux

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Urban Health ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Important Public Health ◽

Public Health Priority ◽

Health Priority ◽

Improve Health

This chapter discusses why urban health is an important public health priority and presents themes and approaches that are especially relevant to the field. It reviews key geographical concepts in urban health including definitions of urban areas, cities, and neighborhoods. It outlines key elements that are needed to understand and improve health in urban areas.

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Low-Risk Engineering Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Impacts at Individual Level in Urban Areas: A Developing Country's Viewpoint

10.1201/9781003256588-7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 215-246

Author(s):

Ariva Sugandi Permana ◽

Arthit Petchsasithon

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Low Risk ◽

Individual Level

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Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Vehicular Emissions as an Urban Health Indicator in Dhaka City

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226427 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6427

Author(s):

Asif Iqbal ◽

Shirina Afroze ◽

Md. Mizanur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Urban Health ◽

Environmental Planning ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Vehicular Emissions ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Health Indicator ◽

Road Vehicles ◽

Monte Carlo Simulation Technique ◽

Emissions Modelling

Emissions modelling is an important tool for assessing the urban health status of any city, but often the assessments are affected by the uncertainty of the data used for the modelling. Therefore, a Monte Carlo simulation technique was used for a probabilistic emissions modelling of Dhaka City by simulating 20,000 scenarios for the highest and lowest values of traffic volume and speed profiles for each of the major road links. Only nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from on-road vehicles were considered, as vehicular sources are major contributors. Each dataset included two peak periods and an offpeak period of the day to cover the diurnal variation within each road link. Using the probability of the magnitude of emissions along with the corresponding health risk, a series of spatial urban health risk severity scenarios was generated for 2018 and 2024, suggesting that transportation and environmental planning is required for urban sustainability.

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Healthier breath for all and everywhere – Urban air quality monitoring experience

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

J Gajic ◽

D Dimovski ◽

B Vukajlovic ◽

M Jevtic

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Health Risk ◽

Urban Health ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Danube River ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Air Quality Monitoring ◽

Residential Areas

Abstract Issue/problem Increasing attention is being paid to air pollution as one of the greatest threats to public and urban health. The WHO’s Urban Health Initiative points out the importance of collecting data and mapping the present state of air quality in urban areas. For citizens, such engagement is enabled by the appearance of personal air quality measurement devices that use crowd-sourcing to make measurement results publicly accessible in real time. Description of the problem As a way of contributing to air pollution monitoring in their town, three PhD Public health students conducted over 40 measurements between the start of June and end of August 2018 on various locations in the city of Novi Sad, Serbia. Measurements were performed using AirBeam personal air quality monitoring devices and their results presented as μg/m3 of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and automatically uploaded to the internet using the Air-casting app. Results Measurements conducted in public transportation vehicles returned the rather high average value of 40 μg/m3, where coffee shops and restaurants scored an even higher value of 48,67 μg/m3. The lowest average air pollution levels were registered near the Danube river bank (5.67) and in the parks (6), while the sites near crossroads or in the street showed average air pollution of 8.33 μg/m3. Residential areas where smoking is present during the day reported 2.5 times higher PM2.5 values than those without smokers (33.8 and 12.78 μg/m3). Lessons Bearing in mind that the air quality is considered as a serious health risk in urban areas, results of this pilot investigation suggest potential health risk for citizens living in urban areas. The negative effects of combustion and smoking on air quality are strongly highlighted, as well as the positive impact of green areas and parks near residential areas. Key messages Air pollution exposure as a serious health risk in urban areas. Crowdsourcing as a way of air quality monitoring has great potential for contributing to public health.

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Mengkaji Kesehatan Masyarakat Daerah “Urban” Jika Dilihat Dari Konteks Pemuda

JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI HUMANIORA ◽

10.36722/sh.v4i4.300 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 230

Author(s):

Robist Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Urban Health ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Central Government ◽

Urban Community ◽

Large Cities ◽

Urban Problems ◽

The Government ◽

Descriptive Method

Abstrak - Kesehatan merupakan faktor penting kehidupan, tak terkecuali kaum urban di perkotaan besar di Indonesia, banyak permasalahan terjadi, prasarana idak memadai, kehidupan yang buruk menimbulkan masalah serius baik sekarang dan masa yang akan datang. Salah satu bagian kaum urban adalah pemuda, merupakan kaum di antara anak-anak dan juga dewasa. Sehingga di harapkan memiliki solusi untuk menghadapi permsaalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaiman peranan pemuda mengkaji permasalahan yang terjadi sehingga bisa mendapatkan solusi sederhana untuk mengatasi permasalahan kaum urban diperkotaan besar. Adapun metode yang digunakan penulis yakni metode deskriptif, mengkaji serta menganalisis literasi-literasi yang ada dan menyimpulkan menjadi sebuah solusi dari permasalahan yang penulis ungkapkan. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini ,bahwa permasalahan kaum urban terletak pada tidak adanya program yang jelas serta terperinci secara baik, baik itu dari pemerintah daerah maupun pusat. Sehingga hal ini menjadi permasalahan bersama bukan salah satu pihak semata. Adapun yang bisa pemuda berikan solusi: yakni mencangkup program dan juga kebijakan, program yang di berikan yakni terdiri 3 tahap, yaitu: jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang. Adapun alasannya yaitu program tersebut di terapkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan kaum urban serta kebijakan yang merupakan wewenang dari pemerintah. Bisa disimpulkan, pemuda memiliki peranan penting dalam mengkaji ataupun memberikan solusi yang terbaik untuk kesehatan kaum urban.Abstract - Health is an important factor of life, including urban in large urban areas in Indonesia, many problems occur, infrastructure is inadequate, a bad life causes serious problems both now and in the future. One part of the urban community is youth, is a family among children and also adults. So that it is expected to have a solution to deal with these problems. This study aims to see how the role of youth examines the problems that occur so that they can get a simple solution to overcome urban problems in large cities. The method used by the author is descriptive method, reviewing and analyzing existing literacy and concluding to be a solution to the problems that the writer reveals. The results of this study, that the problem of urbanites lies in the absence of a clear and well-detailed program, both from the local and central government. So this matter becomes a common problem, not only one part. As for what the youth can provide a solution: namely covering the program and also the policy, the program provided is consisting of 3 stages, namely: short, medium and long term. The reason is that the program is implemented in accordance with the needs of the urbanites and policies that are the authority of the government. It can be concluded, youth have an important role in assessing or providing the best solution for urban health.Keywords – Role of Youth, Urban Community Health, Problems, Programs

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