scholarly journals Area deprivation and notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: A longitudinal small-area analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rohleder ◽  
C Stock ◽  
W Maier ◽  
K Bozorgmehr
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
High Deprivation ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Deprived Areas

Abstract Background Socioeconomic inequalities may affect the infectious disease incidence. We studied the association between area deprivation and incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Germany to understand spatio-temporal patterns and the effects of societal factors on disease epidemiology. Methods Using national surveillance data of 401 districts from 2001 to 2017, we examined the incidence of infectious diseases using spatiotemporal Bayesian regression models. We analyzed eight disease classes: blood-borne viral hepatitis, gastrointestinal, vaccine preventable, vector-borne, zoonotic, other bacterial, other infectious, and overall burden of infectious diseases. As explanatory factors we considered area deprivation (measured by the German Index of Multiple Deprivation), fraction of non-nationals, sex, age, and spatiotemporal effects. Results A risk gradient across deprivation quintiles was observed for the overall burden of infectious diseases. The relative risk (RR) for gastrointestinal diseases in areas with medium and high deprivation relative to low deprivation was 1.65 (95%-credible interval [CrI] 1.01-2.54) and 2.64 (1.22-4.98), respectively. The RR for vector-borne diseases was 1.89 (1.27-2.73) in districts with high deprivation compared to areas with low deprivation. Lower risks in highly deprived areas relative to low deprived areas were identified in vaccine-preventable diseases (RR = 0.39; 0.14-0.88) and zoonoses (RR = 0.69; 0.48-0.96). For blood-borne viral hepatitis, other bacterial, and other infectious diseases no association with area deprivation was observed. Spatial risks of infections were predominantly concentrated in eastern parts of Germany and changed marginally over time. Conclusions The risks of infections tend to be higher in more deprived areas and in eastern parts of Germany, but they varied by class of disease. Our results can guide measures of infectious disease control and prevention by considering spatial risks and deprivation. Key messages Area deprivation has both positive and inverse associations with the incidences of infectious diseases in Germany. Regions with increased risks may benefit from targeted public health measures. Spatial risks of infections tended to be higher in eastern regions of Germany. Disparities in the incidence of infectious diseases may be still present between western and eastern Germany.

scholarly journals Re-emerging Infectious Disease (RED) Alert tool

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maneesha Chitanvis ◽  
Ashlynn Daughton ◽  
Forest M Altherr ◽  
Geoffery Fairchild ◽  
William Rosenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Emerging Infectious Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
Emergence Event

Objective: Although relying on verbal definitions of "re-emergence", descriptions that classify a “re-emergence” event as any significant recurrence of a disease that had previously been under public health control, and subjective interpretations of these events is currently the conventional practice, this has the potential to hinder effective public health responses. Defining re-emergence in this manner offers limited ability for ad hoc analysis of prevention and control measures and facilitates non-reproducible assessments of public health events of potentially high consequence. Re-emerging infectious disease alert (RED Alert) is a decision-support tool designed to address this issue by enhancing situational awareness by providing spatiotemporal context through disease incidence pattern analysis following an event that may represent a local (country-level) re-emergence. The tool’s analytics also provide users with the associated causes (socioeconomic indicators) related to the event, and guide hypothesis-generation regarding the global scenario.Introduction: Definitions of “re-emerging infectious diseases” typically encompass any disease occurrence that was a historic public health threat, declined dramatically, and has since presented itself again as a significant health problem. Examples include antimicrobial resistance leading to resurgence of tuberculosis, or measles re-appearing in previously protected communities. While the language of this verbal definition of “re-emergence” is sensitive enough to capture most epidemiologically relevant resurgences, its qualitative nature obfuscates the ability to quantitatively classify disease re-emergence events as such.Methods: Our tool automatically computes historic disease incidence and performs trend analyses to help elucidate events which a user may considered a true re-emergence in a subset of pertinent infectious diseases (measles, cholera, yellow fever, and dengue). The tool outputs data visualizations that illustrate incidence trends in diverse and informative ways. Additionally, we categorize location and incidence-specific indicators for re-emergence to provide users with associated indicators as well as justifications and documentation to guide users’ next steps. Additionally, the tool also houses interactive maps to facilitate global hypothesis-generation.Results: These outputs provide historic trend pattern analyses as well as contextualization of the user’s situation with similar locations. The tool also broadens users' understanding of the given situation by providing related indicators of the likely re-emergence, as well as the ability to investigate re-emergence factors of global relevance through spatial analysis and data visualization.Conclusions: The inability to categorically name a re-emergence event as such is due to lack of standardization and/or availability of reproducible, data-based evidence, and hinders timely and effective public health response and planning. While the tool will not explicitly call out a user scenario as categorically re-emergent or not, by providing users with context in both time and space, RED Alert aims to empower users with data and analytics in order to substantially enhance their contextual awareness; thus, better enabling them to formulate plans of action regarding re-emerging infectious disease threats at both the country and global level.

scholarly journals Residential mobility for a national cohort of New Zealand-born children by area socioeconomic deprivation level and ethnic group

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e039706
Author(s):  
Oliver Robertson ◽  
Kim Nathan ◽  
Philippa Howden-Chapman ◽  
Michael George Baker ◽  
Polly Atatoa Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Data Set ◽  
High Deprivation ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Residential Moves ◽  
Residential Move ◽  
Deprived Areas

ObjectivesThe aims of this study are to describe area deprivation levels and changes that occur during residential moves involving New Zealand children from birth to their fourth birthday, and to assess whether these changes vary by ethnicity.DesignLongitudinal administrative data.SettingChildren born in New Zealand from 2004 to 2018.ParticipantsAll (565 689) children born in New Zealand with at least one recorded residential move.Outcome measuresA longitudinal data set was created containing lifetime address histories for our cohort. This was linked to the New Zealand Deprivation Index, a measure of small area deprivation. Counts of moves from each deprivation level to each other deprivation level were used to construct transition matrices.ResultsChildren most commonly moved to an area with the same level of deprivation. This was especially pronounced in the most and least deprived areas. The number of moves observed also increased with deprivation. Māori and Pasifika children were less likely to move to, or remain in low-deprivation areas, and more likely to move to high-deprivation areas. They also had disproportionately high numbers of moves.ConclusionWhile there was evidence of mobility between deprivation levels, the most common outcome of a move was no change in area deprivation. The most deprived areas had the highest number of moves. Māori and Pasifika children were over-represented in high-deprivation areas and under-represented in low-deprivation areas. They also moved more frequently than the overall population of 0 to 3 year olds.

Occupational diseases of health care workers from exposure to infectious agents: the current state of the problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Railya V. Garipova ◽  
Leonid A. Strizhakov ◽  
Karina T. Umbetova ◽  
Kadriya R. Safina
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. Infectious diseases occupy a leading place in the structure of occupational diseases (OD) of health care workers (HCW). If until 2020, the main OD from exposure to a biological factor were tuberculosis and viral hepatitis (VH), then in 2020 the world faced another infectious disease of professional etiology - infection of health workers with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The aim of the study is to identify problematic issues in establishing the connection of an infectious disease with a profession in health care workers. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of cases of occupational diseases was applied according to the data of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor for the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and the register of patients of the Republican Center of Occupational Pathology. Results. Among the health care workers of the Republic of Tatarstan, mainly occupational infectious diseases are diagnosed (88.9%). Tuberculosis is the most common occupational disease among health care workers of the Republic of Tatarstan, accounting for 68.4%, and viral hepatitis accounts for 20.5%. In 2020, the most common OD from biological factors in the health care workers of RT was infection COVID-19. Conclusions. Currently, the most common disease of infectious genesis in health care workers is a new coronavirus infection. For a high-quality examination of the connection of an infectious disease with a profession, the list of documents must include a card of epidemiological examination, which must be filled in by an epidemiologist not after establishing the connection of the disease with the profession, but in parallel with the preparation of a sanitary and hygienic characteristic (SGC) of working conditions.

scholarly journals Improvements in the incidence and survival of cancer and cardiovascular but not infectious disease have driven recent mortality improvements in Scotland: nationwide cohort study of linked hospital admission and death records 2001–2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul RHJ Timmers ◽  
Joannes J Kerssens ◽  
Jon W Minton ◽  
Ian Grant ◽  
James F Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mortality Improvements ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the causes and future trends underpinning improvements in life expectancy in Scotland and quantify the relative contributions of disease incidence and survival.DesignPopulation-based study.SettingLinked secondary care and mortality records across Scotland.Participants1,967,130 individuals born between 1905 and 1965, and resident in Scotland throughout 2001–2016.Main outcome measuresHospital admission rates and survival in the five years following admission for 28 diseases, stratified by sex and socioeconomic status.ResultsThe five hospital admission diagnoses associated with the greatest burden of death subsequent to admission were “Influenza and pneumonia”, “Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems”, “Malignant neoplasm of respiratory and intrathoracic organs”, “Symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen”, and “General symptoms and signs”. Using disease trends, we modelled a mean mortality hazard ratio of 0.737 (95% CI 0.730–0.745) across decades of birth, equivalent to a life extension of ∼3 years per decade. This improvement was 61% (30%–93%) accounted for by improvements in disease survival after hospitalisation (principally cancer) with the remainder accounted for by a fall in hospitalisation incidence (principally heart disease and cancer). In contrast, deteriorations in the incidence and survival of infectious diseases reduced mortality improvements by 9% (∼3.3 months per decade). Overall, health-driven mortality improvements were slightly greater for men than women (due to greater falls in disease incidence), and generally similar across socioeconomic deciles. We project mortality improvements will continue over the next decade but will slow down by 21% because much of the progress in disease survival has already been achieved.ConclusionMorbidity improvements broadly explain observed improvements in overall mortality, with progress on the prevention and treatment of heart disease and cancer making the most significant contributions. The gaps between men and women’s morbidity and mortality are closing, but the gap between socioeconomic groups is not. A slowing trend in improvements in morbidity may explain the stalling in improvements of period life expectancies observed in recent studies in the UK. However, our modelled slowing of improvements could be offset if we achieve even faster improvements in the major diseases contributing to the burden of death, or if we improve prevention and survival of diseases which have deteriorated recently, such as infectious disease, in the future.Summary boxWhat is already known on this topicLong term improvements in Scottish mortality have slowed down recently, while life expectancy inequalities between socioeconomic classes are increasing.Deaths attributed to ischaemic heart disease and stroke in Scotland have declined in the last two decades.What this study addsGains in life expectancy can largely be attributed to improvements in cancer survival and falls in incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease.The hospitalisation rate and survival of several infectious diseases have deteriorated, and for urinary infections, this decline has been more rapid in more socioeconomically deprived classes.Improvements in morbidity are projected to slow down, with much progress in survival of heart disease and cancer already achieved, and align with the recently observed slow-down in mortality improvements.

scholarly journals Global biogeography of human infectious diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (41) ◽  
pp. 12746-12751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris A. Murray ◽  
Nicholas Preston ◽  
Toph Allen ◽  
Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio ◽  
Parviez R. Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
Health Related Research ◽  
Vector Borne

The distributions of most infectious agents causing disease in humans are poorly resolved or unknown. However, poorly known and unknown agents contribute to the global burden of disease and will underlie many future disease risks. Existing patterns of infectious disease co-occurrence could thus play a critical role in resolving or anticipating current and future disease threats. We analyzed the global occurrence patterns of 187 human infectious diseases across 225 countries and seven epidemiological classes (human-specific, zoonotic, vector-borne, non–vector-borne, bacterial, viral, and parasitic) to show that human infectious diseases exhibit distinct spatial grouping patterns at a global scale. We demonstrate, using outbreaks of Ebola virus as a test case, that this spatial structuring provides an untapped source of prior information that could be used to tighten the focus of a range of health-related research and management activities at early stages or in data-poor settings, including disease surveillance, outbreak responses, or optimizing pathogen discovery. In examining the correlates of these spatial patterns, among a range of geographic, epidemiological, environmental, and social factors, mammalian biodiversity was the strongest predictor of infectious disease co-occurrence overall and for six of the seven disease classes examined, giving rise to a striking congruence between global pathogeographic and “Wallacean” zoogeographic patterns. This clear biogeographic signal suggests that infectious disease assemblages remain fundamentally constrained in their distributions by ecological barriers to dispersal or establishment, despite the homogenizing forces of globalization. Pathogeography thus provides an overarching context in which other factors promoting infectious disease emergence and spread are set.

Infectious Diseases Emergencies

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
General Management ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Nose And Throat

Infectious Diseases Emergencies is a compact reference that summarizes the key topics of those infectious disease processes that are most commonly seen in emergency departments, clinics, and urgent care facilities. The opening section reviews principles of infectious disease management and general management of severe infections in acute and emergency environments. The following sections provide a “head-to-toe” synopsis of common infections presenting in both outpatient and acute care settings, including the following human areas: central nervous system; ear, nose, and throat; ocular; cardiovascular; pulmonary; gastrointestinal; genitourinary; skin and soft tissue; and bone and joint. The concluding sections discuss vector-borne infections, infections in special populations, bioterrorism, and finally antibiotic resistance. Each chapter covers some basic elements of the disease, epidemiology, diagnosis and tests, organisms involved, treatment, and other key issues. Concisely written and consistently organized chapters outline the most useful elements of diagnosis and treatment for easy memorization and clarity.

scholarly journals Występowanie chorób zakaźnych w Wielkopolsce w latach 1945-1953 w świetle dokumentów Archiwum Państwowego w Poznaniu

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 113-143
Author(s):  
Lucyna Błażejczyk-Majka
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Work Camps

Wojna niesie ze sobą bezmiar cierpień, zniszczeń i śmierci. Ci którzy przeżyli musieli zmierzyć się z następującymi po niej chorobami. W latach 40. i 50. lekarze powiatowi przekazywali do Wydziału Zdrowia Urzędu Wojewódzkiego w Poznaniu raporty dotyczące zachorowalności na choroby zakaźnie. Artykuł oparty jest na prezentacji i porównaniu raportów z roku 1946 z analogicznymi raportami z 1953 r. Na tej podstawie podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia większej liczby zachorowań na choroby zakaźne na określonych obszarach Wielkopolski w kontekście historycznym tego okresu. W odniesieniu do roku 1946 dane dotyczą 23 powiatów. Dane dla roku 1953 obejmują 26 powiatów. Ze względu na porównywalność informacji w artykule uwzględniono jedynie dane dla powiatów ziemskich. Typowymi chorobami dla tego okresu okazały się: tyfus, gruźlica i dyfteryt, ale także dużą śmiertelność przypisać można wyczerpaniu, brudowi i niedożywieniu przemieszczających się wówczas mas ludności. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że najsilniejszy związek występuje pomiędzy chorobami zakaźnymi a umiejscowieniem obozów jenieckich i obozów pracy oraz strumieniami ludności przepływającej przez punkty etapowe PUR. Incidence rate of infectious diseases in Greater Poland in the years 1945–1953 according to the documents of the National Archive in Poznań The war brings infinite suffering, death and destruction. Those who survive it have to deal with diseases that follow. In the 1940s and 1950s, county doctors wrote reports on infectious disease incidence for the Department of Health of the Regional Government in Poznań. The article comprises the presentation and comparison of parallel reports from the years 1946 and 1953. Based on that, it makes an attempt to explain the higher incidence rate of infectious diseases in some parts of Greater Poland based on the historical context of this period. For the year 1946, the data describe 23 counties. Data for the year 1953 include 26 counties. Due to the comparability of information, the article includes data only for rural counties. Typical diseases of the period were typhoid, tuberculosis and diphtheria, but the high mortality rate can also be explained by exhaustion, poor hygiene and malnutrition among the migrating masses of people. The analyses conducted indicate that the strongest relationship can be observed between infectious diseases and the location of prisoners’ and work camps and the migration of people going through the stage points of the National Repatriates Office.

scholarly journals Impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation on infectious disease hospitalization risk in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (51) ◽  
pp. 14589-14594 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Fisman ◽  
Ashleigh R. Tuite ◽  
Kevin A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

Although the global climate is changing at an unprecedented rate, links between weather and infectious disease have received little attention in high income countries. The “El Niño Southern Oscillation” (ENSO) occurs irregularly and is associated with changing temperature and precipitation patterns. We studied the impact of ENSO on infectious diseases in four census regions in the United States. We evaluated infectious diseases requiring hospitalization using the US National Hospital Discharge Survey (1970–2010) and five disease groupings that may undergo epidemiological shifts with changing climate: (i) vector-borne diseases, (ii) pneumonia and influenza, (iii) enteric disease, (iv) zoonotic bacterial disease, and (v) fungal disease. ENSO exposure was based on the Multivariate ENSO Index. Distributed lag models, with adjustment for seasonal oscillation and long-term trends, were used to evaluate the impact of ENSO on disease incidence over lags of up to 12 mo. ENSO was associated more with vector-borne disease [relative risk (RR) 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–8.48] and less with enteric disease (0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.87) in the Western region; the increase in vector-borne disease was attributable to increased risk of rickettsioses and tick-borne infectious diseases. By contrast, ENSO was associated with more enteric disease in non-Western regions (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.15). The periodic nature of ENSO may make it a useful natural experiment for evaluation of the impact of climatic shifts on infectious disease risk. The impact of ENSO suggests that warmer temperatures and extreme variation in precipitation events influence risks of vector-borne and enteric disease in the United States.

scholarly journals HLA and Infectious Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenefer M. Blackwell ◽  
Sarra E. Jamieson ◽  
David Burgner
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen

SUMMARY Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document