scholarly journals Service crops improve a degraded monoculture system by changing common bean rhizospheric soil microbiota and reducing soil-borne fungal diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla L Abán ◽  
Romina Verdenelli ◽  
Silvina Vargas Gil ◽  
Dina Jorgelina Huidobro ◽  
José M Meriles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Soil Ecosystem Services

Abstract Intensive agricultural practices have resulted in progressive soil degradation, with consequences on soil ecosystem services. The inclusion of service crops is a promising alternative to support the sustainability of the agricultural system. The aim of this study was to analyze in a six-year field experiment the effect of Brachiaria brizantha (perennial tropical grass) and Zea mays as service crops in a degraded common bean monoculture system in northwest Argentina. After six years, service crop treatments revealed a significant increase in most soil physical, chemical and biological properties (enzyme activities, microbial biomass, respiration and glomalin-related soil protein), compared with common bean monoculture. Also, a lower disease incidence was observed under B. brizantha treatments, associated with increased populations of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. The PLFA profiles detected higher values of total microbial biomass under service crops. Our results suggest that the inclusion of several cycles of B. brizantha, constitute a promising soil management for recover degraded agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Earthworms (Amynthas spp.) increase common bean growth, microbial biomass, and soil respiration

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 2887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julierme Zimmer Barbosa ◽  
Wilian Carlo Demetrio ◽  
Caroline Malinski Silva ◽  
Jair Alves Dionísio
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Bean Plants

Few studies have evaluated the effect of earthworms on plants and biological soil attributes, especially among legumes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of earthworms (Amynthas spp.) on growth in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and on soil biological attributes. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight repetitions. The treatments consisted of inoculation with five different quantities of earthworms of the genus Amynthas (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 worms per pot). Each experimental unit consisted of a plastic pot containing 4 kg of soil and two common bean plants. The experiment was harvested 38 days after seedling emergence. Dry matter and plant height, soil respiration, microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and metabolic quotient were determined. Earthworm recovery in our study was high in number and mass, with all values above 91.6% and 89.1%, respectively. In addition, earthworm fresh biomass decreased only in the treatment that included eight earthworms per pot. The presence of earthworms increased the plant growth and improved soil biological properties, suggesting that agricultural practices that favor the presence of these organisms can be used to increase the production of common bean, and the increased soil CO2 emission caused by the earthworms can be partially offset by the addition of common bean crop residues to the soil.

scholarly journals Histochemical changes induced by Trichoderma spp. and potassium phosphite in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in response to the attack by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Eliana Peliçon Pereira Figueira ◽  
Odair José Kuhn ◽  
Tatiane Martinazzo-Portz ◽  
José Renato Stangarlin ◽  
Marcos Donizete Peliçon Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Potassium Phosphite ◽  
Induction Of Resistance ◽  
Histochemical Changes ◽  
Lignin Deposition

Induction of resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been considered a promising alternative to control anthracnose. Among the changes generated in the induction of resistance, structural changes have been reported by several authors as an efficient form of resistance to the stress plants undergo. Histochemical analysis techniques have been used to investigate tissue changes triggered by induction of resistance. Thus, this study aims to investigate certain histochemical changes suffered by common bean plants induced with potassium phosphite and Trichoderma spp. in response to the attack by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, aiming to determine the host response pattern in terms of structural changes, associating it to possible disease control. Treatments consisted of isolates T. harzianum (isolate TOD1) and T. virens (isolate TM4), leaf fertilizer potassium phosphite Fertilis®, and distilled water (control). Inducers were applied to common bean alone or associated, consisting of five treatments plus the control treatment. The six treatments were evaluated for the absence and presence of C. lindemuthianum in a factorial scheme (6×2). Treatments allowed evaluating the severity of anthracnose in common bean, location of H2O2, lignin deposition, and hypersensitivity response in common bean hypocotyl by histochemical staining. Potassium phosphite and combinations of T. virens and T. harzianum with potassium phosphite efficiently reduced disease severity under greenhouse conditions, reaching 68, 84, and 71%, respectively. Studies with hypocotyl showed that T. harzianum + potassium phosphite and T. virens + potassium phosphite accelerated the H2O2 accumulation process and lignin deposition at the pathogen penetration site, in addition to the hypersensitivity reaction through the resistance-inducing activity, contributing to the protection of common bean against anthracnose caused by C. lindemuthianum.

scholarly journals Biological properties of disturbed and undisturbed Cerrado sensu stricto from Northeast Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. F. Araújo ◽  
L. B. Magalhaes ◽  
V. M. Santos ◽  
L. A. P. L. Nunes ◽  
C. T. S. Dias
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
National Park ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Slash And Burn

Abstract The aim of this study was to measure soil microbial biomass and soil surface fauna in undisturbed and disturbed Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) from Sete Cidades National Park, Northeast Brazil. The following sites were sampled under Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) at the park: undisturbed and disturbed Css (slash-and-burn agricultural practices). Total organic and microbial biomass C were higher in undisturbed than in disturbed sites in both seasons. However, microbial biomass C was higher in the wet than in the dry season. Soil respiration did not vary among sites but was higher in the wet than in the dry season. The densities of Araneae, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera were higher in the undisturbed site, whereas the densities of Formicidae were higher in the disturbed site. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis separated undisturbed from disturbed sites according to soil biological properties. Disturbance by agricultural practices, such as slash-and-burn, probably resulted in the deterioration of the biological properties of soil under native Cerrado sensu stricto in the Sete Cidades National Park.

scholarly journals Histological, Biomechanical, and Biological Properties of Genipin-Crosslinked Decellularized Peripheral Nerves

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 674
Author(s):  
Óscar Darío García-García ◽  
Marwa El Soury ◽  
David González-Quevedo ◽  
David Sánchez-Porras ◽  
Jesús Chato-Astrain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Histological Pattern ◽  
The Impact

Acellular nerve allografts (ANGs) represent a promising alternative in nerve repair. Our aim is to improve the structural and biomechanical properties of biocompatible Sondell (SD) and Roosens (RS) based ANGs using genipin (GP) as a crosslinker agent ex vivo. The impact of two concentrations of GP (0.10% and 0.25%) on Wistar rat sciatic nerve-derived ANGs was assessed at the histological, biomechanical, and biocompatibility levels. Histology confirmed the differences between SD and RS procedures, but not remarkable changes were induced by GP, which helped to preserve the nerve histological pattern. Tensile test revealed that GP enhanced the biomechanical properties of SD and RS ANGs, being the crosslinked RS ANGs more comparable to the native nerves used as control. The evaluation of the ANGs biocompatibility conducted with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured within the ANGs confirmed a high degree of biocompatibility in all ANGs, especially in RS and RS-GP 0.10% ANGs. Finally, this study demonstrates that the use of GP could be an efficient alternative to improve the biomechanical properties of ANGs with a slight impact on the biocompatibility and histological pattern. For these reasons, we hypothesize that our novel crosslinked ANGs could be a suitable alternative for future in vivo preclinical studies.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Green Mold Foci in 30 Commercial Mushroom Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royse ◽  
K. Boomer ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
M. Handcock ◽  
P. S. Coles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Nutrient Supplementation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Surface Covering

Statistical analyses were performed on spatial distributions of mushroom green mold foci caused by Trichoderma spp. in 30 standard Pennsylvania doubles (743 m2 production surface) selected at random from over 900 total crops mapped. Mapped production houses were divided into four tiers of six beds each with 16 sections per bed (total = 384 sections per double). Each section contained approximately 2 m2. Green mold foci were mapped according to presence or absence in each section as they became visible during the course of the mushroom production. There was a trend toward higher disease incidence at the ends of the doubles, although this was not consistent from level to level. Spatial analysis revealed that green mold foci were more likely to occur in neighboring sections along the beds rather than above, below, or across from each other. Cultural practices that were associated with movement along the beds, i.e., nutrient supplementation, spawning, bed tamping, surface covering, etc., were considered the most likely factors influencing the incidence of green mold in spawned compost. Airborne contamination was considered a less likely source of inocula contributing to epidemic development. Sanitation practices that reduce spore loads along the beds are expected to provide the greatest degree of green mold control.

EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION ON SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A LOAM IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Rotation Length ◽  
Continuous Type ◽  
Mineralizable N ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable N

Effects of rotation length, fallow-substitute crops, and N and P fertilizer on some physical and biological properties of a Brown Chernozemic loam in southwestern Saskatchewan were determined over a period of 16 yr. After 12 yr, the erodible fraction in the top 15 cm of soil (i.e., < 0.84 mm) was inversely related to trash conserved and thus rotation length. Soil organic N (in the top 15 cm) increased from 0.18 to 0.20% in continuous-type rotations receiving an average 32 kg N∙ha−1∙yr−1 and adequate P, but it did not increase in continuous wheat receiving P only, nor in fallow rotations, except the one that included fall rye (Secale cereale L.). This N increase was credited partly to fertilizer and partly to more efficient use and cycling of subsoil NO3-N via plant roots and crop residues. After 10 yr, well-fertilized continuous-type rotations had a 13% greater C content than fallow rotations and continuous wheat receiving only P. In the top 7.5 cm of soil under the four rotations examined in detail, bacterial numbers were lowest in fallow-wheat, intermediate in fallow-wheat-wheat, higher in continuous wheat receiving N and P, and highest in continuous wheat receiving only P. Similarly, microbial biomass C in these four rotations was 180, 226, 217 and 357 kg∙ha−1; biomass N was 52, 65, 54 and 72 kg∙ha−1; and biomass C/N ratios were 3.4, 3.5, 4.1 and 5.1, respectively. Differences in biomass C/N, respiration rates and numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and yeasts indicated both quantitative and qualitative microbial changes and reflected increasing rotation length and differences in fertility. Potentially mineralizable N (No) was 192 kg∙ha−1 for adequately fertilized continuous wheat, and exceeded No in fallow-wheat by 45%, in fallow-wheat-wheat by 17% and in continuous wheat receiving only P by 25%. The latter rotation contained a large but fairly inactive microbial population. We concluded that land degradation caused by frequent summerfallowing can be arrested and the decline in amount and quality of organic matter reversed by use of available agronomic technology. Key words: Microbial biomass, microbial activity, potentially mineralizable N, respiration, soil erodibility

Comparison of Seed Transmission and Survival of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans in Common Bean Seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. He ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Transmission Frequency ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Seed Health

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin (Xap) and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans Schaad et al. (Xff) cause indistinguishable symptoms known as common bacterial blight of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). These results confirm a higher disease incidence and seed transmission frequency of Xff compared to Xap and reinforce the need for seed health tests that can differentiate the two species. Accepted for publication 21 August 2013. Published 23 September 2013.

scholarly journals Lactoperoxidase system in the dairy industry: Challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Silva ◽  
Juliana Oliveira ◽  
Yhelda Silva ◽  
Stela Urbano ◽  
Danielle Sales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Lactoperoxidase System ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

The objective of this review was to search the literature for studies on the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) as milk natural preservation, action mechanisms, usage methods and perspectives for the dairy industry. A comprehensive literature review approach was conducted for collecting evidence in scientific publications. The biological properties of milk promote the development of microorganisms which compromise its quality, therefore demanding the use of techniques for preserving the milk matrix from its collection until processing. Within this context, LPS could represent an alternative to guarantee the safety of this food in are as where refrigeration is not possible; in addition, studies on applying this system in the dairy industry have been explored, as is the case in the test for verifying pasteurisation efficiency according to determining the lactoperoxidase enzyme activity. Natural antimicrobial properties of LPS make it a promising alternative for the industrial preservation and processing of milk, especially when considering the current quality standard demanded by the market. However, the potential of LPS as a biopreservative is still little technically and scientifically explored, which implies the need to develop new studies.

scholarly journals Climate Smart Agriculture: A New Approach for Sustainable Intensification

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Gayatri Sahu ◽  
Pragyan Paramita Rout ◽  
Suchismita Mohapatra ◽  
Sai Parasar Das ◽  
Poonam Preeti Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Sustainable Intensification ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
World Population ◽  
Resource Degradation ◽  
Security Challenge ◽  
Smart Agriculture

World population is increasing day by day and at the same time agriculture is threatened due to natural resource degradation and climate change. A growing global population and changing diets are driving up the demand for food. The food security challenge will only become more difficult, as the world will need to produce about 70 percent more food by 2050 to feed an estimated 9 billion people. Production stability, agricultural productivity, income and food security is negatively affected by changing climate. Therefore, agriculture must change according to present situation for meeting the need of food security and also withstanding under changing climatic situation. Agriculture is a prominent source as well as a sink of greenhouse gases (GHGs). So, there is a need to modify agricultural practices in a sustainable way to overcome these problems. Developing climate smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. It helps the agricultural system to resist damage and recover quickly by adaptation and mitigation strategies. Sustainable Intensification is an essential means of adapting to climate change, also resulting in lower emissions per unit of output. With its emphasis on improving risk management, information flows and local institutions to support adaptive capacity, CSA provides the foundations for incentivizing and enabling intensification. Since climate smart agriculture is defined along three pillars (productivity increases, building resilience and adapting, and GHG emission reduction), key concepts such as productivity, resilience, vulnerability and carbon sequestration provide indicators for future empirical measurements of the climate smart agriculture concept.

scholarly journals Trichoderma and Its Prospects in Agriculture of Nepal: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabin Pandey ◽  
Madhusudhan Adhikhari ◽  
Binod Bhantana
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Trichoderma Species

In the world, the traditional agricultural practices are getting affected by various problems such as disease, pest, drought, decreased soil fertility due to use of hazardous chemical pesticides, pollution and global warming. As a result, there is a need for some eco-friendly bio-control agents that help in resolving the previous mentioned problems. The various types of biological control agents such as bacteria and fungi are involved in bio-control activity. Among them, fungal genus Trichoderma plays a major role in controlling the plant diseases. Species of Trichoderma are diverse fungal microbial community known and explored worldwide for their versatilities as biocontrol and growth promoting agents. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are efficient mycoparasites and prolific producers of secondary metabolites, some of which have clinical importance. However, the ecological or biological significance of this metabolite diversity is sorely lagging behind the chemical significance. Several Trichoderma spp. positively affect plants by stimulating plant growth, and protecting plants from fungal and bacterial pathogens. They are used in biological plant protection as bio-fungicides as well as in bioremediation. A large number of research groups are working on various aspects of Trichoderma viz., diversity, ecology and their applications. The capacity of Trichoderma fungi to produce lytic enzymes is used in animal feed, and wine making and brewery industries. Trichoderma spp. are the most successful bio-control agents as more than 60% of the registered bio-fungicides used in today’s agriculture belongs to Trichoderma -based formulation. The increase in incidence and severity of diseases and emergence of new diseases causes the significant yield losses of different crops in Nepal. But the research and studies on plant diseases are limited. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(3): 309-316  

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