Growth and survival dynamics of partially cut northern hardwood stands as affected by precut competition and spatial distribution of residual trees

Abstract Modelling growth and survival dynamics after partial harvesting must take account of the heterogeneous spatial pattern of residual trees that results from the presence of machinery trails. We used data from 23 permanent sample plots in northern hardwood stands to reconstruct the growing environment of individual trees before and after partial harvesting. We modelled harvest probability, growth response and survival probability using a complementary set of explanatory variables that was assembled to reflect the spatial distribution of trees and skid trails prior to and after harvest. Results showed that the distribution of harvested trees was concentrated in skid trails and in their close vicinity. However, this spatial pattern had no significant effect on either the post-cut basal area increment (BAI) or the survival of residual trees. BAI and survival of individual trees were both mostly related to the competitive environment prior to harvest, while post-cut changes in competitive environment had only a marginal effect on growth and survival dynamics. We conclude that selection cuts did not substantially increase the growth and survival of residual trees, likely because tree removal was mostly concentrated near skid trails, where the negative effects of machinery access were highest.

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Estimating site productivity in irregular stand structures by indexing the basal area or volume increment of the dominant species

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2013-0230 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 92-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

John-Pascal Berrill ◽

Kevin L. O’Hara

Keyword(s):

Basal Area ◽

Stand Density ◽

Site Productivity ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Coast Redwood ◽

Stand Growth ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Partial Harvesting ◽

Volume Increment

Estimating site productivity in irregular structures is complicated by variations in stand density, structure, composition in mixed stands, and suppression experienced by subordinate trees. Our objective was to develop an alternate to site index (SI) and demonstrate its application in models of individual-tree and stand growth. We analyzed coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.) tree and stand growth in a grid of 234 permanent sample plots covering a 110 ha study area in north coastal California. Partial harvesting created a mosaic of densities and openings throughout the 60-year-old redwood-dominated forest. Redwood SI was a poor predictor of volume increment (VI) per hectare among redwood in each plot over two decades after harvest. A new index of redwood basal area increment (BAI) productivity, calculated using inventory data for all stems in even-aged stands and the oldest cohort of multiaged stands, was a stronger predictor of VI. Diameter increment of individual redwood trees correlated strongly with stand density and the new BAI index. Forest managers should expect widely divergent responses following partial harvesting in crowded even-aged stands, with the greatest response coming from dominant redwoods with long crowns retained in areas with low residual stand density and high BAI index.

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Six-Year Response of Northern Hardwoods to the Selection System

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/1.4.87 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 87-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Stephen F. Mader ◽

Ralph D. Nyland

Keyword(s):

Basal Area ◽

Stand Density ◽

Diameter Distribution ◽

Northern Hardwoods ◽

Selection System ◽

Northern Hardwood ◽

Selection Cutting ◽

Optimum Diameter ◽

Commercial Species ◽

Individual Trees

Abstract During 6 years following selection cutting, three northern hardwood stands grew 2.8 to 3.3 square feet in basal area and 316 to 332 board feet (Int.) per acre per year. Over two-thirds of the volume accrued on trees at least 16 inches dbh. Individual trees grew most rapidly at lowest residual basal areas, with growth of small trees most sensitive to differences in stand density. Irregularities in the diameter distribution became less distinct during the 6 years. About 60 to 70% of the regeneration was of commercial species, and more than 316 seedlings per acre grew to heights of at least 6 feet. Most plots with 6-foot regeneration had advance seedlings at least 1 foot tall at the time of cutting. Results confirm the validity of the selection system, and indicate that uneven-aged northern hardwood stands with a reasonably well-balanced diameter distribution can be repeatedly cut at 12- to 15-year intervals to a constant, optimum diameter distribution. North. J. Appl. For. 1:87-91, Dec. 1984.

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Spatial patterns of a tropical tree species growing under an eucalyptus plantation in South-East Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842010000200006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 271-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. Higuchi ◽

AC Silva ◽

JNC Louzada ◽

ELM Machado

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Eucalyptus Plantation ◽

Source Distance ◽

Se Brazil ◽

Population Competition ◽

Linear Regressions

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of propagules source and the implication of tree size class on the spatial pattern of Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng. individuals growing under the canopy of an experimental plantation of eucalyptus. To this end, all individuals of Xylopia brasiliensis with diameter at soil height (dsh) > 1 cm were mapped in the understory of a 3.16 ha Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. plantation, located in the municipality of Lavras, SE Brazil. The largest nearby mature tree of X. brasiliensis was considered as the propagules source. Linear regressions were used to assess the influence of the distance of propagules source on the population parameters (density, basal area and height). The spatial pattern of trees was assessed through the Ripley K function. The overall pattern showed that the propagules source distance had strong influence over spatial distribution of trees, mainly the small ones, indicating that the closer the distance from the propagules source, the higher the tree density and the lower the mean tree height. The population showed different spatial distribution patterns according to the spatial scale and diameter class considered. While small trees tended to be aggregated up to around 80 m, the largest individuals were randomly distributed in the area. A plausible explanation for observed patterns might be limited seed rain and intra-population competition.

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ESTRUTURA E PADRÃO ESPACIAL DA VEGETAÇÃO EM UMA ÁREA DE CAATINGA

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v43i1.27807 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 83 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gabriel Paes Marangon ◽

Rinaldo Luiz Caraciollo Ferreira ◽

José Antônio Aleixo Da Silva ◽

David Fagner de Souza e Lira ◽

Emanuel Araújo Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Forest Management ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Tree Species ◽

Vegetation Structure ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Basal Area ◽

History Of ◽

Aggregated Distribution

A vegetação do Nordeste revela carência relacionada ao manejo florestal da Caatinga. Objetivou-se estudar o padrão espacial de espécies e estrutura da vegetação em área de Caatinga, localizada no município de Floresta, PE. Em uma área de aproximadamente 10 ha, com histórico de perturbação, foram instaladas 20 parcelas de 20 x 20 m, de forma sistemática. Todas as árvores com CAP a 1,30 m do solo ≥ 6 cm foram identificadas e tiveram suas circunferências e alturas mensuradas. Foram encontradas 18 espécies arbóreas, distribuídas em 15 gêneros, dentro de 6 famílias botânicas, com índice de diversidade de Shannon (H') de 2,11 nats.ind-1, e área basal total estimada de 4,53 m2.ha-1. Destacaram-se as famílias Fabaceae, com 48,93% dos indivíduos, e Euphorbiaceae, com 41,28%. As espécies Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz, Croton rhamnifolius Kunth, Manihot cartaginenses subsp. glaziovii (Muell. Arg.) Allem. e Mimosa ophtalmocentra Mart. ex Benth somaram 55% do total do valor de importância. A maioria das espécies apresentou distribuição agregada, exceto algumas, como Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allem. para o índice de McGuinnes (IGA), Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J. B. Gillett para McGuinnes (IGA) e Payandeh (Pi) e Manihot cartaginenses subsp. glaziovii (Muell. Arg.) Allem. para Fracker e Brischle (Ki), que obtiveram tendência ao agrupamento.Palavras-chave: Semiárido; Pernambuco; distribuição espacial.AbstractStructure and spatial pattern of vegetation in a caatinga area. Forest management deficiency in relation to Northeast vegetation, specifically caatinga, are remarkable. This research aims to analyze spatial patterns of species and vegetation structure in Caatinga area, located in the municipality of Floresta-PE. In an area of approximately 10 ha, and a history of disturbance, 20 plots (20 x 20 m) were installed in systematic way. All trees with CAP (at 1.30 m above the ground) ≥ 6 cm had been identified, and their circumferences and heights measured. 18 tree species were sampled, distributed in 15 genus, within 6 botanical families, with diversity index of Shannon (H ') of 2.11 nats / ind, and estimated total basal area of 4, 53 m2.ha-1. The highlighted families were Fabaceae, 48.93% of individuals, and Euphorbiaceae 41.28%. The species Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P.Queiroz, Croton rhamnifolius Kunth, Manihot cartaginenses Subsp. glaziovii (Muell. Arg.) Allem., and Mimosa ophtalmocentra Mart. ex Benth totalized 55% of the total value of importance. Most species revealed aggregated distribution, except some like Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allem. for the McGuinness index (IGA), Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett for McGuinness (IGA) and Payandeh (Pi), and Manihot cartaginenses Subsp. glaziovii (Muell. Arg.) Allem. for Fracker and Brischle (Ki), which obtained grouping tendency.Keywords: Semiarid; Pernambuco; spatial distribution.

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DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL E ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL DE Parkia platycephala Benth

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v7i6.7556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 739

Author(s):

Leovandes Soares da Silva ◽

Cristiane Coelho de Moura ◽

Diego Dos Santos Vieira ◽

Tatiano Ribeiro dos Santos ◽

Evandro Luiz Mendonça Machado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Basal Area ◽

Breast Height ◽

K Function ◽

Occurrence Pattern ◽

Distribution Class ◽

Aggregate Population ◽

Two Populations ◽

Do So

O objetivo conhecer o padrão espacial e a estrutura de duas populações de Parkia platycephala, em duas áreas no sul do Piauí. Realizou-se um censo de indivíduos que apresentaram pelo menos um fuste com diâmetro altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm. Para tanto, as duas áreas amostradas foram divididas em faixas contendo 20 metros de largura. Dentro destas faixas, foram coletadas as coordenadas cartesianas o diâmetro dos indivíduos. Para o cálculo da distribuição espacial, foi aplicado a função K de Ripley univariada. Para a distribuição diamétrica foi utilizada intervalos de classes com amplitudes crescentes. Na área I foram amostrados 101 indivíduos e área basal de 7,744 m2/ha, para a área II, 66 indivíduos e área basal de 4,654 m2/ha. Os indivíduos da P. platycephala apresentou padrão de ocorrência agregado em ambas as áreas. Os indivíduos menores ocorrem próximos dos indivíduos maiores, formando população agregada. Em relação ao padrão espacial dos indivíduos por classe diamétrica predominou-se o aleatório, diferindo em intensidades, à medida que aumenta os diâmetros. As classes de diâmetro e altura revelam possíveis dificuldades de recrutamento, isso porque a maioria dos indivíduos estão acima de 10cm de diâmetro e 6m de altura respectivamente.Palavras-chave: função K de Ripley; análise espacial; conservação. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF Parkia platycephala Benth ABSTRACT: The objective was to know the spatial pattern and structure of two populations of Parkia platycephala, in two areas in the south of Piauí. A census was taken of individuals who had at least one bole with breast height diameter (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. To do so, the two areas sampled were divided into tracks containing 20 meters wide. Within these ranges, the Cartesian coordinates were the diameter of the individuals. To calculate the spatial distribution, the univariate Ripley K function was applied. For the diametrical distribution, class intervals with increasing amplitudes were used. In area I, 101 individuals and basal area of 7,744 m2 / ha were sampled, for area II, 66 individuals and basal area of 4,654 m2 / ha. The individuals of P. platycephala showed an aggregate occurrence pattern in both areas. Smaller individuals occur close to larger individuals, forming an aggregate population. In relation to the spatial pattern of the individuals by diametric class the random was predominant, differing in intensities, as the diameters increase. The diameter and height classes reveal possible recruitment difficulties, which is why most individuals are above 10cm in diameter and 6m in height, respectively.Keywords: Ripley's K function; spatial analysis; conservation.

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Adjudicating Perspectives on Forest Structure: How Do Airborne, Terrestrial, and Mobile Lidar-Derived Estimates Compare?

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13122297 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2297

Author(s):

Jonathon J. Donager ◽

Andrew J. Sánchez Meador ◽

Ryan C. Blackburn

Keyword(s):

Ponderosa Pine ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Height ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Forest Monitoring ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Structural Configurations ◽

Individual Trees

Applications of lidar in ecosystem conservation and management continue to expand as technology has rapidly evolved. An accounting of relative accuracy and errors among lidar platforms within a range of forest types and structural configurations was needed. Within a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, we compare vegetation attributes at the tree-, plot-, and stand-scales derived from three lidar platforms: fixed-wing airborne (ALS), fixed-location terrestrial (TLS), and hand-held mobile laser scanning (MLS). We present a methodology to segment individual trees from TLS and MLS datasets, incorporating eigen-value and density metrics to locate trees, then assigning point returns to trees using a graph-theory shortest-path approach. Overall, we found MLS consistently provided more accurate structural metrics at the tree- (e.g., mean absolute error for DBH in cm was 4.8, 5.0, and 9.1 for MLS, TLS and ALS, respectively) and plot-scale (e.g., R2 for field observed and lidar-derived basal area, m2 ha−1, was 0.986, 0.974, and 0.851 for MLS, TLS, and ALS, respectively) as compared to ALS and TLS. While TLS data produced estimates similar to MLS, attributes derived from TLS often underpredicted structural values due to occlusion. Additionally, ALS data provided accurate estimates of tree height for larger trees, yet consistently missed and underpredicted small trees (≤35 cm). MLS produced accurate estimates of canopy cover and landscape metrics up to 50 m from plot center. TLS tended to underpredict both canopy cover and patch metrics with constant bias due to occlusion. Taking full advantage of minimal occlusion effects, MLS data consistently provided the best individual tree and plot-based metrics, with ALS providing the best estimates for volume, biomass, and canopy cover. Overall, we found MLS data logistically simple, quickly acquirable, and accurate for small area inventories, assessments, and monitoring activities. We suggest further work exploring the active use of MLS for forest monitoring and inventory.

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Modèle de prédiction des essences feuillues et résineuses du Québec

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x82-035 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 232-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chhun-Huor Ung ◽

Jean Beaulieu ◽

Daniel Demers

Keyword(s):

Prediction Model ◽

Basal Area ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

The State ◽

Department Of Energy ◽

Forest Species ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Real Growth ◽

Basic Characteristics ◽

Softwood Species

This paper describes a prediction model adopted by the Department of Energy and Resources of Quebec to (i) update temporary sample plots and (ii) project into the future the state of permanent sample plots in Quebec forests. Predicting the growth of a forest species means predicting the state of this species in time. Three basic characteristics mark the state of a species in a given year: number of trees, their total basal area, and their total volume. To date, in Quebec, normal or empirical yield tables have been used to predict the state of some species in ideal or real growth conditions, but these yield tables apply only to pure or almost pure even-aged stands. The prediction model for hardwood and softwood species presented in this paper serves the same purpose as the yield tables; however, it differs from the yield tables in that it can predict the state of each hardwood or softwood species found in pure or mixed, even- or uneven-aged stands. The prediction model was validated for 19 species found in a pilot territory located in the Basse-Gatincau (southwestern Quebec). The paper terminates with a discussion on the limitation of the prediction model and the conditions for its use.

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Spatial Patterns of Urban Innovation and Their Evolution from Perspectives of Capacity and Structure: Taking Shenzhen as an Example

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi11010007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Erjie Hu ◽

Di Hu ◽

Handong He

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Spillover Effect ◽

Tertiary Industry ◽

Innovation Capacity ◽

Structure Index ◽

Secondary Industry ◽

Spatial Spillover Effect

Innovation is a key factor for a country’s overall national strength and core competitiveness. The spatial pattern of innovation reflects the regional differences of innovation development, which can provide guidance for the regional allocation of innovation resources. Most studies on the spatial pattern of innovation are at urban and above spatial scale, but studies at urban internal scale are insufficient. The precision and index of the spatial pattern of innovation in the city needs to be improved. This study proposes to divide spatial units based on geographic coordinates of patents, designs the innovation capability and innovation structure index of a spatial unit and their calculation methods, and then reveals the spatial patterns of innovation and their evolutionary characteristics in Shenzhen during 2000–2018. The results show that: (1) The pattern of innovation capacity of secondary industry exhibited a pronounced spatial spillover effect with a positive spatial correlation. The innovation capacity and innovation structure index of the secondary industry evolved in a similar manner; i.e., they gradually extended from the southwest area to the north over time, forming a tree-like distribution pattern with the central part of the southwest area as the “root” and the northwest and northeast areas as the “canopy”. (2) The pattern of innovation capacity of tertiary industry also had a significant spatial spillover effect with a positive spatial correlation. There were differences between the evolutions of innovation capacity and innovation structure index of tertiary industry. Specifically, its innovation capacity presented a triangular spatial distribution pattern with three groups in the central and eastern parts of the southwest area and the south-eastern part of the northwest area as the vertices, while its innovative structure showed a radial spatial distribution pattern with the southwestern part of the southwest area as the source and a gradually sparse distribution toward the northeast. (3) There were differences between the evolution modes of secondary and tertiary industries. Areas with high innovation capacity in the secondary industry tended to be more balanced, while areas with high innovation capacity in the tertiary industry did not necessarily have a balanced innovation structure. Through the method designed in this paper, the spatial pattern of urban innovation can be more precise and comprehensive revealed, and provide useful references for the development of urban innovation.

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Occurrence of tuberculosis cases in Crato, Ceará, from 2002 to 2011: a spatial analisys of specific standards

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1980-5497201500020003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 313-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mayrla Lima Pinto ◽

Talina Carla da Silva ◽

Lidiane Cristina Félix Gomes ◽

Maria Rita Bertolozzi ◽

Lourdes Milagros Mendoza Villavicencio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Urban Area ◽

Temporal Trend ◽

Kernel Method ◽

Quantitative Approach ◽

Point Pattern ◽

Hybrid Design ◽

Population Densities ◽

Population Groups

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in Crato, Ceará, Brazil, from 2002 to 2011, aiming to check for a point pattern. METHODS: This is an ecological, temporal trend and hybrid design study, with a quantitative approach. A total of 261 cases of tuberculosis were geo-referenced and 20 (7.1%) were considered as losses due to the lack of address. The profile of patients in 10 years of study was in accordance with the following pattern: men aged between 20 and 59 years, with low schooling, affected by the pulmonary form of tuberculosis and who were cured from the disease. RESULTS: The analysis of the spatial distribution of tuberculosis points out that in the period of study, new cases of the disease were not distributed on a regular basis, indicating a clustered spatial pattern, confirmed by the L-function. The map with the density of new cases estimated by the Kernel method showed that the "hot" areas are more concentrated in the vicinity of the central urban area. CONCLUSION: The study allowed pointing out areas of higher and lower concentration of tuberculosis, identifying the spatial pattern, but it also recognized that the disease has not reached all of the population groups with the same intensity. Those who were most vulnerable were the ones who lived in regions with higher population densities, precarious living conditions, and with intense flow of people.

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A New Index Representing Individual Tree Competitive Status

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x73-073 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 495-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

James A. Moore ◽

Carl A. Budelsky ◽

Richard C. Schlesinger

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Size ◽

Competition Index ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Silvicultural Practices ◽

Basal Area Growth ◽

Hardwood Species ◽

Area Growth

A new competition index, modified Area Potentially Available (APA), was tested in a complex unevenaged stand composed of 19 different hardwood species. APA considers tree size, spatial distribution, and distance relationships in quantifying intertree competition and exhibits a strong correlation with individual tree basal area growth. The most important characteristic of APA is its potential for evaluating silvicultural practices.

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