scholarly journals The Relationship Between Hippocampal Volume and Activity Diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
Emily Urban-Wojcik ◽  
Soomi Lee ◽  
Susan Charles ◽  
David Almeida ◽  
Richard Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Volume ◽  
Daily Diary ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The hippocampus, implicated in learning, memory, and spatial navigation, is one of the few brain structures that demonstrates neurogenesis across the lifespan. Hippocampal volume (HV), then, may be a marker of exposure to and engagement with novel events and environments, which may in turn be related to cognitive functioning. The present study examined the relationship between HV and activity diversity (AD), which characterizes the range and evenness of participation in daily activities. In 52 participants who completed the daily-diary and neuroscience projects of the Midlife in the United States Refresher study, greater levels of AD across an 8-day period were related to greater HV averaged across the left and right hemispheres when adjusting for overall brain volume, total activity time, time between projects, and relevant sociodemographic variables, b=1128mm3, t(43)=2.54, p=.015. These findings may point to a mechanism through which AD has been related to better cognitive and mental health outcomes.

scholarly journals Who Has Active Lifestyles? Personality and Activity Diversity in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 250-250
Author(s):  
Soomi Lee ◽  
Susan Charles ◽  
Karen Fingerman ◽  
David Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Active Lifestyles

Abstract Broad and even participation across daily activities (“activity diversity”) has been found to be associated with better health. Less is known about who has greater activity diversity. We examined whether personality traits are associated with activity diversity in two independent samples of adults. Data came from the Midlife in the United States Study II and Refresher (n=2623, Mage=54yrs) and Daily Experiences and Well-being in Late Life Study (n=308, Mage=74yrs) who responded to daily activity questions. We constructed activity diversity scores in each sample using Shannon’s entropy. We focused on three personality traits — conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism — often associated with health. Higher extraversion was associated with greater activity diversity, replicated across the two samples. The associations were independent of conscientiousness and neuroticism (both were not significant), total activity time/frequency, age, gender, race, education, and self-rated health. Results suggest that future activity interventions may need to target those with lower extraversion.

scholarly journals Midlife alcohol consumption and longitudinal brain atrophy: the PREVENT-Dementia study

2020 ◽  
Vol 267 (11) ◽  
pp. 3282-3286
Author(s):  
Michael J. Firbank ◽  
John T. O’Brien ◽  
Karen Ritchie ◽  
Katie Wells ◽  
Guy Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Aged Subjects ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background and aims Consensus is lacking on whether light to moderate consumption of alcohol compared to abstinence is neuroprotective. In this study, we investigated the relationship between self-reported alcohol use and brain volume change over 2 years in middle-aged subjects. Methods A sample of 162 subjects (aged 40–59 at baseline) from the PREVENT-Dementia programme underwent MRI scans on two separate occasions (mean interval 734 days; SD 42 days). We measured longitudinal rates of brain atrophy using the FSL Siena toolbox, and change in hippocampal volume from segmentation in SPM. Results Controlling for age and sex, there were no significant associations of either total brain, ventricular, or hippocampal volume change with alcohol consumption. Adjusting for lifestyle, demographic and vascular risk factors did not alter this. Conclusions We did not find any evidence of influence of alcohol consumption on changes in brain volume over a 2-year period in 40–60-year-olds.

scholarly journals Effects of 24-Week Exergame Intervention on the Gray Matter Volume of Different Brain Structures in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Leon-Llamas ◽  
Santos Villafaina ◽  
Alvaro Murillo-Garcia ◽  
Francisco Javier Dominguez-Muñoz ◽  
Narcis Gusi
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Left And Right

Background: Exergame-induced changes in the volume of brain gray matter have not been studied in fibromyalgia (FM). This study evaluates the effects of a 24-week exergame-based intervention on the gray matter volume of different brain structures in patients with FM through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: A total of 25 FM patients completed 24 weeks of intervention program, and another 25 FM patients did not receive any intervention. T1-weighted MRI was used to assess brain volume, and FreeSurfer software was used to segment the brain regions. Results: No significant effects on gray matter volume of different structures and total gray matter were found. Conclusions: FM patients did not show significant changes in gray matter brain volume between the control and experimental groups after 24 weeks. FM patients showed significant relationships between peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) and the left and right regions of the hippocampus and the left and right regions of the amygdala.

scholarly journals Non-modifiable factors as moderators of the relationship between physical activity and brain volume: A cross-sectional UK Biobank study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda M Brown ◽  
Jaisalmer de Frutos Lucas ◽  
Tenielle Porter ◽  
Natalie Frost ◽  
Michael Vacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Cortical Grey Matter ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Objectively Measured Physical Activity

Background: Grey matter atrophy occurs as a function of ageing and is accelerated in dementia. Previous research suggests physical activity attenuates grey matter loss; however, there appears to be individual variability in this effect. Understanding factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and brain volume may enable prediction of individual response, and aid in identifying those that gain the greatest neural benefits from physical activity. The current study examined the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity and brain volume; and whether this relationship is moderated by age, sex, or a priori candidate genetic factors. Methods: Data from 10,083 men and women (50 years and over) of the UK Biobank were used to examine: 1) the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity and brain volume; and 2) whether the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity and brain volume is moderated by age, sex, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met, or apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 allele carriage. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan to quantify grey matter volumes, physical activity monitoring via accelerometry, and genotyping. Results: Physical activity was associated with total grey matter volume (B = 0.14, p = 0.001, q = 0.005) and right hippocampal volume (B = 1.45, p = 0.008, q = 0.016). The physical activity*sex interaction predicted cortical grey matter (B = 0.22, p = 0.003, q = 0.004), total grey matter (B = 0.30, p < 0.001, q = 0.001), and right hippocampal volume (B = 3.60, p = 0.001, q = 0.002). Post-hoc analyses revealed males received benefit from higher physical activity levels, in terms of greater cortical grey matter volume (B = 0.13, p = 0.01), total grey matter volume (B=0.23, p < 0.001), and right hippocampal volume (B = 3.05, p = 0.008). No moderating effects of age, APOE e4 allele carriage, or BDNF Val66Met genotype were observed. Discussion: Our results indicate that in males, but not females, an association exists between objectively-measured physical activity and grey matter volume. Future research should evaluate longitudinal brain volumetrics to better understand the nature of sex-effects on the relationship between physical activity and brain volume.

scholarly journals Does Hippocampal Volume Predict Transition to Psychosis in a High-Risk Group? A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Hinney ◽  
Anna Walter ◽  
Soheila Aghlmandi ◽  
Christina Andreou ◽  
Stefan Borgwardt
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Prodromal Phase ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Group A ◽  
Left And Right

Schizophrenia has a prodromal phase of several years in most patients, making it possible to identify patients at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing the disorder. So far, these individuals are identified based on clinical criteria alone, and there is no reliable biomarker for predicting the transition to psychosis. It is well-established that reductions in brain volume, especially in the hippocampus, are associated with schizophrenia. Therefore, hippocampal volume may serve as a biomarker for psychosis. Several studies have already investigated hippocampal volume in CHR groups. Based on these studies, the present meta-analysis compares the baseline left and right hippocampal volume of CHR patients who developed a psychosis with that of CHR patients without such a transition. Our results show no statistically significant effect of the hippocampal volume on the transition risk for psychosis.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

Confluencia geopolítica entre Cárdenas y Roosevelt:

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254
Author(s):  
Andreu Espasa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The New Deal

De forma un tanto paradójica, a finales de los años treinta, las relaciones entre México y Estados Unidos sufrieron uno de los momentos de máxima tensión, para pasar, a continuación, a experimentar una notable mejoría, alcanzando el cénit en la alianza política y militar sellada durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El episodio catalizador de la tensión y posterior reconciliación fue, sin duda, el conflicto diplomático planteado tras la nacionalización petrolera de 1938. De entre los factores que propiciaron la solución pacífica y negociada al conflicto petrolero, el presente artículo se centra en analizar dos fenómenos del momento. En primer lugar, siguiendo un orden de relevancia, se examina el papel que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española. Aunque las posturas de ambos gobiernos ante el conflicto español fueron sustancialmente distintas, las interpretaciones y las lecciones sobre sus posibles consecuencias permitieron un mayor entendimiento entre los dos países vecinos. En segundo lugar, también se analizarán las afinidades ideológicas entre el New Deal y el cardenismo en el contexto de la crisis mundial económica y política de los años treinta, con el fin de entender su papel lubricante en las relaciones bilaterales de la época. Somewhat paradoxically, at the end of the 1930s, the relationship between Mexico and the United States experienced one of its tensest moments, after which it dramatically improved, reaching its zenith in the political and military alliance cemented during World War II. The catalyst for this tension and subsequent reconciliation was, without doubt, the diplomatic conflict that arose after the oil nationalization of 1938. Of the various factors that led to a peaceful negotiated solution to the oil conflict, this article focuses on analyzing two phenomena. Firstly—in order of importance—this article examines the role that the Spanish Civil War played. Although the positions of both governments in relation to the Spanish war were significantly different, the interpretations and lessons concerning potential consequences enabled a greater understanding between the two neighboring countries. Secondly, this article also analyzes the ideological affinities between the New Deal and Cardenismo in the context of the global economic and political crisis of the thirties, seeking to understand their role in facilitating bilateral relations during that period.

COMMUNICATION OF LEADERSHIP AND TEAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
S. V. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Team Building ◽  
Team Leadership ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
The Relationship

This article is devoted to the study of the relationship, mutual influence of team building and team leadership established by the author of the article, the competencies of leaders in the field of team building, leadership styles, including with regard to the process of forming and maintaining teams, are established that the process of creating an effective team is an integral part of the leader’s daily activities.

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