Are Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Verbal Fluency and Episodic Memory Solely Moderated by Sleep?

Abstract Decreases in sleep duration and cognitive functioning often occur and co-occur in aging although these patterns are not universal. Underlying etiologies, i.e., genetic and environmental factors, contribute to why people differ on cognitive functioning at shorter versus longer sleep durations. The current study tested whether sleep duration alters the genetic and environmental contributions to why middle-aged and older adults vary on cognitive functioning. Using 4 twin studies from the Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium (Mage=56.5, range=35.0-91.2, N=5,210, 1,083 complete MZ pairs, 1,522 complete DZ pairs) we tested quantitative genetic twin models considering sleep, depressive symptoms, and age as moderators of verbal fluency (i.e., Animal Naming) and episodic memory (i.e., Word List). For verbal fluency, sleep duration and depressive symptoms were significant when dropped together from the model (χ2(6)=15.22, p=0.02) but not individually (χ2sleep(3)=7.17, p=0.07; χ2dep(3)=5.81, p=0.12), indicating that both moderators may affect differences in verbal fluency performance. For episodic memory, sleep duration moderation was only significant via the shared environmental factor (χ2(1)=5.26, p=0.02), indicating that sleep may affect differences in episodic memory performance via environmental influences that make siblings more similar to one another. Overall, results illustrate patterns of higher genetic influences on cognitive function at short sleep (4 hours) and higher shared environmental influences on cognitive function at long sleep (10 hours). These findings may align with associations of upregulation of neuroinflammatory processes at short sleep and common reporting of mental fatigue at long sleep, both of which are associated with poorer cognitive functioning.

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Bidirectional Associations between Short or Long Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

10.1101/2021.01.23.21250015 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jianian Hua ◽

Hongpeng Sun ◽

Qi Fang

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Bidirectional Association ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Global Cognition ◽

Bidirectional Associations ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

AbstractIMPORTANCEThe bidirectional association between sleep duration and cognitive function has not been conclusively demonstrated.OBJECTIVETo investigate the longitudinal association between sleep duration and cognitive function among middle-aged and elderly Chinese participants.Design, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA national representative and prospective longitudinal study in China. 7984 participants aged 45 years and above were assessed at baseline between June 2011 and March 2012 (wave 1) and 2013 (wave 2), 2015 (wave 3) and 2018 (wave4).MAIN OUCOMES AND MEASURESSelf-reported nighttime sleep duration was evaluated by interview. Cognitive function was evaluated via assessments of global cognition, which reflected the ability of episodic memory, visuospatial construction, calculation, orientation and attention.ResultsRegarding the 7984 participants in wave 4, the mean (SD) age was 64.7 (8.4), 3862 (48.4) were male, and 6453 (80.7) lived in rural area. There were 14981, 11768 (78.6%), 10192 (68.0%), 7984 (53.3%) participants in the four waves of the study, respectively. Latent growth models showed both sleep duration and global cognition worsen over time. Cross-lagged models indicated that long or short sleep duration in the previous wave was associated lower global cognition in the next wave (standardized β=-0.066; 95%CI: −0.073, −0.059; P<0.001; Wave 1 to 2), and lower global cognition in the previous wave was associated with long or short sleep duration in the next wave (standardized β=-0.106; 95%CI: −0.116, −0.096; P<0.001; Wave 1 to 2). Global cognition was probably the major driver in this reciprocal associations.CONCLUSIONS AND REVELANCEThere were bidirectional associations between long or short sleep duration and cognitive function. Lower cognitive function had a stronger association with worse cognitive function than the reverse. A moderate sleep duration is always recommended. Moreover, attention should be paid on the declined cognition and cognitive therapy among older adults with short or long sleep duration.

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Abstract MP073: Sleep Patterns and Depression in a Diverse Sample of Women from the AHA Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network (SFRN)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.135.suppl_1.mp073 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Brooke Aggarwal ◽

Ming Liao

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Minority Women ◽

Poor Sleep ◽

Sleep Patterns ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Race Ethnicity

Background: Depression has been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through biological mechanisms and altered lifestyle behaviors, possibly including short and/or long sleep duration. However the relation between specific sleep components and depressive symptoms, and interaction by race/ethnicity has not been fully defined. The purpose of this study was to determine if sleep patterns including short sleep duration, poor sleep quality, and insomnia were associated with depressive symptoms in a free-living ethnically diverse population of adult women, and if they varied by racial/ethnic status. Methods: English or Spanish speaking females between the ages of 20-79 y, participating in an observational cohort study as part of the American Heart Association Go Red for Women SFRN, were included (n=50, 56% (28 of 50) non-white, mean age = 41 ±18y). Sleep patterns were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a validated instrument used to measure the quality and duration of sleep in adults. Presence of insomnia was measured using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate cross-sectional associations between sleep patterns and depression overall, and by race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, nearly one-fifth of participants had depressive symptoms (BDI II score ≤13), 18% (9 of 50) had short sleep duration (<6 hours per night), 38% (19 of 50) had poor quality sleep (PSQI score ≥5), and 40% (20 of 50) had some level of insomnia (ISI score ≥8). Mean BDI-II scores among women who slept <6 versus ≥6 hours were significantly greater (16 versus 5, p=.0003). Higher depression scores were associated with shorter sleep duration (p=.001), poorer sleep quality (p=.03), and higher insomnia severity (p<.0001) overall. There was no association between depression and long sleep (≥8 hours). When stratified by race/ethnicity, depression was significantly associated with poor sleep quality among minority women in multivariable models adjusted for demographic confounders (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.03-1.95), but not among non-Hispanic white women. Depression was also significantly associated with insomnia severity (p<.001), and sleep duration (p=.03) among minority women only, in multivariable adjusted models stratified by race/ethnicity. Conclusions: In this diverse sample of women, sleep problems were highly prevalent. Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and short sleep duration (but not long sleep) were associated with greater depressive symptoms among minority women but not whites. These preliminary data suggest that minority women with short sleep duration may be at heightened CVD risk from depression. Future research should determine if interventions designed to improve sleep result in decreased depressive symptoms and reduced CVD risk.

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Factors associated with habitual sleep duration in US adults with hypertension: a cross-sectional study of the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-12465-2 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Everlyne G. Ogugu ◽

Sheryl L. Catz ◽

Janice F. Bell ◽

Christiana Drake ◽

Julie T. Bidwell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Female Gender ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Race Ethnicity

Abstract Background The relationship between inadequate sleep duration and hypertension risk has been established in the general population, but there is a gap in the literature on predictors of habitual sleep duration in adults with hypertension. This study examined factors associated with habitual sleep duration among adults with hypertension in the United States (US). Methods Data of 5660 adults with hypertension were obtained by combining the 2015–2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Survey weighted multinomial logistic regression models were fit to examine factors associated with short (< 7 h) and long (> 9 h) sleep duration with adequate sleep duration (7–9 h) as the reference. Results The prevalence of self-reported adequate sleep duration was 65.7%, while short sleep duration was 23.6%, and long sleep duration 10.7%. Short sleep duration (compared to adequate sleep duration) was positively associated with history of seeking help for sleeping difficulties (relative risk ratio [RRR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.53), Non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (RRR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.61–2.67), working ≥45 h/week (RRR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.32–2.48), and negatively associated with older age ≥ 65 years (RRR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45–0.91) and female gender (RRR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56–0.88). Long sleep duration was positively associated with female gender (RRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.001–1.54), chronic kidney disease (RRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14–1.92), moderate depressive symptoms (RRR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08–2.44), moderately severe to severe depressive symptoms (RRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.05–3.43), being in retirement (RRR, 3.46; 95% CI, 2.18–5.49), and not working due to health reasons (RRR, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.89–8.22) or other reasons (RRR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.84–5.88). Conclusion This population-based study identified factors independently associated with habitual sleep duration in adults with hypertension. These included help-seeking for sleeping difficulty, gender, age, chronic kidney disease, depressive symptoms, race/ethnicity, and employment status. These findings can help in the development of tailored approaches for promoting adequate sleep duration in adults with hypertension.

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Factors Associated With Habitual Sleep Duration in US Adults with Hypertension: A Cross-sectional Study of the 2015-2018 National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-646209/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Everlyne G. Ogugu ◽

Sheryl L. Catz ◽

Janice F. Bell ◽

Christiana Drake ◽

Julie T. Bidwell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Female Gender ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Race Ethnicity

Abstract Background: The relationship between inadequate sleep duration and hypertension risk has been established in the general population, but there is a gap in the literature on predictors of habitual sleep duration in adults with hypertension. This study examined factors associated with habitual sleep duration among adults with hypertension in the United States (US).Methods: Data of 5,660 adults with hypertension were obtained by combining the 2015 – 2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Survey weighted multinomial logistic regression models were fit to examine factors associated with short (<7 hours) and long (>9 hours) sleep duration with adequate sleep duration (7 – 9 hours) as the reference. Results: The prevalence of self-reported adequate sleep duration was 65.7%, while short sleep duration was 23.6%, and long sleep duration 10.7%. Short sleep duration (compared to adequate sleep duration) was positively associated with history of seeking help for sleeping difficulties (relative risk ratio [RRR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 – 1.53), Non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (RRR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.61 – 2.67), working ≥45 hours/week (RRR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.32 – 2.48), and negatively associated with older age ≥ 65 years (RRR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 – 0.91) and female gender (RRR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56 – 0.88). Long sleep duration was positively associated with female gender (RRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.001 – 1.54), chronic kidney disease (RRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14-1.92), moderate depressive symptoms (RRR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08 – 2.44), moderately severe to severe depressive symptoms (RRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.05 – 3.43), being in retirement (RRR, 3.46; 95% CI, 2.18 – 5.49), and not working due to health reasons (RRR, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.89 – 8.22) or other reasons (RRR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.84 – 5.88).Conclusion: This population-based study identified factors independently associated with habitual sleep duration in adults with hypertension. These included help-seeking for sleeping difficulty, gender, age, chronic kidney disease, depressive symptoms, race/ethnicity, and employment status. These findings can help in the development of tailored approaches for promoting adequate sleep duration in adults with hypertension.

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Causal associations of short and long sleep durations with 12 cardiovascular diseases: linear and nonlinear Mendelian randomization analyses in UK Biobank

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/ehab170 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sizhi Ai ◽

Jihui Zhang ◽

Guoan Zhao ◽

Ningjian Wang ◽

Guohua Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Causal Risk Factor ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Artery Disease

Abstract Aims Observational studies have suggested strong associations between sleep duration and many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but causal inferences have not been confirmed. We aimed to determine the causal associations between genetically predicted sleep duration and 12 CVDs using both linear and nonlinear Mendelian randomization (MR) designs. Methods and results Genetic variants associated with continuous, short (≤6 h) and long (≥9 h) sleep durations were used to examine the causal associations with 12 CVDs among 404 044 UK Biobank participants of White British ancestry. Linear MR analyses showed that genetically predicted sleep duration was negatively associated with arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, and chronic ischaemic heart disease after correcting for multiple tests (P < 0.001). Nonlinear MR analyses demonstrated nonlinearity (L-shaped associations) between genetically predicted sleep duration and four CVDs, including arterial hypertension, chronic ischaemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Complementary analyses provided confirmative evidence of the adverse effects of genetically predicted short sleep duration on the risks of 5 out of the 12 CVDs, including arterial hypertension, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and chronic ischaemic heart disease (P < 0.001), and suggestive evidence for atrial fibrillation (P < 0.05). However, genetically predicted long sleep duration was not associated with any CVD. Conclusion This study suggests that genetically predicted short sleep duration is a potential causal risk factor of several CVDs, while genetically predicted long sleep duration is unlikely to be a causal risk factor for most CVDs.

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Sleep duration and napping in relation to colorectal and gastric cancer in the MCC-Spain study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91275-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kyriaki Papantoniou ◽

Gemma Castaño-Vinyals ◽

Ana Espinosa ◽

Michelle C. Turner ◽

Vicente Martín-Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Night Shift ◽

Work History ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽

Population Controls ◽

Control Study

AbstractSleep duration is a novel and potentially modifiable risk factor for cancer. We evaluated the association of self-reported sleep duration and daytime napping with odds of colorectal and gastric cancer. We included 2008 incident colorectal cancer cases, 542 gastric cancer cases and 3622 frequency-matched population controls, recruited in the MCC-Spain case–control study (2008–2013). Sleep information, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained through personal interviews. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancer, across categories of sleep duration (≤ 5, 6, 7, 8, ≥ 9 hours/day), daytime napping frequency (naps/week) and duration (minutes/nap). Compared to 7 hours of sleep, long sleep was associated with increased odds of colorectal (OR≥9 hours: 1.59; 95%CI 1.30–1.94) and gastric cancer (OR≥9 hours: 1.95; 1.37–2.76); short sleep was associated with increased odds of gastric cancer (OR≤5 hours: 1.32; 0.93–1.88). Frequent and long daytime naps increased the odds of colorectal (OR6–7 naps/week, ≥30 min: 1.32; 1.14–1.54) and gastric cancer (OR6–7 naps/week, ≥30 min: 1.56; 1.21–2.02). Effects of short sleep and frequent long naps were stronger among participants with night shift-work history. Sleep and circadian disruption may jointly play a role in the etiology of colorectal and gastric cancer.

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The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Functioning in Older Hispanic/Latino Adults Enrolled in an Exercise Intervention: Results From the “¡Caminemos!” Study

Journal of Aging and Health ◽

10.1177/0898264317696776 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 843-862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosalba Hernandez ◽

Elaine Cheung ◽

Minli Liao ◽

Seth W. Boughton ◽

Lisett G. Tito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Chronic Conditions ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Longitudinal Analyses ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Intervention Method

Objective: We examined the association between depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning in older Hispanics/Latinos enrolled in an exercise intervention. Method: We analyzed baseline, 1-year, and 2-year in-person interview data collected from Hispanics/Latinos aged ≥60 years participating in an exercise intervention across 27 senior centers ( N = 572). Results: Mean age was 73.13 years; 77% female. At baseline, older adults screening positive for depression were 1.58 times more likely to experience cognitive impairment ( p = .04); controlling for demographics and comorbid chronic conditions. Compared to peers with little to no depressive symptoms, lower cognitive functioning scores were evident at each follow-up assessment point where elevated depressive symptoms were present, but baseline depression was not associated with cognitive function in longitudinal analyses. Discussion: In older Hispanics/Latinos enrolled in an exercise intervention, though baseline depression did not predict cognitive function over time, elevated symptoms of depression were associated with greater cognitive impairment at every point in this study.

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Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality Are Associated with Physical Activity in Elderly People Living in Nursing Homes

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15112512 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2512 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lovro Štefan ◽

Goran Vrgoč ◽

Tomislav Rupčić ◽

Goran Sporiš ◽

Damir Sekulić

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Nursing Homes ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Elderly Individuals ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Good Sleep

The main purpose of the study was to explore the associations of sleep duration and sleep quality with physical activity (PA). In this cross-sectional study, participants were 894 elderly individuals (mean age 80 ± 3 years; 56.0% women) living in nursing homes. PA, sleep duration, and sleep quality (based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)) were self-reported. The associations of sleep duration and sleep quality with PA at the nursing home level were analyzed using generalized estimating equations with clustering. Participants reporting short sleep duration (<6 h; OR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.25–0.80) were less likely to report sufficient PA, yet those reporting long sleep duration (>9 h; OR = 2.61; 95% CI 1.35–5.02) and good sleep quality (<5 points; OR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.19–2.12) were more likely to report sufficient PA. When sleep duration and sleep quality were entered into the same model, the same associations remained. This study shows that elderly individuals who report short sleep duration are less likely to meet PA guidelines, while those who report long sleep duration and good sleep quality are more likely to meet PA guidelines. Strategies aiming to improve sleep duration and sleep quality are warranted.

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Abstract P108: Habitual Short Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Risk Factors: Data from NHANES

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p108 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael A Grandner ◽

Subhajit Chakravorty ◽

Michael Perlis ◽

Linden Oliver ◽

Indira Gurubhagavatula

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Home Ownership ◽

Elevated Risk ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Race Ethnicity

Background: Self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes in laboratory and epidemiologic studies, but interpretation of such data has been limited by methodological issues. Methods: We analyzed adult 2007-2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (N=5,649). Average self-reported nightly sleep duration was reported and categorized as either very short (<5h), short (5-6h), normal (7-8h), or long (≥9h). Self-reported as well as objective evidence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were recorded. Univariate comparisons were conducted across sleep duration categories for all variables. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed using cardiometabolic factor as the outcome variable, and sleep duration category as the predictor variable, before and after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, acculturation, education, access to insurance, food security, home ownership, smoking, and caffeine use. Results: See table. In adjusted analyses, very short sleep was associated with self-reported hypertension, self-reported hyperlipidemia, objective hyperlipidemia, self-reported diabetes, and objective obesity. Regarding short sleep (5-6hrs), in adjusted analyses, elevated risk was seen for self-reported hypertension self-reported obesity and objective obesity. Regarding long sleep (≥9hrs), no elevated risk was found for any outcomes. Conclusions: Very short and short sleep duration are associated with self-reported and objectively-determined adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, even after adjustment for covariates. Table 1. Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) of Associations between Sleep Duration and Cardiometabolic Disease Outcomes *Adjusted analyses include age, sex, race/ethnicity, acculturation, education, insurance, home ownership, food security, smoking, and caffeine

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Factors associated with sleep duration across life stages: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey

Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.38.11.02 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (11) ◽

pp. 404-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vicky C. Chang ◽

Jean-Philippe Chaput ◽

Karen C. Roberts ◽

Gayatri Jayaraman ◽

Minh T. Do

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Life Stages ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Health Measures ◽

Wide Range ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Canadian Health ◽

Canadian Health Measures Survey

Introduction Sleep is essential for both physical and mental well-being. This study investigated sociodemographic, lifestyle/behavioural, environmental, psychosocial and health factors associated with sleep duration among Canadians at different life stages. Methods We analyzed nationally representative data from 12 174 Canadians aged 3–79 years in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2009–2013). Respondents were grouped into five life stages by age in years: preschoolers (3–4), children (5–13), youth (14–17), adults (18–64) and older adults (65–79). Sleep duration was classified into three categories (recommended, short and long) according to established guidelines. Logistic regression models were used to identify life stage–specific correlates of short and long sleep. Results The proportion of Canadians getting the recommended amount of sleep decreased with age, from 81% of preschoolers to 53% of older adults. Statistically significant factors associated with short sleep included being non-White and having low household income among preschoolers; being non-White and living in a lone-parent household among children; and second-hand smoke exposure among youth. Boys with a learning disability or an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sedentary male youth had significantly higher odds of short sleep. Among adults and older adults, both chronic stress and arthritis were associated with short sleep. Conversely, mood disorder and poor/fair self-perceived general health in adults and weak sense of community belonging in adults and older men were associated with long sleep. Conclusion Our population-based study identified a wide range of factors associated with short and long sleep at different life stages. This may have implications for interventions aimed at promoting healthy sleep duration.

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