Metabolic responses of rice source and sink organs during recovery from combined drought and heat stress in the field

Abstract Background Drought and heat stress effects on rice have been extensively studied, in particular during the sensitive flowering and grain-filling stages. However, in the field these stresses usually occur together because reduced transpirational cooling under drought conditions results in increased plant tissue temperature. In addition, environmental stresses are usually transient and the ability to efficiently recover from stress may be at least as important for overall stress tolerance as the direct stress response itself. Nevertheless, nothing is known about recovery mechanisms after drought and heat stress in rice under field conditions. Results We have used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–based metabolomics to elucidate the metabolic responses of flag leaves, flowering spikelets, and developing seeds from 3 rice cultivars differing in their drought and heat tolerance to rewatering after stress in the field. Within 60 hours after rewatering, many stress-responsive metabolites returned to their control levels, although recovery was not complete. In addition, control plants showed developmental differences that were revealed by metabolite profiles during 60 hours of post-stress sampling, in particular in developing seeds. Correlation analysis identified several metabolites as marker candidates for the stability of grain yield or quality under conditions of combined drought and heat stress. Conclusions The rewatering responses of stressed plants seemed to be a combination of the reversal of stress effects and reinitiation of development after stress relief. The identified potential markers can be useful in efforts to breed stress-tolerant rice germplasm to ensure food availability under changing climate conditions.

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Metabolic responses of rice cultivars with different tolerance to combined drought and heat stress under field conditions

GigaScience ◽

10.1093/gigascience/giz050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lovely Mae F Lawas ◽

Xia Li ◽

Alexander Erban ◽

Joachim Kopka ◽

S V Krishna Jagadish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Metabolic Responses ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Drought And Heat Stress

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Heat stress effects on source–sink relationships and metabolome dynamics in wheat

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/erz296 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 543-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mostafa Abdelrahman ◽

David J Burritt ◽

Aarti Gupta ◽

Hisashi Tsujimoto ◽

Lam-Son Phan Tran

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

High Yields ◽

Source Sink

Abstract Crops such as wheat (Triticum spp.) are predicted to face more frequent exposures to heat stress as a result of climate change. Increasing the yield and sustainability of yield under such stressful conditions has long been a major target of wheat breeding, and this goal is becoming increasingly urgent as the global population increases. Exposure of wheat plants in their reproductive or grain-filling stage to high temperature affects the duration and rate of grain filling, and hence has a negative impact on wheat productivity. Therefore, understanding the plasticity of the response to heat stress that exists between wheat genotypes, especially in source–sink relationships at the reproductive and grain-filling stages, is critical for the selection of germplasm that can maintain high yields under heat stress. A broad understanding of metabolic dynamics and the relationships between metabolism and heat tolerance is required in order to achieve this goal. Here, we review the current literature concerning the effects of heat stress on sink–source relationships in a wide range of wheat genotypes, and highlight the current metabolomic approaches that are used to investigate high temperature responses in wheat.

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Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp13340 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (11) ◽

pp. 1148 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Rashmi Awasthi ◽

Neeru Kaushal ◽

Vincent Vadez ◽

Neil C. Turner ◽

Jens Berger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Leaf Water Content ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Combined Stress ◽

Cross Tolerance ◽

Seed Filling ◽

Drought And Heat Stress

High temperatures and decreased rainfall are detrimental to yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), particularly during grain filling. This study aimed to (i) assess the individual and combined effects of drought and heat stress on biochemical seed-filling processes, (ii) determine genotypic differences in heat and drought tolerance, and (iii) determine any cross-tolerance. Plants were grown outdoors in the normal growing season when temperatures during seed filling were <32−20°C or were planted late (temperatures >32−20°C; heat stress). Half of the pots were kept adequately watered throughout, but water was withheld from the others from the initiation of seed filling until the relative leaf water content reached 50% of the irrigated plants (drought stress); all plants were rewatered thereafter until seed maturit. Water was withheld for 13 days (normal sowing) and 7 days (late sowing), so soil moisture decreased by 54–57%. Tests on leaves and seeds were performed after the stress. Individual and combined stress damaged membranes, and decreased cellular oxidising ability, stomatal conductance, PSII function and leaf chlorophyll content; damage was greater under combined stress. Leaf Rubisco activity increased with heat stress, decreased with drought stress and decreased severely with combined stress. Sucrose and starch concentrations decreased in all seeds through reductions in biosynthetic enzymes; reductions were greater under combined stress. These effects were more severe in heat- and drought-sensitive genotypes compared with drought-tolerant genotypes. Drought stress had a greater effect than heat stress on yield and the biochemical seed-filling mechanisms. Drought- and heat-tolerant genotypes showed partial cross-tolerance.

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The subsequent impacts of independent and combined drought and heat stress around flowering on maize grain filling: Field and laboratory investigation

10.22541/au.158981505.51888216 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiwei Liu ◽

Guanying Chen ◽

Shoubing Huang ◽

Chenchen Xu ◽

Yonghong Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Laboratory Investigation ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Drought And Heat Stress

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Combined drought and heat stress impact during flowering and grain filling in contrasting rice cultivars grown under field conditions

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2018.09.009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 229 ◽

pp. 66-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Lovely Mae F. Lawas ◽

Wanju Shi ◽

Mayumi Yoshimoto ◽

Toshihiro Hasegawa ◽

Dirk K. Hincha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Drought And Heat Stress

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Does susceptibility to heat stress confound screening for drought tolerance in rice?

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp10224 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 261 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Krishna S. V. Jagadish ◽

Jill E. Cairns ◽

Arvind Kumar ◽

Impa M. Somayanda ◽

Peter Q. Craufurd

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Tissue Temperature ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Hot Season ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Drought And Heat Stress ◽

Drought Screening ◽

Mapping Populations

Drought affected rice areas are predicted to double by the end of this century, demanding greater tolerance in widely adapted mega-varieties. Progress on incorporating better drought tolerance has been slow due to lack of appropriate phenotyping protocols. Furthermore, existing protocols do not consider the effect of drought and heat interactions, especially during the critical flowering stage, which could lead to false conclusion about drought tolerance. Screening germplasm and mapping-populations to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL)/candidate genes for drought tolerance is usually conducted in hot dry seasons where water supply can be controlled. Hence, results from dry season drought screening in the field could be confounded by heat stress, either directly on heat sensitive processes such as pollination or indirectly by raising tissue temperature through reducing transpirational cooling under water deficit conditions. Drought-tolerant entries or drought-responsive candidate genes/QTL identified from germplasm highly susceptible to heat stress during anthesis/flowering have to be interpreted with caution. During drought screening, germplasm tolerant to water stress but highly susceptible to heat stress has to be excluded during dry and hot season screening. Responses to drought and heat stress in rice are compared and results from field and controlled environment experiments studying drought and heat tolerance and their interaction are discussed.

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Stay-Green Trait: A Prospective Approach for Yield Potential, and Drought and Heat Stress Adaptation in Globally Important Cereals

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20235837 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (23) ◽

pp. 5837 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kamal ◽

Alnor Gorafi ◽

Abdelrahman ◽

Abdellatef ◽

Tsujimoto

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Physiological Mechanisms ◽

Stay Green ◽

Future Directions ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Drought And Heat Stress

The yield losses in cereal crops because of abiotic stress and the expected huge losses from climate change indicate our urgent need for useful traits to achieve food security. The stay-green (SG) is a secondary trait that enables crop plants to maintain their green leaves and photosynthesis capacity for a longer time after anthesis, especially under drought and heat stress conditions. Thus, SG plants have longer grain-filling period and subsequently higher yield than non-SG. SG trait was recognized as a superior characteristic for commercially bred cereal selection to overcome the current yield stagnation in alliance with yield adaptability and stability. Breeding for functional SG has contributed in improving crop yields, particularly when it is combined with other useful traits. Thus, elucidating the molecular and physiological mechanisms associated with SG trait is maybe the key to defeating the stagnation in productivity associated with adaptation to environmental stress. This review discusses the recent advances in SG as a crucial trait for genetic improvement of the five major cereal crops, sorghum, wheat, rice, maize, and barley with particular emphasis on the physiological consequences of SG trait. Finally, we provided perspectives on future directions for SG research that addresses present and future global challenges.

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Citrus rootstocks modify scion antioxidant system under drought and heat stress combination

Plant Cell Reports ◽

10.1007/s00299-021-02744-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Damián Balfagón ◽

Fátima Terán ◽

Tadeu dos Reis de Oliveira ◽

Claudete Santa-Catarina ◽

Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Antioxidant System ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Drought Risk ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Crop Performance ◽

Drought And Heat Stress

Abstract Key message The activation of the antioxidant system under stress combination is a transmissible trait from the rootstock to the scion. Therefore, rootstock selection is key to improve crop performance and a sustainable production under changing climate conditions. Abstract Climate change is altering weather conditions such as mean temperatures and precipitation patterns. Rising temperatures, especially in certain regions, accelerates soil water depletion and increases drought risk, which affects agriculture yield. Previously, our research demonstrated that the citrus rootstock Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) is more tolerant than Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni) to drought and heat stress combination, in part, due to a higher activation of the antioxidant system that alleviated damage produced by oxidative stress. Here, by using reciprocal grafts of both genotypes, we studied the importance of the rootstock on scion performance and antioxidant response under this stress combination. Carrizo rootstock, under stress combination, positively influenced Cleopatra scion by reducing H2O2 accumulation, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymatic activities and inducing SOD1, APX2 and catalase (CAT) protein accumulations. On the contrary, Cleopatra rootstock induced decreases in APX2 expression, CAT activity and SOD1, APX2 and CAT contents on Carrizo scion. Taken together, our findings indicate that the activation of the antioxidant system under stress combination is a transmissible trait from the rootstock to the scion and highlight the importance of the rootstock selection to improve crop performance and maintain citrus yield under the current scenario of climate change.

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