School policies and smoking intention in a Swiss sample of adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014
Author(s):  
Francesca Scalici ◽  
Peter J Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
School Policy ◽  
Tobacco Policy ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Intention To Smoke ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Mediation Models

Abstract The majority of today’s adult smokers took up the habit during adolescence. The school community and the rules it imposes are important factors that can influence adolescents’ smoking intention and behaviour. Research on the effect of school tobacco policies on adolescents’ smoking concludes with mixed results. Our study aims to look at the influence of these policies on the intention to smoke and to know if this relation is mediated by individual and environmental factors. The study includes information on social norms, attitude towards smoking and smoking intention from 4515 students of 32 Ticino middle schools and on the tobacco policy implemented in this school. Linear regression indicates a marginal impact of school policy on intention to smoke. Schools that strongly enforce tobacco policy obtain an increase in their students’ intention to smoke, while schools that implement assistance programmes to overcome tobacco use decrease intention to smoke. Mediation models show that the influence of some of tobacco policy dimensions on the intention to smoke is mediated by personal attitudes towards smoking, beliefs about health consequences of smoking and perceived peers smoking. Increasing visibility of tobacco policies and having tobacco prevention programmes have stronger positive effects on smoking intention than other policy dimensions, but only through the mediation of individual and environmental factors.

Anti-Tobacco Education in Vacation Bible School in Mississippi: The Morality of Tobacco Prevention

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-368
Author(s):  
Bonita Reinert ◽  
Vivien Carver ◽  
Lillian M. Range
Keyword(s):  
African American Youth ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Summer Vacation ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tobacco Education ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Bible School ◽  
Vacation Bible School

Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the morality of tobacco use of 355 mostly African-American youth in Mississippi, were measured before and after tobacco prevention lessons in summer vacation Bible school. Knowledge and behavioral intentions were strong initially and did not change. Two attitudes improved: youth favored anti-tobacco policy and activism even more after the lessons compared to before. One attitude deteriorated: youth favored banning young people from tobacco less strongly after the lessons compared to before. Educational implications for introducing tobacco prevention, which may seem to be a secular topic, into a religious setting such as summertime Bible school, include covering important topics such as the perniciousness of tobacco companies, the negative influence of tobacco advertisements, the benefits of anti-tobacco policies, and ways to increase young people's personal comfort with anti-tobacco activism.

Protest of tobacco-free policies on college campuses: a historical analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Seitz ◽  
Robert W. Strack
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Tobacco Policy ◽  
Campus Community ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Campus Administrators ◽  
Smoking Policies ◽  
The Usa

Purpose – Although the threat of protest may be a barrier toward implementing a tobacco policy on college campuses in the USA, the prevalence and severity of such opposition has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this paper was to determine how often campus communities protest against smoke-free policies and rate the disruptiveness of the protests. Design/methodology/approach – Researchers located and analyzed news reports regarding 21 protests over newly implemented or proposed policies on college campuses in the USA. Findings – Protests over college campus smoking policies are typically non-disruptive and consist of a small group of students who publicly smoke tobacco products and attempt to gain support of fellow students. Practical implications – Those advocating for campus tobacco policies should be aware that the campus community may protest, but that a heightened concern of a protest's effect on the campus community may be unfounded. Originality/value – To authors’ knowledge, research studies regarding opposition to anti-tobacco policies cannot be found in the literature. This paper may be used as a practical resource by advocates to educate campus administrators about the low turnout and lack of severity of any possible protest to a new campus tobacco policy.

scholarly journals Are Danish vocational schools ready to implement ‘smoke-free school hours’? A qualitative study informed by the theory of organizational readiness for change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke Vang Hjort ◽  
Michael Schreuders ◽  
Kathrine Højlund Rasmussen ◽  
Charlotte Demant Klinker
Keyword(s):  
Readiness For Change ◽  
Organizational Readiness ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Tobacco Policy ◽  
Vocational Schools ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Free School ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Organizational Readiness For Change

Abstract Background Vocational education and training is a lower level of education and the smoking prevalence among Danish vocational students is high. The school tobacco policy regarding smoke-free school hours stipulates that students and staff are not allowed to smoke during school hours—inside or outside school premises—and it might be an effective intervention for reducing smoking in vocational schools. For school tobacco policies to be effective, they must be appropriately implemented. A primary predictor for successful implementation is organizational readiness for change. This study seeks to identify and understand the barriers to and facilitators for developing organizational readiness to implement smoke-free school hours in Danish vocational schools. Methods Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out with managers and teachers (n = 22 participants) from six vocational schools. The interview guides were informed by ‘A theory of organizational readiness for change’ developed by Weiner, which was also used as a framework to analyze the data. Results We identified 13 facilitators and barriers. Nine factors acted as facilitators, including the following: believing that health promotion is a school role and duty; believing that society and workplaces are becoming more smoke-free, and believing that smoke-free school hours is a beneficial strategy to achieve fewer educational interruptions. Additional facilitators include establishing clear rules for sanctioning and enforcement; developing a joint understanding about smoke-free school hours; developing skills to deal with student responses to smoke-free school hours; establishing social alternatives to smoking; offering smoking cessation help and mandating smoke-free school hours by law. Four organizational norms, practices or discourses acted as barriers: Believing that smoke-free school hours violate personal freedom; believing that students have more important problems than smoking; believing that it is difficult to administer the level of enforcement; and believing that the enforcement of smoke-free school hours negatively influences student-teacher relations. Discussion Our results suggest that developing organizational readiness before adopting a comprehensive tobacco policy such as smoke-free school hours is important for successful implementation. Further research should investigate how to strengthen the facilitators for and counter the barriers to developing readiness for implementing smoke-free school hours.

scholarly journals Comparing and contrasting responses to tobacco control and obesity policies: a qualitative study

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Juszczyk ◽  
Fiona Gillison
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tobacco Policy ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Cost Of Energy

AbstractObjectiveTo explore people’s perceptions of, and responses to, obesity and tobacco policies with a particular focus on motivation; and to compare and contrast responses to explore the potential for translating learning across domains.DesignA theoretically informed comparative qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with two groups of participants (smokers and ex-smokers; those who have previously or are currently attempting to lose weight). Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis and interpreted through the lens of Self-Determination Theory.SettingCommunity-based.ParticipantsInterviews were conducted with five smokers and four ex-smokers around tobacco policy, and seventeen people acting to control their weight around obesity policy.ResultsThree primary themes were identified. (i) Participants believed social norms to be crucial to supporting health behaviour change and responses to policy; not smoking was perceived as socially normal, whereas being physically active and eating healthily were perceived to go against social norms. (ii) Policies influencing the physical environment were perceived to support stopping smoking (e.g. smoke-free laws, advertising bans), but to undermine attempts to lose or control weight (e.g. high visibility, availability and low cost of energy-dense foods). (iii) While policies for both domains were considered necessary and legitimate, both groups found policy interventions neither motivating nor undermining of their sense of autonomy.ConclusionsThe results suggest those trying to lose weight respond similarly to obesity-related policy as smokers do to tobacco policy. Environmental interventions are perceived to be more helpful than appealing to people’s motivation to change for their own sake.

scholarly journals Impacts of Environmental Factors on Waste, Energy, and Resource Management and Sustainable Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmi Ali ◽  
Suhaiza Zailani ◽  
Mohammad Iranmanesh ◽  
Behzad Foroughi
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Regulatory Pressure ◽  
Sustainable Performance ◽  
Waste Energy ◽  
Positive Effect

The management of waste, energy, and resources has received special attention from academics and practitioners due to the growing evidence for its effects on the environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental drivers of waste, energy, and resource management and, in turn, its effect on the sustainable performance of manufacturing firms. The data were collected from a survey of 173 large manufacturing firms in Malaysia and analysed using partial least squares. The results indicate that although environmental regulatory pressure, customer pressure, environmental uncertainty, and expected business benefits have positive effects on the extent of waste, energy, and resource management, social responsibility has no effect. Furthermore, waste, energy, and resource management has a positive effect on the sustainable performance of large manufacturing firms. The findings of this study extend the knowledge of the drivers and outcomes of waste, energy, and resource management. The results can help policymakers to adjust policies and strategies in a way to inspire managers to implement waste, energy, and resource management.

The Role of Shame in the Relation Between Peer Victimization and Mental Health Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Irwin ◽  
Joyce Li ◽  
Wendy Craig ◽  
Tom Hollenstein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Shame Proneness ◽  
Bodily Shame ◽  
Mediation Models

Youth who experience peer victimization are at risk of developing mental health problems. However, little is known about the emotional causal mechanisms linking peer victimization with these negative outcomes. This study investigated whether shame mediated this relationship. At three time points (T1-T3), 396 10- to 13-year-olds completed measures of peer victimization, shame (characterological, bodily, and behavioral; shame proneness), and mental health (depression, social anxiety, and externalizing behavior). Three multiple mediation models tested the indirect effects of T1 victimization on T3 mental health through the four T2 shame-related variables. Analyses revealed indirect effects for the shame-related mediators on depression, social anxiety, and externalizing behaviors. Specifically, indirect positive effects for characterological and bodily shame on depression and social anxiety were found, with greater bodily shame linked to higher levels of social anxiety in girls but not boys. In addition, an indirect negative effect for behavioral shame on externalizing problems was found, with higher levels of externalizing problems in victimized boys but not in girls. Finally, an indirect positive effect for shame proneness and externalizing problems was found. To clarify the directionality, three additional mediation models were run with mental health symptoms as predictors of shame and subsequent victimization. Indirect effects for the shame-related mediators were found for all outcomes, specifically bodily shame and shame proneness as mediators between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and victimization. These three models were compared and contrasted with the hypothesized models. In sum, findings support the role of shame as an underlying emotional mechanism of peer victimization, and may guide intervention programs to address the mental health concerns of victimized youth.

scholarly journals Uruguayan secondary school students speak up about tobacco: results from focus group discussions in and around Montevideo

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Erin Peterson ◽  
Melissa Harrell ◽  
Andrew Springer ◽  
José Medina ◽  
Lucía Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Private School ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
School Students

This qualitative research study investigated intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors that shape young adolescent tobacco use behaviors in Uruguay. Focus groups were conducted in the summer of 2012 and fall of 2013 in four secondary schools in Montevideo, Uruguay, including two private schools and two public schools. A total of four focus groups were led in each school, composed of 4–6 students each, 16 focus groups in total. Data analysis utilized NVivo software and included deductive and inductive content analysis. Overwhelmingly, students reported that the onset of smoking occurred in the second year of secondary school. The primary intrapersonal factors that were found to be universal among respondents identified that smoking was a performance in groups, to garner attention from their peers. Students interviewed most often stated that the greatest interpersonal factors for smoking were to look older, as a rite of passage, and for group membership. Environmental factors cited most often indicate that they smoked during unsupervised time, either at night or around the short Uruguayan school day. Focus group interviews revealed that adolescents had easy access to cigarettes for purchase through small family owned grocery stores, even though laws exist preventing the sale of cigarettes to minors. Few differences were cited between strata related to cigarette use in adolescents. The differences that do exist are most apparent across gender, though there were a few observed differences when stratified by public and private school. Findings from this study indicate that key factors across ecological levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental) should be taken into consideration when designing tobacco prevention programs for youth in Uruguay. A multiple-component approach which addresses risk factors at all of these levels, implemented in schools, may be particularly well-suited to this setting.

On Determining the Optimal Relation between the Mental Tension and Human Motricity

2014 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
pp. 601-608
Author(s):  
Cecilia Liliana Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Good State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sport Activities ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Men's Development

Considering the major changes that continue to occur in today's society, the constant practice of physical education and sport activities represents a necessary condition to reduce/remove the negative mental tension. The habit to participate in motricity activity has to be developed and learned since early childhood and once reached maturity, the adult acknowledges the necessity of it, the usefulness and benefits of practicing this type of activities leads to a healthy lifestyle.The young people’s openness towards different forms of physical exercise, on medium and long term, has a decisive role in maintaining a good state of health, of promoting sets of values, behavioral, social and personal attitudes. The purposiveness of these actions determines young men’s development with direct positive effects concerning the way of displaying social-relational and professional demonstrations. The scope of this research becomes two-pronged: firstly, it aims to find out what are the young people’s views concerning the importance of performing physical education activities so that to minimize the mental tension states, all these with positive effects towards bio motion potential, linked with a high return of the academic activity and within the social relations. Secondly, the scope is to know if participating in such activities will generate the increase of the satisfaction level through relaxation and tension release.

scholarly journals Simbiotisko asociāciju ietekme uz pupu Vicia faba L. produktivitāti = Influence of symbiotic associations on yield formation of beans (Vicia faba L.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Laila Dubova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Symbiotic Microorganisms ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Yield Formation

Dubova L., 2020. Influence of symbiotic associations on yield formation of beans (Vicia faba L.) Latvia University of Life Scienes and Technologies: Jelgava. Legumes are widely grown crops, which symbiotically fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Following the decline in legume production at the turn of the century, sown areas in Latvia have expanded rapidly in recent years. EU directives, which set requirements for the diversification of arable crops, are an important contributor to the growing popularity of legumes. The intensification of legume cultivation is linked to changes in cultivation technologies and to the amount of varieties available to growers. The beneficial effects of legumes on various environmental processes are possible with the interaction with symbiotic microorganisms. With the growth of bean-cultivation areas in compliance with the requirements of European directives, as well as with the changing cultivation technologies and agro-climatic conditions, the need to intensify research on the interaction of beans and microorganisms is becoming more and more important. In Latvia, rhizobia have been studied for a long period of time. However, the research has been carried out with varying intensity. There is little research done on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems, but the interaction between rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi has not been studied at all in Latvia yet. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of symbiotic associations on the bean (Vicia faba L). The following tasks have been set: to evaluate the suitability of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains of the Rhizobia collection of the LLU Institute of Soil and Plant Science for efficient symbiosis of faba beans; to clarify the influence of environmental factors on the formation and efficiency of symbiotic associations, to assess whether it is appropriate to double seed inoculation with symbiotic microorganisms in order to increase the quality of a bean crop. The research has been carried out between 2014 – 2019. The trials were set up under controlled conditions in the vegetation pots and in field conditions. Rhizobia from the LLU Institute of Soil and Plant Science collection were used, mycorrhizal fungi preparation was obtained from the Czech company Symbiom® and contains three mycorrhizal fungal species - Glomus claroideum, G. intraradices and G. mosseae. The research was done within the framework of the European Union 7th Framework Program project EUROLEGUME (Enhancing legumes growing in Europe through sustainable cropping for protein supply for food and feed). It was concluded that bacterial strains of the LLU Rhizobia Collection has different activity and ability to form symbiosis with beans. Evaluating dehydrogenase activity and nodule formation it has been found that to reduce the inhibitory effect of environmental factors, it is useful to use rhizobia associations for inoculation. The use of rhizobia together with mycorrhizal fungi stimulated mycorrhizal intensity. It was found that supplemental mineral nitrogen fertilizers did not promote colonisation of mycorrhizal fungi in bean roots, the mean mycorrhization rate was lower than with double inoculation. Mycorrhizal fungi were presented in all soil types analyzed. There was a difference in mycorrhizal rate (F %) and arbuscular incidence (A %) in small seed and coarse seed bean. Positive effects on crop yield and quality can be observed in the double-inoculation variants. However, the positive effect varied from year to year. In most cases, only a positive trend occurred. The Ph.D. Thesis consists of 105 pages (apart from references). Thesis contains 8 tables and 54 figures.

scholarly journals The positive effects of caring for family carers of older adults: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-375
Author(s):  
Alex Pysklywec ◽  
Michelle Plante ◽  
Claudine Auger ◽  
William B. Mortenson ◽  
Jacquie Eales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Assistive Device ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dyadic Relationship ◽  
Positive Effects

The negative effects of caring are well documented; however, positive effects have received less attention. A scoping review of 22 studies published between 2000 and 2018 was conducted regarding the positive effects of family caring for older adults. Our analysis revealed that positive effects are embedded in relationships, summarised in three themes: in relationship with one’s self (the carer), for example, personal growth; in relationship with the care recipient, for example, a deepened dyadic relationship; and in relationship with others, for example, new care-related relationships. Seeing the positive effects of caring relationally may shape environmental factors, such as assistive device, social policy or health services development.

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