Collapse of the fishery for Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in Breidafjordur, West Iceland

Abstract Jonasson, J. P., Thorarinsdottir, G., Eiriksson, H., Solmundsson, J., and Marteinsdottir, G. 2007. Collapse of the fishery for Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in Breidafjordur, West Iceland. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 298–308. The stock index of the Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in Breidafjordur on the west coast of Iceland has declined drastically in recent years. Total fishing mortality was very high throughout the study period from 1993 to 2003, a period characterized by a steady increase in summer sea surface temperature, in 2003 reaching the highest estimated level of the previous century. Between 1998 and 2005, estimates of chlorophyll a (food availability) fluctuated with periods of low chlorophyll followed by a reduction in muscle weight and high natural mortality. High levels of natural mortality were observed in the main fishing area in the southern part of Breidafjordur. There the stock index had been declining since 1994. Recruitment to the fishable stock was highly variable during the study period, with low recruitment towards the end of the 1990s. Subsequently the fishery has been on relatively few year classes, and the stock has been fragile because of several years of poor recruitment and high natural mortality. Consequently, the stock appeared unable to withstand the fishing pressure and declined to historically low levels, leading to a halt to fishing in 2004.

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Limits to Dominance?

10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Communication Skills ◽

Electoral System ◽

Tony Blair ◽

Prime Ministers ◽

Margaret Thatcher ◽

Capital Building ◽

Low Levels ◽

Very High ◽

Over Time ◽

Policy Vision

This chapter compares the leadership capital of two long-serving UK prime ministers: Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher, treble election winners who held office for a decade. Mapping their capital over time reveals two very different patterns. Thatcher began with low levels of capital, building to a mid-term high and final fragile dominance, though her capital fell between elections. Blair possessed very high levels from the outset that gradually declined in a more conventional pattern. Both benefited from electoral dominance and a divided opposition, Thatcher’s strength lay in her policy vision while Blair’s stemmed from his popularity and communication skills. The LCI reveals that both prime ministers were successful without being popular, sustained in office by the electoral system. Towards the end of their tenures, both leaders’ continued dominance masked fragility, ousted when unrest in their parties and policy unpopularity eroded their capital.

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Application of the otolith weight – age relationship for the pilchard, Sardinops sagax neopilchardus

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f95-066 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 657-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

W. J. Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Maximum Size ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Average Weight ◽

Fish Length ◽

Natural Mortality ◽

Length Frequency ◽

Age Classes ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Southwestern Australia ◽

Sardinops Sagax

Adult pilchard (Sardinops sagax neopilchardus) from southwestern Australia held in fish cages for 1 year showed minimal increase in mean length but a steady increase in mean otolith weight (1.61–1.83 mg); this increase (0.22 mg) closely parallels the previously calculated mean difference between adjacent age classes (0.24 mg). Modes in otolith weight frequency distributions of fishery-caught pilchards, previously suggested as corresponding with separate year classes, generally persisted and progressed through subsequent samples. By contrast, fish length frequency distributions of these samples showed no consistent modal progression. The average weight of otoliths for year classes 2–8 were used to calculate growth rates: following sexual maturity, at age 2, males grew to a significantly smaller maximum size than females (L∞ = 162 and 172 mm respectively). The otolith weight – age relationship, validated by following a cohort of unusually low abundance as it moved through the fishery, indicated that recruitment to the fishery generally began at age 2 but was not complete until age 4. These data have been successfully used in forecasting the catch rate of the fishery up to 2 years in advance and providing an estimate of the rate for natural mortality of 0.43.

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Evaluation of the vulnerability of families assisted in Primary Care in Brazil

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692012000500016 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 935-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tharsila Martins Rios da Silva ◽

Márcia Regina Martins Alvarenga ◽

Maria Amélia de Campos Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Federal District ◽

Family Development ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Critical Dimensions ◽

The Family ◽

Low Levels ◽

Access To Knowledge ◽

The City ◽

Very High ◽

Structured Questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the profiles of families in the area covered by a Primary Health Center and to identify those in a vulnerable situation. METHOD: this is an epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study. 320 home visits were made, defined by a random sample of the areas covered by the Urban Center 1 in the city of São Sebastião, in Brazil's Federal District. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection, elaborated based on the Family Development Index (FDI). RESULTS: there was a predominance of young families, women, and low levels of schooling. The FDI permitted the identification of families in situations of "high" and "very high" vulnerability. The most critical dimensions were: "access to knowledge" and "access to work". CONCLUSION: the study indicated the importance of greater investments in the areas of education, work and income, and highlighted the need for the use of a wider concept of vulnerability by the health services.

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American Serial Rape, 1940–2010

Criminal Justice Review ◽

10.1177/0734016816670458 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 446-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lauren E. Wright ◽

Thomas Vander Ven ◽

Clara Fesmire

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Media Representations ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Dramatic Decline ◽

The Social ◽

Serial Offenders ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Low Levels ◽

Serial Rape

Little is known about the social correlates of serial rape or about trends in offending across time and space in the United States. Furthermore, the limited serial rape scholarship that exists was largely generalized from small, captive samples. The current study aims to amplify our understanding of serial rape by pursuing three fundamental objectives. First, guided by theory and research we propose a new, more precise, and comprehensive conceptualization of serial rape. Next, we draw from media representations of serial rape published in five major American newspapers from 1940 to 2010 to develop an offender social profile and to identify patterns in attack style. Our analysis of a broad and diverse sample of serial offenders described in media accounts ( N = 1,037) produced the following profile estimates—age: 27 years; race/ethnicity: African American, 46%; Caucasian, 29%; Latino, 19%; Asian, 5%. Most offenders were employed in unskilled or semiskilled occupations and the most common attack strategy was the surprise approach (47%). Finally, our data allow us to estimate and interpret historical trends as depicted in media accounts. Our analysis revealed low levels of serial rape in newspaper accounts during the 1940s to 1950s, followed by a steady increase (with periodic decreases) leading to a peak in 1991. This peak is followed by a steady and dramatic decline from 1992 to 2010.

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The economic and financial viability of sheltered employment centres

Management Decision ◽

10.1108/md-11-2017-1133 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 2261-2283

Author(s):

Vera Gelashvili ◽

Eva María Aguilar Pastor ◽

María-Jesús Segovia-Vargas ◽

Maria-del-Mar Camacho-Miñano

Keyword(s):

Training Programs ◽

Similar Response ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Content Type ◽

Strategic Plans ◽

Low Levels ◽

The Difference ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Very High

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether sheltered employment centers (CEEs) which have a higher rate of professionalization of their managers have better economic returns than those that have a lower one. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire has been drawn up for their managers. After collecting the answers, an index of professionalization classifies the CEEs with managers of high, medium and low levels of professionalism. This index is then correlated with the main financial ratios of companies. Findings The results show that companies with the highest level of managers’ professionalization, on average, have higher economic returns than companies with medium and low rates, although the difference is not very high. This study is an important contribution to academic literature, as it is the first to examine the professionalization of CEE managers. Research limitations/implications Finally, this paper is not short of limitations. The number of responses is small but there are similar studies with similar response rates. Additionally, the scarcity of responses may suggest that there is a lack of interest about the utility of professionalization by some CEEs managers because, perhaps, they do not have the necessary competences to understand its importance in management. Practical implications This study has some main implications for stakeholders: first, CEEs must pay more attention to the professionalization of their management team, because professionalization can lead to meeting its goals and guaranteeing the firm’s growth. Second, training programs in skills and attitudes should be designed to strengthen these competencies. Moreover, managers of social firms should know that the establishment of strategic plans will be useful to identify new opportunities in the market. Social implications Given the important role of these social firms for the employment of people with disabilities, training programs should be promoted by government in order to ensure the professionalization of these companies. Originality/value This research is an important contribution to the literature on this subject because there are no studies about the level of professionalization of CEEs, companies that represent an important value for the economy of a country.

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SEGREGATION IN POST-CIVIL RIGHTS AMERICA

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x13000180 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 205-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Jacob S. Rugh ◽

Douglas S. Massey

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Civil Rights ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Rapid Population Growth ◽

Spatial Isolation ◽

Low Levels ◽

Post Civil Rights ◽

Very High

AbstractIn this paper we adjudicate between competing claims of persisting segregation and rapid integration by analyzing trends in residential dissimilarity and spatial isolation for African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians living in 287 consistently defined metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2010. On average, Black segregation and isolation have fallen steadily but still remain very high in many areas, particularly those areas historically characterized by hypersegregation. In contrast, Hispanic segregation has increased slightly but Hispanic isolation has risen substantially owing to rapid population growth. Asian segregation has changed little and remains moderate, and although Asian isolation has increased it remains at low levels compared with other groups. Whites remain quite isolated from all three minority groups in metropolitan America, despite rising diversity and some shifts toward integration from the minority viewpoint.Multivariate analyses reveal that minority segregation and spatial isolation are actively produced in some areas by restrictive density zoning regimes, large and/or rising minority percentages, lagging minority socioeconomic status, and active expressions of anti-Black and anti-Latino sentiment, especially in large metropolitan areas. Areas displaying these characteristics are either integrating very slowly (in the case of Blacks) or becoming more segregated (in the case of Hispanics), whereas those lacking these attributes are clearly moving toward integration, often quite rapidly.

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Asymmetric Information and Corporate Risk Management by Using Foreign Currency Derivatives

Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies ◽

10.1142/s0219091511500068 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

pp. 1250004 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bingxuan Lin ◽

Chen-Miao Lin

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Asymmetric Information ◽

Information Asymmetry ◽

Foreign Currency ◽

Corporate Risk Management ◽

Currency Derivatives ◽

Medium Level ◽

Low Levels ◽

Corporate Risk ◽

Very High

We examine how information asymmetry affects a firm's incentive to hedge versus speculate by using foreign currency derivatives. We find a quadratic relation between asymmetric information and a firm's risk management activities. In particular, we find that the firms facing medium level of information asymmetry are more likely to hedge, while firms with very high and low levels of asymmetric information tend to speculate. Moreover, we find that our results hold primary for firms operating in highly competitive industries.

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Objectives and Review of the International Milk Fluoridation Program

Advances in Dental Research ◽

10.1177/08959374950090020301 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 110-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G.N. Pakhomo

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

National Level ◽

Data Bank ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Number Of Children ◽

The World ◽

Low Levels ◽

High Level ◽

Very High

The WHO Global Oral Data Bank (GODB) demonstrates wide varieties of dental caries levels. During the last 10 years, dental caries prevalence in many countries has decreased from very high and high to moderate and low levels. However, there also are countries where dental caries has increased from very low and low to a moderate level. In total in 1993, of the 158 countries for which the WHO GODB has data available, 16 countries indicate a very low level (69 - low, 53 - moderate, 17 - high), and only three a very high level of dental caries. Very high levels of dental caries have been recorded in Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Uruguay. All these data, based on the weighted mean of DMF in 12-year-old children, have been obtained from national surveys or collected from published papers on oral health surveys conducted in selected areas of the countries. Very often, these papers indicated an increase (or decrease) in dental caries in people living in different areas of a particular country; however, the DMF weighted mean at the national level is still without change. One of the most populated countries in the world, China, shows clear evidence from several recent epidemiological studies that the level of dental caries in the urban population is persistently increasing. Dental caries still remains one of the most common diseases affecting a substantial number of children and adults around the world. There is evidence that water or

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