Applicability of Wordnet Architecture in Lexical Borrowing Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Geller ◽  
Michał Gajek ◽  
Agata Reibach ◽  
Zuzanna Łapa
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Additional Dimension ◽  
Macrostructure Organization ◽  
Lexical Relations

Abstract The aim of the paper is to present a new, wordnet-based method of studying lexical borrowing. In contrast to the two-dimensional (micro- and macrostructure) organization of traditional dictionaries, describing each unit in isolation, wordnets introduce an additional dimension of inter-word relations in the entire lexicon. The ability to connect wordnets cross-linguistically allows in turn for juxtaposing, comparing, and visualizing a broad spectrum of lexical relations between loanwords within the recipient language and their cognates in the source language for which the term cross-linguistic mapping has been used. The method was applied to a wordnet-based, yet differently structured network of Polish loanwords in Yiddish. This allowed to supplement the traditional typology of transferred words by introducing the notion of ‘rootedness’, that is the degree of their interconnectedness in the source and recipient systems. This in turn has provided a promising means for distinguishing inherited from acquired vocabulary.

An Additional Dimension to Grating Perception

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-715
Author(s):  
Christopher W Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Sinusoidal Modulation ◽  
Additional Dimension ◽  
Harmonic Components ◽  
Perceptual Mechanism

Visual acuity ( A) for a two-dimensional multiplicative sinusoidal contrast grid (sinusoidal chessboard) was measured as a function of spatial frequency (ω) of modulation in one of the dimensions. The reduction in acuity as frequency was increased was well described by the equation: A = −2 πkω + c, where k and c are constants. At suprathreshold contrasts, the frequency of modulation appeared to be doubled relative to the underlying modulation frequency. This doubling is not related to the frequency of the harmonic components of the chessboard, but suggests the existence of a perceptual mechanism sensitive to areas of sinusoidal modulation which are seen at twice the frequency of the variation in contrast.

Two-Dimensional Carbon-Based Auxetic Materials for Broad-Spectrum Metal-Ion Battery Anodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3269-3275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaiwei Wang ◽  
Yubing Si ◽  
Baocheng Yang ◽  
Eli Ruckenstein ◽  
Houyang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Auxetic Materials ◽  
Carbon Based

scholarly journals Who changes language? Bilingualism and structural change in Burma and the Reef Islands

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åshild Næss ◽  
Mathias Jenny
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
Reef Islands ◽  
Contact Situation

AbstractIn this paper we discuss two cases of contact-induced language change where lexical and grammatical borrowing appear to have gone in opposite directions: one language has borrowed large amounts of vocabulary from another while at the same time being the source of structural borrowings into the other language. Furthermore, it appears in both cases that the structural borrowing has come about through bilingualism in L1 speakers of the source language, while L1 speakers of the language undergoing the structural change are largely monolingual. We propose that these two unusual factors are not unrelated, but that the latter is the cause of the former: Under circumstances where the numerically much smaller language in a contact situation is the contact language, the L2 speakers' variety, influenced by their L1, may spread into the monolingual community. e lexical borrowing naturally happens from the bilingual speakers' L2 into their L1, resulting in opposite directions of lexical and structural borrowing. Similar processes have been described in cases of language shift, but we show that it may take place even in situations where shift does not occur.

Electron Crystallography of a Prokaryotic Potassium Channel

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
H.X. Sui ◽  
H.L. Li ◽  
S. Ghanshani ◽  
S. Lee ◽  
P.J. Walian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Potassium Channel ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Transmembrane Helices ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Channel Proteins ◽  
Ion Channel Proteins

Potassium channels are ubiquitous ion channel proteins which play a crucial role in a broad spectrum of important cell functions. KcsA is a potassium channel found in the bacterium, Streptomyces lividan, and is believed to have only two transmembrane helices.The KcsA protein has been cloned, overexpressed and purified to homogeneity, and reconstituted with phospholipids to form two-dimensional (2-D) crystals. Crystal samples were embedded in trehalose and examined in a cryo-holder (-170 °C) using a JEOL 4000EX electron microscope operated at 400kV in low dose mode. Images were recorded in spot scan-mode at a magnification of 60,000X, then digitized on a Perkin Elmer PDS flat bed microdensitometer and processed by using the MRC program suite. Processed images were brought to a common phase origin, and the amplitudes and phases from individual images were vectorially combined.

scholarly journals The other Side of the Coin of Lexical Borrowing from Arabic into English

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ahmad Thawabteh
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Cultural Transfer ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Communication Situations

The present paper investigates Arabic lexical borrowings in terms of the new signifieds accrued in the receptor language (English) drawing on Venuti’s (1998) notions of ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’. The paper shows that SL meanings are at loggerheads with those in the receptor language. The paper argues that lexical borrowings are consequence of cultural transfer in intercultural communication situations and they can be a double-edged sword. Whilst the shift from the original meaning(s) via borrowing may be considered a gain for the receptor language, it can do injustice to the source language.

On the transformation of a continuous spectrum by refraction

1957 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Longuet-Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Function ◽  
Velocity Of Propagation ◽  
Ray Paths

When waves are propagated through a medium whose velocity of propagation varies gradually from place to place, the wave direction and intensity vary according to the laws of refraction. Although the geometry of ray-paths has been well explored, and so also the laws governing the intensity of a coherent train of waves, little attention has apparently been given to the variation in intensity of an incoherent beam having a broad spectrum. The transformation of the energy spectrum is of practical importance in branches of geophysics, for example, in the study of sea waves entering shallow water, or of microseismic waves propagated through inhomogeneous regions of the earth's crust. Accordingly, it seems worth while to state and prove the rule governing the transformation of the two-dimensional spectrum function of a wave disturbance undergoing refraction.

scholarly journals Maps, meanings and loanwords: The interaction of geography and semantics in lexical borrowing

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 14-32
Author(s):  
Karlien Franco ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts ◽  
Dirk Speelman ◽  
Roeland van Hout
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Account Variation

AbstractThe use of loanwords is generally attributed to a social feature, like social prestige, and to semantic features, like the need to fill a lexical gap. However, few studies take into account variation in the use of loanwords within a speech community, and directly compare the frequency of loanwords from more than one source language. This paper contributes to research on lexical borrowing by comparing the distribution of loanwords from three different source languages in two large databases of dialect data. We take an onomasiological perspective, which allows us to gauge the frequency of borrowed lexical items vis-à-vis alternative expressions. Using Generalized Additive Mixed Modeling, we show that the usage of loanwords can only be explained by taking into account the interaction between semantics and geographical diffusion. Our analysis confirms that the patterns that occur almost exclusively reflect changes in socio-cultural history.

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