Households' Income-Generating Activities and Marginal Returns to Labour in Rural Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nerman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Income Generating Activities ◽  
Returns To Labour ◽  
Marginal Returns

scholarly journals Agricultural Returns to Labour and the Origins of Work Ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (628) ◽  
pp. 1081-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Fouka ◽  
Alain Schläpfer
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Labour Intensity ◽  
Returns To Labour ◽  
Mechanisms Of Persistence ◽  
Endogenous Preference ◽  
Marginal Returns

Abstract We examine the historical determinants of differences in preferences for work across societies today. Our hypothesis is that a society’s work ethic depends on the role that labour has played in it historically, as an input in agricultural production: societies that have for centuries depended on the cultivation of crops with high marginal returns to labour effort will work longer hours and develop a preference for working hard. We formalise this prediction in the context of a model of endogenous preference formation, with altruistic parents who can invest in reducing their offsprings’ disutility from work. To empirically found our model, we construct an index of potential agricultural labour intensity, that captures the suitability of a location for the cultivation of crops with high estimated marginal returns to labour in their production. We find that this index positively predicts work hours and attitudes towards work in contemporary European regions. We investigate various mechanisms of persistence, including cultural transmission, as well as a society’s production structure and institutions.

scholarly journals Barriers to uptake of reproductive information and contraceptives in rural Tanzania: an intersectionality informed qualitative enquiry

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036600
Author(s):  
Allison Carroll ◽  
Anuj Kapilashrami
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Public Health Facility ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Reproductive Choices ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Social Controls

ObjectivesAccess to reproductive information and contraception (RIC) continues to be a critical unmet need in Tanzania and impedes the realisation of reproductive health rights. This study examined key sources of RIC and the factors influencing their uptake by women in Mbeya region of Tanzania.SettingThis qualitative study was undertaken in a rural ward in a district in the south of the Mbeya regionParticipantsIn-depth interviews were undertaken with 48 women users and 2 nurses working in a public health facility, and focus group discussions with 16 home-based care workers in the district. Participants were recruited through a local non-governmental organisation (NGO) in the region, and via snowball sampling. All interactions were recorded, translated and transcribed and sought to identify the available resources and barriers in using them.ResultsParticipants reported six main sources of reproductive information and contraceptives: public health facilities, NGO mobile clinics, other women, Mganga wa Asili (witchdoctors/traditional doctors) and Duka la Dawa (pharmacy). Women users and healthcare workers identified a range of individual (age, marital status and geography) and health system-wide factors shaping women’s reproductive choices and preventing uptake of contraceptives. The study also revealed structural factors such as gender, ethnicity, indigeneity as key determinants of access and health seeking, placing women from Sukuma and Maasai communities is the most disadvantageous position. Historical social disadvantage, patriarchal social controls and the pressure to preserve sociocultural traditions that women experience in the Maasai and Sukuma tribes underpin their disconnect from mainstream services.ConclusionWomen’s reproductive choices and their uptake of contraceptives are shaped by the interaction of a range of individual, household, institutional and structural factors. An intersectional lens enables examination of the ways in which these factors interact and mutually constitute disadvantage and privilege.

scholarly journals Social Investment, Employment and Policy and Institutional Complementarities: A Comparative Analysis across 26 OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
VINCENT BAKKER ◽  
OLAF VAN VLIET
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Marginal Returns ◽  
Welfare State Regimes

Abstract Raising employment has been at the heart of EU strategies for over twenty years. Social investment, by now a widely debated topic in the comparative welfare state literature, has been suggested as a way to pursue this. However, there are only a couple of systematic comparative analyses that focus on the employment outcomes associated with social investment. Analyses of the interdependence of these policies with regard to their outcomes are even more scarce. We empirically analyse the extent to which variation in employment rates within 26 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010 can be explained by effort on five social investment policies. We additionally explore the role of policy and institutional complementarities. Using time-series cross-section analyses we find robust evidence for a positive association between effort on ALMPs and employment rates. For other policies we obtain mixed results. ALMPs are the only policies for which we observe signs of policy interdependence, which point at diminishing marginal returns. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that the interdependence of social investment policies varies across welfare state regimes. Together, this indicates that the employment outcomes of social investment policies are also contingent on the broader framework of welfare state policies and institutions.

HIV‐associated neurocognitive impairment in stable people living with HIV on ART in rural Tanzania

HIV Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sanmartí ◽  
AC Meyer ◽  
A Jaen ◽  
K Robertson ◽  
N Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Impairment ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Living With Hiv
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