Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Vitamins A and D in Multivitamin-Mineral Formulations

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Normand Beaulieu ◽  
Norman M Curran ◽  
Charles Gagné ◽  
Micheline Gravelle ◽  
Edward G Lovering
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Retinyl Esters ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Liquid chromatographic screening procedures have been developed for the estimation of vitamins A and D in multivitamin-mineral tablet, capsule, gelatin capsule, and syrup formulations. The procedure can be used for measuring vitamin A present as either retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate, and also for measuring the contribution to total vitamin A activity from 13-cis retinyl esters. The retinyl esters and their isomers are resolved from each other and their oxidation products. Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are not resolved from each other but they are resolved from other vitamin D isomers and from vitamins A, E, and K and their degradation products. Both assays use a 3 μm amino column, with a mobile phase of hexane for vitamin A and 1% isopropanol in hexane for vitamin D. The precision of replicate injections for vitamins A and D is better than 1% and the recovery from spiked syrups is better than 98%. The coefficient of variation for both assay methods is about 5%. Twenty formulations were analyzed for vitamin A and 24 were analyzed for vitamin D.

Simultaneous determination of retinol and retinyl esters in serum or plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1920-1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G DeRuyter ◽  
A P De Leenheer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Retinyl Esters ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract We propose a single-run liquid-chromatographic determination, with ultraviolet detection at 330 nm, for serum retinol and retinyl esters. The vitamin A derivatives are extracted according to the Bligh-Dyer procedure. With 200 microliter or serum, the lower detection limit is 50 microgram/liter for retinol and about 100 microgram/liter for retinyl esters. Within-run precision (CV) was 2.3% for retinol, 4.3% for retinyl palmitate. Day-to-day percision (CV, n = 20) for retinol was 4.9% during a month. The method can be used for the assessment of vitamin A absorption tests and for the determination of serum retinol (normal, subnormal, and above-normal concentrations). Serum retinyl esters can only be measured in conditions where concentrations exceed 100 microgram/liter.

Application of Gel Permeation Chromatography and Nonaqueous Reverse Phase Chromatography to High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Retinyl Palmitate in Fortified Breakfast Cereals

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O Landen
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Gel Permeation ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for determining retinyl palmitate in cereals. Retinyl palmitate is fractionated from other methylene chloride-soluble components by using high pressure gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) followed by quantitation with nonaqueous reverse phase HPLC (RPHPLC). HP-GPC fractionation was accomplished using 2 µStyragel (100Å) columns connected in series on sample extracts in methylene chloride with methylene chloride as the mobile phase. A valve designed to facilitate the collection of the vitamin A fraction was installed in-line between the refractive index and absorbance detectors. RPHPLC quantitation was achieved on µBondapak C18 (10 µm) using methylene chloride–acetonitrile (30+70). Based on 23 repetitive analyses, recovery of vitamin A as retinyl palmitate in cereal products was 95.4±4.2% with spiking levels between 21.4 and 140 µg/g. Vitamin A in 15 cereals, representing bran, corn, oats, rice, and wheat, ranged from 34 to 194% of the declared level. The HPLC procedure was compared with the AOAC official colorimetric method and with an ultraviolet spectrophotometric method.

Retention of a Single Oral Massive Dose of Vitamin A

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Pereira ◽  
Almas Begum
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
School Children ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Massive Dose

1. Six pre-school children with normal intestinal absorption were given 100000 μg of retinyl palmitate and 14·4 μCi of [11,12-3H]retinyl acetate. 2. The absorption, excretion and retention of the label were determined. 3. The children retained 23–54% of the label. 4. The inefficacy of the massive dose as a prophylaxis against deficiency is discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Vitamin A in Multivitamin Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-184
Author(s):  
A. S. Alekseeva ◽  
T. B. Shemeryankina ◽  
M. N. Lyakina ◽  
M. S. Smirnova ◽  
E. P. Fedorova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Preliminary Purification

Vitamin A is present in multivitamin products mainly in the form of retinol esters: retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, and beta carotene—retinol precursor (dimer) found in plants, which is capable of converting into retinol in liver cells. Retinol is determined in medicinal products primarily by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with preliminary purification and vitamin isolation by liquid-liquid extraction. However, scientific literature also describes other methods of sample preparation and analysis of such compounds. An important issue is differentiation of vitamin A from other fat-soluble vitamins often included as components in multivitamin products. The aim of the study was to analyse and summarise data on current methods used for determination of vitamin A and its derivatives in medicinal products. The authors analysed the range of vitamin A products authorised in the Russian Federation, and the test methods described in their product specification files. The study demonstrated that the test method most often used for determination of retinol esters was HPLC with isocratic elution mode using octadecylsilyl packing in the reverse-phase mode, and, less frequently, aminopropylsilyl packing in the normal phase mode. Determination of beta carotene in medicinal products is most often performed using spectrophotometry. 

The Use of Ultraviolet Irradiation in the Estimation of Retinol (Vitamin A Alcohol) and Its Derivatives

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1039-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton S Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract Quantitative studies on the estimation of retinol (Vitamin A alcohol) and its derivatives retinoic acid, retinal, retinyl acetate, and retinyl palmitate in dilute solution using the method of destruction by ultraviolet irradiation, showed that retinoic acid in organic solvents required a period of irradiation of from 2.5 to 8 times as long for destruction as did the other forms of the vitamin. This fact should be taken into consideration in any attempt to apply the method of Bessey et al. (1) for the analysis of retinoic acid in biologic material. Furthermore, standard solutions of retinoic acid in organic solvents are more stable after storage in the dark than are the other derivatives of the vitamin.

scholarly journals Interactions in indices of vitamin A, zinc and copper status when these nutrients are fed to rats at adequate and increased levels

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sundaresan ◽  
Susan M. Kaup ◽  
Paddy W. Wiesenfeld ◽  
Stuart J. Chirtel ◽  
Susan C. Hight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Serum Ceruloplasmin ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Cu And Zn

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding nutritionally adequate and increased levels of vitamin A (retinyl acetate at 1·4, 34·4, and 206·4 mg/kg diet) in combination with adequate or increased Zn (12 and 240 mg/kg) and Cu (5 and 50mg/kg) on serum and tissue concentrations of retinol and retinyl palmitate and on indices of Cu and Zn status in female Sprague–Dawley rats, and to measure interactive effects of such nutrient imbalances. Rats fed on diets containing 34·4 and 206·4 mg vitamin A/kg had higher feed intakes and relative Liver weights than those fed on diets containing 1.4mg vitamin A/kg. An interaction between dietary Cu and Zn and an independent effect of vitamin A affected serum ceruloplasmin oxidase (EC 1.16.3.1) activity. Rats fed on high Zn, adequate-Cu diets (240 and 5 mg Zn and Cu/kg respectively) had lower serum ceruloplasmin oxidase levels than rats fed on adequate-Zn, adequate-Cu diets (12 and 5 mg Zn and Cu/kg respectively). This effect was not observed in rats fed on high-Zn, high-Cu diets (240 and 50mg Zn and Cu/kg respectively). Alterations in dietary levels of Cu and vitamin A independently affected haemoglobin levels. Serum cholesterol concentration was affected by interactions between Zn and vitamin A and Cu and vitamin A. Levels of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver and kidney were significantly higher in rats fed on diets with increased dietary vitamin A than in those fed on diets with adequate vitamin A. Three-way interactions among Cu, Zn, and vitamin A affected levels of retinol in serum and liver. Two-way interactions between Cu and vitamin A affected liver retinyl palmitate and the sum of liver retinol + retinyl palmitate. An independent effect of dietary Zn on these variables was also observed. Interactions between Cu and vitamin A affected levels of Cu in liver and kidney, while Fe and Zn in kidney were affected by interactions between Cu and Zn. This study demonstrates that differing interactions among variables of vitamin A metabolism and mineral status occur with higher dietary levels of vitamin A, Zn and Cu in the rat

scholarly journals β-Cryptoxanthin from supplements or carotenoid-enhanced maize maintains liver vitamin A in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) better than or equal to β-carotene supplements

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Davis ◽  
Hua Jing ◽  
Julie A. Howe ◽  
Torbert Rocheford ◽  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
And Control ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Better Than

Maize with enhanced provitamin A carotenoids (biofortified), accomplished through conventional plant breeding, maintains vitamin A (VA) status in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Two studies in gerbils compared the VA value of β-cryptoxanthin with β-carotene. Study 1 (n 47) examined oil supplements and study 2 (n 46) used maize with enhanced β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. After 4 weeks' depletion, seven or six gerbils were killed; remaining gerbils were placed into weight-matched groups of 10. In study 1, daily supplements were cottonseed oil, and 35, 35 or 17·5 nmol VA (retinyl acetate), β-cryptoxanthin or β-carotene, respectively, for 3 weeks. In study 2, one group of gerbils was fed a 50 % biofortified maize diet which contained 2·9 nmol β-cryptoxanthin and 3·2 nmol β-carotene/g feed. Other groups were given equivalent β-carotene or VA supplements based on prior-day intake from the biofortified maize or oil only for 4 weeks. In study 1, liver retinol was higher in the VA (0·74 (sd 0·11) μmol) and β-cryptoxanthin (0·65 (sd 0·10) μmol) groups than in the β-carotene (0·49 (sd 0·13) μmol) and control (0·41 (sd 0·16) μmol) groups (P < 0·05). In study 2, the VA (1·17 (sd 0·19) μmol) and maize (0·71 (sd 0·18) μmol) groups had higher liver retinol than the control (0·42 (sd 0·16) μmol) group (P < 0·05), whereas the β-carotene (0·57 (sd 0·21) μmol) group did not. Bioconversion factors (i.e. 2·74 μg β-cryptoxanthin and 2·4 μg β-carotene equivalents in maize to 1 μg retinol) were lower than the Institute of Medicine values.

scholarly journals The biological activities of vitamin A acetate and vitamin A palmitate: experiments with chickens.

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
L. Bolhuis ◽  
K. Kortenoeven
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Liver Vitamin

In the first experiment, 250 unsexed day-old chickens were given for 7 days a diet low in vitamin A based on white maize and soya bean meal. Then 100 chickens were given a single dose of 11, 960 IU retinyl acetate or 11, 510 IU retinyl palmitate and 50 were not dosed. After 68 h lots of 10 pooled livers were analysed for vitamin A. The birds given acetate had more vitamin A in the liver and a higher proportion of the dose stored than the palmitate groups, but the differences were not significant. In experiment 2 the sexes were equally divided within groups and the birds were similarly dosed. After 72 h liver vitamin A was significantly higher in groups given the acetate. In experiment 3 male and female chickens were separated and groups of each were given either the acetate or the palmitate ester. Vitamin A was measured in the liver after 3 days and after 4, 6, 7 and 8 weeks. It was significantly more in acetate-treated groups at 3 days and at 4 weeks. Compared with males, females had significantly greater vitamin A stores at 6, 7 and 8 weeks in groups given acetate and at 7 weeks in groups given palmitate. The next experiment was similar, but the basal diet contained 7-5 IU retinyl acetate in dry stabilised form and measurements were continued to 9 and 11 weeks. There was no significant difference in vitamin A stores between sexes or esters, or between dosed and non-dosed groups. Stores of vitamin A rose rapidly during the entire period. In experiments 5 and 6 male broiler chickens were given for 8 weeks the basal diet with 7.5 IU retinyl acetate or palmitate per g. Lots of 3 different body-weight ranges were taken from each treatment and liver vitamin A was measured. No significant effects of treatment on stores or bodyweight were found in either trial. In one trial liver weights were significantly higher in the acetate groups and the combined results showed significantly greater vitamin A stores in groups given acetate.-G. F. H. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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