scholarly journals Effects of different carbohydrate sources on taurine status in healthy Beagle dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽  
Heather L Acuff ◽  
Will Henry ◽  
Celeste Alexander ◽  
Kelly S Swanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Fecal Samples

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of a grain-based (GB) and grain-free (GF) diet on protein utilization and taurine status in healthy Beagle dogs. Two practical dog diets sufficient in crude protein, sulfur amino acids, and taurine content were formulated with the same ingredients with exception of the carbohydrate sources. The GB contained sorghum, millet, and spelt while potatoes, peas, and tapioca starch were used in the GF. A total of 12 Beagle dogs were used in a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment. The study consisted of an adaptation period of 2 wk followed by an experimental period of 28 d in which GB and GF were fed to the dogs. At the end of the adaptation period and every 2 wk after it (day 0, day 14, day 28), markers of taurine metabolism were analyzed in whole blood (taurine), plasma (taurine, methionine, and cystine), urine (taurine:creatinine), and fresh fecal samples (primary and secondary bile acids). Fecal samples were collected during the last 6 d of experimental period for digestibly assessment using titanium dioxide as an external marker. Taurine markers and digestibility data were analyzed in a repeated measures model and one-way ANOVA, respectively, using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (version 9.4). Apparent crude protein digestibility was not affected by treatment, but dogs fed GF diet had lower apparent organic matter digestibility compared with those fed GB (P < 0.05). Greater plasma taurine concentrations were observed at days 14 and 28 compared with day 0; wherein dogs fed GF exhibited greater increase compared to those fed GB (P < 0.05). Whole blood taurine concentrations, plasma methionine concentrations, and urinary taurine:creatinine were also greater at days 14 and 28 compared with day 0 (P < 0.05), but no effect of diet was observed. Total bile acid excretion was similar between GF and GB groups, but dogs fed GF excreted a higher proportion of primary bile acids compared with those fed GB (25.49% vs. 12.09% at day 28, respectively). In summary, overall taurine status was not affected by dietary treatments, however, our results suggest that the higher content of oligosaccharides and soluble fibers in the GF diet may alter the composition of the fecal bile acid pool.

scholarly journals PSXI-28 Commercial grain-free diet improved taurine status, but increased bile acid excretion when fed to Labrador Retrievers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 317-318
Author(s):  
Renan Antunes Donadelli ◽  
Julia G Pezzali ◽  
Patrícia M Oba ◽  
Kelly S Swanson ◽  
Craig N Coon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Bile Acid Excretion ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

Abstract In 2018 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a statement that grain-free diets may be related to the increased incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. This statement was made despite all implicated diets meeting nutrient requirements published by the Association of American Feed Controls Official (AAFCO) and enforced by State Officials. Many of these dogs presented with low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations, and as such, we hypothesized that feeding these diets would result in reduced taurine status over a 26 wk feeding period. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a grain-free diet to large breed dogs on taurine status and overall health. Eight Labrador Retrievers (4 males, 4 females; Four Rivers Kennel, MO) were individually housed and fed a commercial complete and balanced grain-free diet (Acana Pork and Squash formula; APS; moisture 8.40%, crude protein 37.81%, crude fat 18.78%, ash 8.06%, and total dietary fiber 11.40%) for 26 weeks. Fasted blood samples were collected at week 0 and 26 for analyses of plasma and whole blood taurine. Urine was collected by free catch and analyzed for taurine and creatinine. Fresh fecal samples were collected and analyzed for bile acids. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures in SAS (v. 9.4). Dogs were healthy throughout the duration of the trial. Urinary taurine to creatinine ratio did not change throughout the feeding period (wk 0 = 0.25 vs. wk 26 = 0.28). Fecal bile acid excretion increased after 26 weeks of feeding APS to dogs. Despite the higher fecal excretion of bile acids, plasma and whole blood taurine increased over the 26 wk feeding period. In conclusion, feeding APS for 26 wk results in increased taurine status in large breed dogs, despite higher excretion of fecal bile acids.

DYSPROSIUM AS AN INERT MARKER FOR SWINE DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
M. J. APPS
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Daily Excretion ◽  
Fecal Collection ◽  
Induced Radioactivity

The feasibility of using dysprosium as an inert marker for digestibility studies with swine has been investigated. Eight barrows and eight gilts of initial weight averaging 65 kg were fed four different diets with crude fibre levels ranging from 4.1 to 10.2%. Dysprosium was included in the diets at 25 ppm and the induced radioactivity in feed and fecal samples, following irradiation in the Canadian SLOWPOKE reactor, was measured with a Ge(Li) detector coupled to a 4096 multichannel analyzer. Dysprosium was evenly distributed in feed and fecal samples. Ingested dysprosium was quantitatively recovered in feces and there was no evidence of variation in its daily excretion following a 7-day adaptation period. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients obtained with the dysprosium ratio technique were not significantly different from those determined by means of total fecal collection. The present results indicate that dysprosium, as determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis, can be used as a reliable indicator in swine digestibility studies.

scholarly journals A commercial grain-free diet does not decrease plasma amino acids and taurine status but increases bile acid excretion when fed to Labrador Retrievers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan A Donadelli ◽  
Julia G Pezzali ◽  
Patricia M Oba ◽  
Kelly S Swanson ◽  
Craig Coon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Bile Acid Excretion ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

Abstract Grain-free diets tend to have greater inclusions of pulses in contrast to grain-based diets. In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a statement that grain-free diets may be related to the development of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, all dog foods met regulatory minimums for nutrient inclusion recommended by the Association of American Feed Controls Official. In some FDA case reports, but not all, dogs diagnosed with DCM also had low concentrations of plasma or whole blood taurine; thus, we hypothesized that feeding these diets will result in reduced taurine status from baseline measures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a grain-free diet to large-breed dogs on taurine status and overall health. Eight Labrador Retrievers (four males and four females; Four Rivers Kennel, MO) were individually housed and fed a commercial complete and balanced grain-free diet (Acana Pork and Squash formula; APS) for 26 wk. Fasted blood samples were collected prior to the start of the trial (baseline; week 0) and at weeks 13 and 26 for analyses of blood chemistry, hematology, plasma amino acids, and whole blood taurine. Urine was collected by free catch at weeks 0 and 26 for taurine and creatinine analyses. Fresh fecal samples were collected at weeks 0 and 26 for bile acid analyses. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures in SAS (v. 9.4). Plasma His, Met, Trp, and taurine and whole blood taurine concentrations increased over the course of the study (P < 0.05). Urinary taurine to creatinine ratio was not affected by diet (P > 0.05). Fecal bile acid excretion increased after 26 wk of feeding APS to dogs. Despite the higher fecal excretion of bile acids, plasma and whole blood taurine increased over the 26-wk feeding study. These data suggest that feeding APS, a grain-free diet, over a 26-wk period improved taurine status in Labrador Retrievers and is not the basis for the incidence of DCM for dogs fed APS. Other factors that may contribute to the etiology of DCM should be explored.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of probiotic Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in feces: evaluation of their survival after oral supplementation in goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Watcharapong Choonkham ◽  
◽  
Axel van Ruitenbeek ◽  
Jan Thomas Schonewille ◽  
Witaya Suriyasathaporn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objective of the study was to assess the presence of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in feces after oral supplementation in goats. Six, rumen-fistulated, 3.5 year-old, non-lactating female Saanen goats (average initial body weight of 65 ± 8 kg) were assigned to two treatments 1) a basal diet (CON), and 2) a basal diet supplemented with B. subtilis C-3102 probiotic product (BS) in a cross-over design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with was preceded by a 20 days adaptation period. On the last day of each experimental period, rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected. Body weights were recorded weekly throughout the experiment. Body weight and rumen pH were found to be similar between dietary treatments. The goats that received BS had higher numbers of B. subtilis C-3102 in fecal samples than CON. It was therefore concluded that supplemental B. subtilis C-3102 met an important precondition of probiotics in that they can survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract without evident adverse effects. The current result provides a solid basis for future research involving any effects after supplementing probiotic B. subtilis in goats.

scholarly journals The Microbiome in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Is Characterized by Bacteria and Genes Involved in Carbohydrate and Bile Acid Metabolism (OR23-01-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Young ◽  
Caterina Carco ◽  
Jane Mullaney ◽  
Paul Maclean ◽  
Paul Cotter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Objectives Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder featuring chronic or recurrent abdominal discomfort, usually with changes in GI habit. To improve our understanding of links between the microbiome and IBS, and how these links can be manipulated through diet, we undertook shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from a case-control study. Methods Fecal samples from 172 individuals were analyzed by shotgun sequencing using the Illumina NextSeq platform. Of these, 77 were classified as controls, 16 were constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C), 39 were diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), 29 were diagnosed with functional constipation (FC), and 11 had functional diarrhea (FD). Taxonomic classifications were determined using Metaxa2 and the SILVA 128 database. Gene functions were assigned by alignment of sequences against a protein reference database using DIAMOND. Mean relative abundance of bacterial taxa and functional genes were compared using permutation ANOVA. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Otago Human Ethics Committee (Health) (Reference H16/094). Results Bacterial genera that discriminated case-controls (P < 0.05) from those with constipation (IBS-C + FC) and diarrhea (IBS-D + FD) included Megasphaera (increased in those with constipation), Blautia (increased in those with diarrhea), and Bilophila (increased in both constipation and diarrhea groups). Megasphaera and Blautia include bacteria that are bile-resistant and produce butyrate, possessing a wide range of Carbohydrate-Active enzymes. Bilophila are sulfite-reducing bacteria that are able to utilize bile-acids. Associated with these taxonomic differences, a wide range of genes involved in carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolism differed significantly (P < 0.05), including some involved in taurine and glycine metabolism. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver, and these amino acids are removed by the action of members of the GI microbiota. Conclusions Results from our study suggest carbohydrate and bile acid metabolism by the GI microbiome may be important distinguishing characteristics in functional GI disorders. Funding Sources Funded by the New Zealand National Science Challenge High-Value Nutrition program.

scholarly journals Microbiota transplantation restores normal fecal bile acid composition in recurrentClostridium difficileinfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (4) ◽  
pp. G310-G319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa R. Weingarden ◽  
Chi Chen ◽  
Aleh Bobr ◽  
Dan Yao ◽  
Yuwei Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Bile Acid ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a highly effective therapy for refractory, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which develops following antibiotic treatments. Intestinal microbiota play a critical role in the metabolism of bile acids in the colon, which in turn have major effects on the lifecycle of C. difficile bacteria. We hypothesized that fecal bile acid composition is altered in patients with recurrent CDI and that FMT results in its normalization. General metabolomics and targeted bile acid analyses were performed on fecal extracts from patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT and their donors. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine the bacterial composition of pre- and post-FMT fecal samples. Taxonomic bacterial composition of fecal samples from FMT recipients showed rapid change and became similar to the donor after the procedure. Pre-FMT fecal samples contained high concentrations of primary bile acids and bile salts, while secondary bile acids were nearly undetectable. In contrast, post-FMT fecal samples contained mostly secondary bile acids, as did non-CDI donor samples. Therefore, our analysis showed that FMT resulted in normalization of fecal bacterial community structure and metabolic composition. Importantly, metabolism of bile salts and primary bile acids to secondary bile acids is disrupted in patients with recurrent CDI, and FMT corrects this abnormality. Since individual bile salts and bile acids have pro-germinant and inhibitory activities, the changes suggest that correction of bile acid metabolism is likely a major mechanism by which FMT results in a cure and prevents recurrence of CDI.

scholarly journals 242 Effects of different carbohydrate sources on taurine status in healthy Beagle dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Julia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽  
Heather L Acuff ◽  
Celeste Alexander ◽  
Kelly S Swanson ◽  
Charles G Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Consumption of grain-free (GF) diets has recently been linked to canine dilated cardiomyopathy in selected dog breeds. Soluble fiber present in GF carbohydrate sources may be contributing to taurine depletion, thus affecting heart health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different carbohydrate sources on taurine status in healthy Beagle dogs. Two practical diets sufficient in sulfur-amino acids and taurine were formulated with the same proportion of carbohydrate sources: a grain-based (GB) containing sorghum, millet, and spelt, and a GF containing peas, potatoes and tapioca starch. Twelve Beagle dogs were fed experimental diets for 4-wk in a randomized complete block design. The morning prior to feeding experimental diets (baseline) and two and four weeks after, markers of taurine metabolism were analyzed in blood, urine, and fresh fecal samples. Data were analyzed as a change from baseline in a repeated measures model by GLIMMIX (SAS, version 9.4) in which the main effects of time, diet, and their interaction were evaluated. Greater concentrations of taurine in plasma (158 vs. 117 nmol/mL) and whole blood (254 vs. 234 nmol/mL) were observed during experimental period compared to baseline. An increase in plasma methionine was also observed during experimental period compared to baseline (64 vs. 57nmol/mL). Dogs fed GF exhibited higher plasma taurine concentration compared to those fed GB (181 vs. 138 nmol/mL). There were no significant effects of diet, time, or their interaction on plasma cystine concentration, urinary taurine:creatinine ratio, or total fecal bile acid (BA) excretion (P &gt; 0.05). However, dogs fed GF had greater fecal primary BA (26 vs 14%) as a proportion of total BA compared to those fed GB. This study suggests that GF diets do not impair taurine blood concentration, but the increased proportion of fecal primary BA may decrease recycling of taurine through enterohepatic circulation.

Addition of dietary methionine but not dietary taurine or methyl donors/receivers to a grain-free diet increases postprandial homocysteine concentrations in adult dogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney Banton ◽  
Júlia G Pezzali ◽  
Adronie Verbrugghe ◽  
Marica Bakovic ◽  
Katie M Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Methyl Donors ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Cysteine Amino Acid

Abstract Grain based ingredients are replaced in part by pulse ingredients in grain-free pet foods. Pulse ingredients are lower in methionine and cysteine, amino acid (AA) precursors to taurine synthesis in dogs. While recent work has investigated plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations when feeding grain-free diets, supplementation of a grain-free diet with various nutrients involved in the biosynthesis of taurine has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing a complete grain-free dry dog food with either methionine (MET), taurine (TAU), or methyl donors (choline) and methyl receivers (creatine and carnitine; CCC) on postprandial AA concentrations. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed 1 of 3 treatments or the control grain-free diet (CON) for 7 d in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. On d7, cephalic catheters were placed and one fasted sample (0 min) and a series of 9 post-meal blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the PROC GLIMMIX function in SAS (Version 9.4). Dogs fed MET had greater plasma and whole blood methionine concentrations from 30 - 360 min after a meal (P &lt; 0.0001) and greater plasma homocysteine concentrations from 60 - 360 min after a meal (P &lt; 0.0001) compared to dogs fed CON, TAU and CCC. Dogs fed TAU had greater plasma taurine concentrations over time compared to dogs fed CON (P = 0.02), but were not different than dogs fed MET and CCC (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, most AA remained significantly elevated at 6 h post-meal compared to fasted samples across all treatments. Supplementation of creatine, carnitine and choline in grain-free diets may play a role in sparing the methionine requirement without increasing homocysteine concentrations. Supplementing these nutrients could also aid in the treatment of disease that causes metabolic or oxidative stress, including cardiac disease in dogs, but future research is required.

scholarly journals Concentrations of Fecal Bile Acids in Participants with Functional Gut Disorders and Healthy Controls

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Shanalee C. James ◽  
Karl Fraser ◽  
Wayne Young ◽  
Phoebe E. Heenan ◽  
Richard B. Gearry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Bile Acids ◽  
Acid Metabolites ◽  
Bile Acid Profiles ◽  
And Control

Bile acids are metabolites involved in nutrient absorption and signaling with levels influenced by dietary intake, metabolic processes, and the gut microbiome. We aimed to quantify 23 bile acids in fecal samples to ascertain if concentrations differed between healthy participants and those with functional gut disorders. Fecal bile acids were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the COMFORT (The Christchurch IBS cohort to investigate mechanisms for gut relief and improved transit) cohort of 250 participants with Rome IV IBS (IBS-constipation (C), IBS-diarrhea (D), IBS-mixed (M)), functional gut disorders (functional constipation (FC), functional diarrhea (FD)) and healthy controls (FC n = 35, FD n = 13, IBS-C n = 24, IBS-D n = 52, IBS-M n = 29, and control n = 97). Dietary information was recorded to ascertain three-day dietary intake before fecal samples were collected. Fecal bile acid concentrations, predominantly primary bile acids, were significantly different between all functional gut disorder participants and healthy controls (CDCA p = 0.011, CA p = 0.003) and between constipation (FC + IBS-C) and diarrhea (FD + IBS-D) groups (CDCA p = 0.001, CA p = 0.0002). Comparison of bile acids between all functional groups showed four metabolites were significantly different, although analysis of combined groups (FC + IBS-C vs. FD + IBS-D) showed that 10 metabolites were significantly different. The bile acid profiles of FD individuals were similar to those with IBS-D, and likewise, those with FC were similar to IBS-C. Individuals with a diarrhea phenotype (FD + IBS-D) had higher concentrations of bile acids compared to those with constipation (FC + IBS-C). Bile acid metabolites distinguish between individuals with functional gut disorders and healthy controls but are similar in constipation (or diarrhea) whether classified as IBS or not.

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