scholarly journals 314 Updating the acidosis-rumenitis-liver abscess disease complex dogma of feedlot cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
Brandon Reinbold
Keyword(s):  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Abscess Formation ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Venous Circulation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The pursuit of a reduction in liver abscess disease prevalence in feedlot cattle is of great importance to animal health management and beef industry stakeholder profitability. Disease effects are multifaceted, but primarily materialize in lost feedlot performance, liver condemnation, and reduced carcass weight and quality grade. The impact is further magnified by the increased prevalence of severe, A-plus liver score type disease that is associated with carcass trim and condemnation as well as increased days on feed due to reduced average daily gain and diminished feed conversion. Liver abscess disease in cattle has long been considered to be caused by damage to the ruminal lining (rumenitis) subsequent to ruminal acidosis, followed by translocation of bacteria across the ruminal wall into the portal venous circulation, and culminating in colonization of the liver for abscess formation(s). As a result of bacterial culture frequency, Fusobacterium necrophorum ssp. necrophorum is widely considered the primary etiology even though numerous other bacteria have been isolated from liver abscesses. However, the acidosis-rumenitis-liver abscess disease complex is more complicated than the decades-long, widely accepted dogma. Portions of this are still accurate, but there is much to be learned about the pathobiology of this disease relative to where the etiological agent(s) are translocating from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal venous circulation to evade the host immune responses and multiply in the liver to form an abscess(es). To better understand the pathophysiology of this disease, recent research has been focused on model development and monitoring the time course of liver abscess formation in the live animal. Therefore, the objective of this presentation will be to highlight results of model development efforts and diagnostics to help further elucidate the challenges the beef industry faces for improving industry knowledge for the pathogenesis of liver abscess disease in feedlot cattle.

PSVII-24 Blend of essential oils plus 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 as alternative to the use monensin on growth performance and dietary energetics in feedlot cattle raised under high ambient temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 452-453
Author(s):  
Daniel Mendoza-Cortés ◽  
Jorge L Ramos-Méndez ◽  
Adrián Félix-Bernal ◽  
Alfredo Estrada-Angulo ◽  
Manuel Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Final Weight

Abstract Ninety young crossbreed bulls (approximately 25% Zebu breeding with the remainder represented by continental and British breeds in various proportions, initial weight=228.04±7.06 kg) were used in a 84-day feeding trial to assess the effects of treatments in feedlot cattle fed transition diets during high ambient temperatures. Treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based diets (average 1.95 Mcal ENm/kg) supplemented with: 1) 20 mg monensin/kg diet (MON, Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN], and 2) 100 mg of blend of essential oils /kg diet plus 0.1 mg 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3/kg diet (EO+HyD; CRINA® Ruminants and HyD®, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). Both dry matter intake (DMI) and climatic variables were measured daily and the temperature humidity index (THI) was estimated. Daily maximal THI remained over 80 during the whole trial (avg. THI = 82.67). Cattle supplemented with EO+HyD increased average daily gain in 8.7% (1.446 vs. 1.320 kg/day, P < 0.01), gain-to-fed ratio in 4.5% (0.199 vs. 0.190; P = 0.03), final weight in 10.05 kg (349.48 vs. 339.43; P = 0.04) and tended (P = 0.07) to shown greater dietary net energy (2.5%) and observed-to-expected dietary NE ratio (3%). Even when EO+HyD tended to increase (4.3%; P = 0.06) DM intake, intake pattern variation were not different (P = 0.38) between MON and EO+HyD (Figure 1). Then, difference in ADG and final BW between MON and EO+HyD was not only a reflection of difference in energy intake, was also caused by difference in efficiency of energy utilization during conditions of high ambient temperature (a reduction of 7% in the estimated increase of coefficient of maintenance by heat load). Results indicate that supplementation with a combination of essential oil blend plus 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 can have greater beneficial effects than supplemental monensin on daily weight gain, final weight and feed intake during initiation-transition phase of cattle raised under high ambient temperature.

scholarly journals PSIII-13 Preliminary assessment of the impact of liver abscess presence on stress-related physiological parameters associated with well-being in feedlot cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
Faith Baier ◽  
Temple Grandin ◽  
Terry Engle ◽  
Lily Edwards-Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Liver abscesses can affect cattle performance, though the impact on well-being is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between liver abscess presence and stress-related parameters in feedlot cattle. Three hundred and sixty-three feedlot steers (675 ± 2.3 kg) that were enrolled in a nutrition feeding experiment were allocated to one of three groups based on the liver abscess score assigned after slaughter. The liver abscess scoring groups were: no liver abscess presence (NLA; n = 316); mild liver abscess presence (MLA; n = 21) and severe liver abscess presence (SLA; n = 24). Two animals were unable to be assigned liver abscess scores. Two days prior to slaughter, at the time of weighing, hair samples were collected from the right rump of each animal and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Additionally, during restraint, infrared thermography was used to quantify eye temperatures and a mobility score was assigned to each animal upon chute exit. During slaughter, exsanguination blood was collected from 115 of the 363 animals and analyzed for serum cortisol concentrations. Cattle were blocked by nutrition feeding treatments and data were analyzed using analyses of variance to determine differences in outcome variables between liver abscess score groups. All animals were included in the infrared analysis and 115 animals were included in the serum and hair cortisol analyses. Infrared thermography (P = 0.55), hair cortisol (P = 0.96), and serum cortisol (P = 0.21) were similar across all liver abscess scores. All animals exhibited normal mobility, thus these values were not included in the analysis. The data indicate that under the conditions of this experiment, liver abscesses did not impact measured stress-related outcomes. Additional research is necessary to understand the impact of liver abscess presence on other stress-related parameters associated with well-being in cattle.

Effect of Monensin and Tylosin on Average Daily Gain, Feed Efficiency and Liver Abscess Incidence in Feedlot Cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1058-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Potter ◽  
M. I. Wray ◽  
R. D. Muller ◽  
H. P. Grueter ◽  
J. McAskill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Daily Gain

PSII-1 Adapting to the new normal: Feedlot cattle circadian rhythm and behavior-based management

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
Xandra Christine A Meneses ◽  
Rachel M Park ◽  
Emily Ridge ◽  
Courtney L Daigle
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Behavioral Expectations ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Every organism has evolved patterned responses to its temporal and physical surroundings. Rhythmicity is a central regulator of life and a sentinel for animal health and metabolism, thus chronic stress and disease can disrupt behavioral patterns. Feedlot cattle may exhibit irregularities in circadian rhythms due to social, environmental, and nutritional stressors and may benefit from behavior-based management strategies. This study characterized the hourly behavioral patterns of feedlot cattle with and without environmental enrichment, established behavioral expectations for animal managers, and proposed practical interventions. Fifty-four crossbred steers were shipped to Texas A&M AgriLife Feedlot in Bushland, Texas, blocked by weight, and assigned to one of six pens (n = 9 steers/pen), half of which had a cattle brush and half did not. Frequency of headbutting, mounting, bar licking, tongue rolling, allogrooming, and brush usage was decoded from video recordings of cattle from 08:00h to 17:30h on d -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 relative to brush implementation. The impact of time (hour), treatment, and their interaction on cattle behavior were evaluated using PROC MIXED in SAS. Brush use (P < 0.0001), allogrooming (P < 0.0001), and mounting (P < 0.0001) were performed at lower frequencies during early hours of the day and at higher frequencies in the afternoon. Both tongue rolling (P < 0.0001) and bar licking (P < 0.0349) occurred most often during daylight hours in accordance with a diurnal pattern. Major periods of headbutting (P < 0.0001) were observed in the morning and afternoon. Behavioral expectations were characterized so that stockpeople could observe the prevalence of each behavior during morning, midday, and evening to facilitate the implementation of best management practices. Proposed interventions include medical treatment, modified pen surface or bunk management, altered stocking density, and/or introduction of environmental enrichment.

110 The Importance of Recognizing Economic Factors Influencing the Beef Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
Bill Rishel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Feeder Cattle ◽  
Incremental Change ◽  
Important Relationship

Abstract The speed of development and adaptation of genomics in our industry as a tool for genetic improvement has been unprecedented. While its greatest contribution has been the enhancement of the predictive accuracy of performance traits, even greater opportunities may exist for the application of genomics in the arena of animal health. Interactions between immune system function and the microbiome is mission critical for an industry that may face increased pressure to find new animal health protocols for animal care. Better understanding of the incorporation of dry matter intake and residual average daily gain EPD’s into decision making will provide greater incentives to improve efficiency. Understanding the economic impact of incremental change in a EPD will aid decision making. A predictive blueprint of genomic characteristics of feeder cattle will allow producers and feed yards to merchandise feeder and fed cattle to specific markets. Greater connection of the beef industry across multiple segments will result in better understanding of the whole beef system. Increasing value within one segment can ultimately result in greater value across multiple segments and true price discovery. Understanding the important relationship of cattle to the environment and society will become increasingly important to maintain sustainable beef production. The natural and unique ability the beef cow possesses to utilize grass resources on lands not fit for cultivation and upcycle those resources to a nutrient dense food for human nutrition is unequaled in nature. This process is sustainable, totally regenerative and beneficial to the environment and society. Beef production is a valuable asset to both public and private grasslands and sustainability of our natural resources. Maintaining grazing on federal lands is good resource management for a viable beef industry. Opportunities exist for greater collaborations between producers, academia, breed associations and national organizations to solve problems and provide better educational opportunities.

scholarly journals PSIV-19 Relationship between liver abscess microbiome of feedlot cattle and soil organic matter microbiome isolated from feedlot pens

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 278-278
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Smith ◽  
Zeno Bester ◽  
Michael E Hubbert ◽  
Clint A Loest
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Liver abscess (LA) prevalence has increased 15% for beef cattle and 25% for Holstein cattle. The prevalence of liver abscesses in the Central Plains region (CR) is greater than the Southwest region (SR) of the United States. The objective was to evaluate soil organic matter (SOM) microbiome of feedlot pens, associated LA microbiomes, and the impact of breed, location, and tylosin. Eighty-three commercial feedlot pens were sampled for SOM prior to harvesting and LA samples were collected from two commercial packing plants in Tolleson, AZ (SR) and Greely, CO (CR). Liver abscess samples were linked to SOM samples. Amplification and sequencing of the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using the Illumina MiSeq. Bacterial phyla, genera, and diversity indices were reported for LA and SOM samples. Reported data is from a subset of five pens. The most prevalent genera identified in liver abscesses were Fusobacterium (64.2%) and Bacteroides (18.6%). Predominant SOM genera were Atopostipes (13%) and Clostridium (10%). Phylum SOM Shannon Weiner Index (SWI) was lower for the CR compared to the SR (0.034 vs. 0.174; P < 0.05), indicating a dominant bacterium in the CR. Atopostipes and Clostridium comprised 48% of the CR SOM, explaining the lower SWI. The SWI of SOM and liver abscesses of Holsteins are lower (P < 0.05) compared to beef counterparts. Additionally, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, and Atopostipes populations were greater (P < 0.05) in SOM of Holstein pens than beef pens. Genus richness was lower (P < 0.05) for both SOM and liver abscesses from pens of cattle fed tylosin vs. no tylosin. There is a negative correlation between SOM SWI and LA% (R2 = -0.49; P = 0.03) and LA severity (A+) (R2 = -0.44; P = 0.05). In conclusion, SOM may serve as a potential vector for liver abscesses.

scholarly journals PSII-12 Effect of aspirin to intentionally induce leaky gut on performance, blood markers of stress, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
Nathan Briggs ◽  
Jon P Schoonmaker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract The negative impacts of stress on gastrointestinal (GIT) barrier function can result in compromised animal health. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is known to cause mucosal injury leading to increased gut permeability and tight junction damage. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term impact of leaky gut on animal physiology. In this experiment, 96 Simmental x Angus steers (355 ± 14.8 kg) were allotted by body weight and breed into two treatments: control (no aspirin) or aspirin fed at 50 mg/kg/d for 159 d. Steers were housed in 16 pens (8 pens/treatment) with 6 steers in each pen. Weight was recorded monthly and serum was collected on d 159 to be analyzed for lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Average daily gain (ADG) tended to decrease in cattle fed aspirin (P= 0.10). Aspirin decreased hot carcass weight (P= 0.05) and rib-eye area (P= 0.01)and increased fat thickness (P= 0.02), marbling score (P = 0.003), and yield grade (P = 0.01). Percent KPH tended to increase (P= 0.10) for steers fed aspirin. Aspirin had no effect on body weight, dry matter intake, gain:feed, days on feed, dressing percentage, liver abscess score, or percent liver abscesses. Aspirin tended to increase serum LBP (P= 0.07), but had no effect on serum concentrations of IL-6, haptoglobin, SAA, and AST (P≥ 0.30). This study indicates that leaky gut induced by long-term administration of aspirin has negative impacts on feedlot performance and carcass leanness. The negative impact of aspirin induced leaky gut on animal performance suggests that leaky gut caused by other factors (subacute acidosis, stress) may be a significant problem for the feedlot industry.

scholarly journals Impact of increasing levels of fumonisin on performance, liver toxicity, and tissue histopathology of finishing beef steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny S Jennings ◽  
Steve M Ensley ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Taylor C Husz ◽  
Ty E Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
The Impact

Abstract To address the gaps in current scientific knowledge, the objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of fumonisin exposure on feedlot cattle intake and performance. Fifty steers were received (day 0; 361 ± 6.4 kg), housed individually and fed once daily at 0800 hours. All steers were transitioned to a dry-rolled corn-based finishing diet from days 0 to 21 and then were fed the control finishing diet until day 50. Treatment diets were formulated to achieve ≤5 (CON), 15 (15PPM), 30 (30PPM), 60 (60PPM), or 90 ppm (90PPM) of total dietary fumonisin. Steers were fed the fumonisin treatment diets from day 50 until harvest on day 160; individual animal body weights (BW) were measured on days 0, 50, 100, 150, 159, and 160. Liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle tissue samples were collected at harvest for histopathological analyses, and liver samples were further analyzed for sphinganine (SA) and sphingosine (SO) concentration. Animal performance, carcass data, and liver enzyme concentration were analyzed using a mixed model; categorical data were analyzed via nonparametric models. Contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic responses. Throughout the study, there was no effect of treatment (P > 0.60), or a linear response (P > 0.16) from increasing fumonisin levels, on BW or dry matter intake (DMI). However, CON tended to have a lower average daily gain (ADG) than the fumonisin treatments during the fumonisin treatment period (P = 0.10), and there was a positive linear response (P = 0.02) of ADG to fumonisin during the treatment period. There were no treatment differences in hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, marbling score, ribeye area, or yield grade. There were no effects of treatment on either liver abscesses (P = 0.95) or telangiectasis (P = 0.13). We observed a treatment difference for SA and SA:SO (P < 0.01), as well as a quadratic response (P < 0.02); both SA and SA:SO increased as dietary fumonisin increased. There were no observed differences between treatments for histopathology scores of kidney (P = 0.16), liver (P = 0.25), or skeletal muscle (P = 0.59) tissue. No adverse effects were observed in steers fed increasing dietary levels of fumonisin for 110 d prior to harvest. While elevated liver amino alcohol concentration did occur, negative effects on growth and carcass characters were not observed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Immunoglobulin-Y in Place of Tylosin Phosphate in the Diets Fed to Holstein Steers and Preliminary Analysis of Liver Abscess Duration on Animal Growth Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda K Stotz ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Whitney L Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Immunoglobulin Y ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Performance Reduction ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Despite the regular use of feed-grade macrolide-antibiotics, bovine liver abscesses persist, representing a financial burden to pre- and post-mortem sectors of the beef industry. An immunoglobulin-Y (IGY) additive developed to target Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella pyogenes, was evaluated for the control of liver abscesses. Research is needed for the impact of liver abscess severity as well as abscess duration on steer performance and carcass characteristics. Holstein steers (n=64; initial body weight (BW)=372.5±2.41 kg) consuming a finishing diet for 188 d were used in a completely randomized design where treatments included: TYL (tylosin phosphate 90 mg/day; n=32) or IGY (2.5 g/day; n=32) and steer was the experimental unit. Feed intake was recorded daily while BW and liver ultrasound outcome (normal or abnormal) was recorded every 28 d until slaughter to estimate duration of abscess presence (DUR). Continuous variables of animal growth performance and carcass characteristics were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Categorical quality grade and liver data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Treatment did not affect live or carcass-adjusted growth performance (P≥0.131). However, steers fed TYL had greater (P=0.042) empty body fat (EBF) % and a greater proportion of carcasses grading premium choice than steers fed IGY (P=0.030). Treatment did not affect prevalence of abscessed livers, abscess severity or estimated abscess duration (P≥0.213) but datasets with greater experimental units are needed to substantiate this outcome. Increasing abscess severity tended (P≤0.10) to linearly reduce carcass-adjusted gain to feed (G:F), fat thickness, and EBF. Carcass dressing % was only affected by severe (A+ and A+AD) abscess scores (P=0.010). Carcass-adjusted final BW, average daily gain, G:F, and hot carcass weight was decreased only when the estimated DUR was ≥140 d (P≤0.05). Carcass dressing %, however, was linearly affected by estimated liver abscess DUR (P≤ 0.005), regardless of abscess severity. Preliminary evidence suggests that measuring the duration of liver abscess affliction during the feeding period may also give insight to the degree of performance reduction.

PSXV-26 Performance and health responses of feedlot receiving cattle supplemented with pre- and probiotic ingredients

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 322-323
Author(s):  
Shea Mackey ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Eduardo Colombo ◽  
Jacob Wiegand ◽  
Autumn Pickett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract This experiment compared performance and health responses of feedlot cattle receiving a synbiotic supplement (yeast-derived prebiotic + Bacillus subtilis probiotic), which replaced or were fed in conjunction with feed-grade antimicrobials (monensin and tylosin) during a 56-d receiving period. Angus-influenced steers (n = 192) from 4 different sources were transported for 800 km, and arrived on the experimental feedlot on d 0 when shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded. Steers were ranked by source and shrunk BW, and were allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens. Pens were assigned to receive a free-choice diet containing: 1) monensin and tylosin (RT; 360 mg/steer daily from Rumensin and 90 mg/steer daily from Tylan; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) yeast-derived ingredient and B. subtilis probiotic (CC; 18 g/steer daily of Celmanax and 28 g/steer daily of Certillus; Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ), or 3) monensin and tylosin combined with yeast-derived and B. subtilis ingredients (RTCC) as in RT and CC. Feed intake was greater (P < 0.01) in CC compared with RT and RTCC cattle (7.34, 6.15, 6.22 kg of dry matter/head daily, respectively; SEM = 0.29). Average daily gain tended (P ≤ 0.10) to be greater in CC compared with RT and RTCC cattle (1.23, 1.16, 1.16 kg/d, respectively; SEM = 0.03). Feed efficiency was less in CC compared with RT and RTCC cattle (0.160, 0.173, 0.171 kg/kg, respectively; SEM = 0.003). Incidence of bovine respiratory disease did not differ (P = 0.37) between treatments (25.9, 20.2, and 15.5% for CC, RT, and RTCC, respectively; SEM = 5.2) during the 56-d receiving period. Collectively, replacing RT with CC improved feed intake and BW gain during a 56-d receiving period, despite reducing feed efficiency. Combining RT and CC ingredients, however, did not yield additional productive and health benefits to receiving cattle.

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