scholarly journals 102 Detecting coprophagy in foals and its relationship with foal gut health

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Author(s):  
Morgan B Pyles ◽  
Susan Hayes ◽  
Andrea Crum ◽  
Miranda Kunes ◽  
Elizabeth Radomski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Changes Over Time

Abstract Consumption of maternal feces is commonly observed in foals; however, the role of this activity in foal health is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of coprophagy in foals and how it relates to foal gut health. Milk samples and foal feces were collected from 12 mare-foal pairs at 12 h, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d after foaling. Milk yield was estimated after muzzling foals for 2 h intervals at 7 and 14 d postpartum. To detect coprophagy in foals, nine mares were fed chromic oxide (10 g/d) with their concentrate in nosebags twice daily. Mares had ad libitum access to forage. Fecal samples were collected immediately after defecation and used to enumerate cellulolytic bacteria, lactobacilli, and lactate-utilizing bacteria using culture-based techniques. Enumeration data were log10 transformed before statistical analyses. Frozen feces were used to analyze neutral detergent fiber (NDF) using a Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, NY, USA), then ashed and digested to analyze chromic oxide via atomic absorption. Fecal scores were recorded daily to monitor for signs of diarrhea. Changes over time were evaluated using repeated measures ANOVA and relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (SAS 9.4). Coprophagy was detected as early as 3 d after birth and detected in all foals by 7 d of age. Peak coprophagy occurred at 14 d after birth. Milk yield was negatively related to fiber and chromic oxide in foal feces (r = -0.64 and -0.70, respectively; P < 0.05). Chromic oxide in foal feces was positively related to the number of cellulolytic bacteria and NDF (r = 0.97 and 0.79, respectively; P < 0.05). Bouts of diarrhea tended to be negatively related to chromic oxide (r = -0.59; P = 0.0928). Maternal feces is likely an important source of fiber and microbial inoculum for foals, aiding in colonization of beneficial microbes.

scholarly journals PSIV-2 Changes in free glutamine and glutamate in mare milk during early lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 276-276
Author(s):  
Morgan B Pyles ◽  
Susan Hayes ◽  
Andrea Crum ◽  
Elizabeth Radomski ◽  
Miranda Kunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Major Energy Source ◽  
Amine Carrier ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Glutamine plays an important role in neonatal health. This amino acid serves as a nitrogen and amine carrier between tissues, as a major energy source and as a precursor for nucleic acids and proteins in rapidly proliferating intestinal cells. This study aimed to evaluate changes over time in free Gln and Glu concentrations in mare milk in early lactation and their relationship with foal gut health. Thirteen Thoroughbred mare and foal pairs were studied. Milk samples were collected at 12 h, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d after parturition and daily milk yield was estimated at 7 and 14 d postpartum. Milk samples were centrifuged (10 min, 3500 x g, 4 °C) to remove fat, then centrifuged twice (5 min, 10,000 x g, 22 °C) to remove protein. Free Glu and Gln were analyzed in triplicate using a membrane-based glutaminase and glutamate oxidase method (YSI 2700 Analyzer, YSI Life Sciences, OH). Daily fecal scores were recorded to monitor foal diarrhea and body weights were recorded weekly. Mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures (SAS 9.4) were used to evaluate changes over time in free Gln and Glu. Relationships between variables were assessed using regression analyses and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Free Gln and Glu changed over time (P < 0.0001). Glutamine increased from 12 h to 5 d, (0.24±0.11 mmol/L and 1.09±.11 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05) then decreased to 0.90±0.11 mmol/L by 21 d postpartum. In contrast, free Gln was the lowest at 12 h (0.36±0.04 mmol/L) and continued increasing through 21 d postpartum (0.80±0.04 mmol/L; P < 0.05). Bouts of diarrhea were negatively related to milk Gln (P < 0.05) and foal ADG was positively related to milk Glu (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Gln may have a role in foal gut health while Glu may influence foal growth.

Effect of ruminally unprotected Echium oil on milk yield, composition and fatty acid profile in mid-lactation goats

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Renna ◽  
Carola Lussiana ◽  
Paolo Cornale ◽  
Luca Maria Battaglini ◽  
Riccardo Fortina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Biohydrogenation Intermediates

This study investigated the effects on goat milk yield and composition of a diet supplemented with Echium plantagineum oil (EPO). Twenty-four mid-lactation multiparous Camosciata goats were divided into two balanced groups and fed for 44 d a diet based on hay and concentrate, supplemented (EPO group, Echium) or not (CON group, control) with 40 ml of ruminally unprotected EPO. Individual milk yield was recorded and individual milk samples were collected at 11, 22, 33, and 44 d after supplementation. Milk samples were analysed for milk components and fatty acids (FA). Data were statistically analysed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Milk yield, protein and lactose contents were significantly higher in EPO than CON group. The inclusion of EPO significantly decreased total saturated FA and total branched-chain FA, and contemporarily sharply increased trans biohydrogenation intermediates (P ⩽ 0·001). Milk concentration of α-linolenic, stearidonic and γ-linolenic acids increased by 23, 1000 and 67%, respectively (P ⩽ 0·001). Due to extensive ruminal biohydrogenation, their apparent transfer rate was less than 3%. As a consequence, the milk concentrations of very long-chain (VLC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) and dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3 n-6) acids, significantly increased with EPO treatment, but values remained very low. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) was undetectable in all analysed milk samples. Results show that ruminally unprotected EPO can enhance milk yield and protein and improve the overall goat milk FA profile. However, this kind of supplementation cannot be considered a valuable strategy to develop goat functional dairy products enriched with VLC n-3 PUFA for human consumption.

scholarly journals Emotional Responses to Reading in the First Grade - The “L.E.R. Cãofiante” Project

Psico-USF ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Lourdes Mata ◽  
Maria José Mackaaij ◽  
Margarida Calado
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Positive Experiences

Abstract The “L.E.R. Cãofiante”* project was implemented with first-grade pupils who took part in reading sessions animated by a librarian in partnership with her dogs. The goal was to evaluate the effect of this intervention on children’s emotions regarding reading (enjoyment, anxiety, boredom). The participants were 80 children (47 in the Intervention Group (IG); 33 in the Comparison Group (CG)). Parents and teachers answered a questionnaire about children’s involvement, and the children answered one about reading emotions. For data processing, repeated measures ANOVA was used along with content analysis of the answers to the questionnaires. The results showed different emotional profiles of children in the IG and the CG, mostly regarding enjoyment, which increased in the IG. Data from parents and teachers corroborated this conclusion, emphasising positive experiences which allowed an understanding of the role of dogs in children’s enjoyment and interest in reading.

scholarly journals 88 Factors influencing mare milk composition and yield and foal digestive health

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Morgan B Pyles ◽  
Ashley Fowler ◽  
Andrea Crum ◽  
Susan Hayes ◽  
Rachel Schendel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Viable Cells

Abstract The microbial community that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract within the first few days of life can have significant impacts on the health of the foal. For example, proliferation of pathogens can lead to neonatal diarrhea. The factors influencing the establishment of the normal microbiome, which can provide pathogen resistance, are not well understood. This research aimed to evaluate factors influencing foal gut health including changes in foal fecal bacteria, mare milk composition and yield, and utilization of milk components by fecal bacteria from foals. We hypothesized that the maternal diet would alter milk yield and composition and as a result, will influence microbial colonization in the foal. To evaluate dietary influence on milk composition, mares (n = 16) were fed forage and either a concentrate with high nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) or low NSC. Milk yield and composition were evaluated and relationships with foal fecal bacteria and diarrhea were explored. In addition, fecal samples collected from foals were used to enumerate select bacterial groups and isolate and identify carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria. We found that feeding mares a high NSC concentrate increased synthesis of milk carbohydrates and daily milk yield compared to mares fed a low NSC concentrate (P < 0.05). Microbes isolated from foal feces were capable of utilizing carbohydrates, such as lactose and galactooligosaccharides, as early as 12 h after birth. High milk producing mares had foals with fewer cellulolytic bacteria (P < 0.001). Foals with >1 bout of diarrhea had fewer cellulolytic bacteria (177 viable cells/g feces) compared to foals with no diarrhea (10,000 viable cells/g feces; P < 0.001). Fecal lactobacilli and lactate-utilizing bacteria were positively related to bouts of diarrhea (r=0.745 and r=0.555, respectively; P < 0.05). The gastrointestinal microbiome is changing rapidly in the foal and milk yield and composition appear to play an important role. The neonatal period may provide an opportunity to influence the microbiome and prevent gastrointestinal upsets.

One Size Fits All?

Methodology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel C. Voelkle ◽  
Patrick E. McKnight
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Latent Curve

The use of latent curve models (LCMs) has increased almost exponentially during the last decade. Oftentimes, researchers regard LCM as a “new” method to analyze change with little attention paid to the fact that the technique was originally introduced as an “alternative to standard repeated measures ANOVA and first-order auto-regressive methods” (Meredith & Tisak, 1990, p. 107). In the first part of the paper, this close relationship is reviewed, and it is demonstrated how “traditional” methods, such as the repeated measures ANOVA, and MANOVA, can be formulated as LCMs. Given that latent curve modeling is essentially a large-sample technique, compared to “traditional” finite-sample approaches, the second part of the paper addresses the question to what degree the more flexible LCMs can actually replace some of the older tests by means of a Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, a structural equation modeling alternative to Mauchly’s (1940) test of sphericity is explored. Although “traditional” methods may be expressed as special cases of more general LCMs, we found the equivalence holds only asymptotically. For practical purposes, however, no approach always outperformed the other alternatives in terms of power and type I error, so the best method to be used depends on the situation. We provide detailed recommendations of when to use which method.

scholarly journals Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Barizien ◽  
Morgan Le Guen ◽  
Stéphanie Russel ◽  
Pauline Touche ◽  
Florent Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Testing Group ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, continue to experience symptoms months after recovering from mild cases of COVID-19. Amongst these symptoms, several are related to neurological manifestations, including fatigue, anosmia, hypogeusia, headaches and hypoxia. However, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by a dysautonomia, which can aggregate all these neurological symptoms has not been prominently reported. Here, we hypothesize that dysautonomia, could occur in secondary COVID-19 infection, also referred to as “long COVID” infection. 39 participants were included from December 2020 to January 2021 for assessment by the Department of physical medicine to enhance their physical capabilities: 12 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis and fatigue, 15 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis without fatigue and 12 control participants without COVID-19 diagnosis and without fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a change in position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation. In this cohort, to reflect HRV, parasympathetic/sympathetic balance was estimated using the NOL index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index calculated from extracted physiological signals by the PMD-200 pain monitoring system. Repeated-measures mixed-models testing group effect were performed to analyze NOL index changes over time between groups. A significant NOL index dissociation over time between long COVID-19 participants with fatigue and control participants was observed (p = 0.046). A trend towards significant NOL index dissociation over time was observed between long COVID-19 participants without fatigue and control participants (p = 0.109). No difference over time was observed between the two groups of long COVID-19 participants (p = 0.904). Long COVID-19 participants with fatigue may exhibit a dysautonomia characterized by dysregulation of the HRV, that is reflected by the NOL index measurements, compared to control participants. Dysautonomia may explain the persistent symptoms observed in long COVID-19 patients, such as fatigue and hypoxia. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Foch IRB: IRB00012437 (Approval Number: 20-12-02) on December 16, 2020.

Time of imagery’s effect on performance and self-efficacy in college baseball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colton Haight ◽  
Sandra Moritz ◽  
Tanis Walch
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Physical Effect ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Significant Time ◽  
Imagery Group ◽  
College Baseball ◽  
Group 2

AbstractThe relationships among the time of imagery use on performance and self-efficacy in college baseball players during a hitting task was examined. Participants (n=24) were randomly assigned to one of three imagery conditions: (a) before practice, (b) during practice, (c) after practice. A one-shot MG-M imagery intervention was used. Results from a 3 (imagery group) ×2 (pretest and posttest) repeated measures ANOVA showed only a significant time by imagery group interaction for self-efficacy (F (2, 21)=4.67, p<0.05). These findings suggest that imagery had a stronger psychological effect than physical effect.

A five-decade review of gender-based occupational segregation: A bibliometric study of influential authors, institutions, and research clusters

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Leena Sachdeva ◽  
Kumkum Bharti ◽  
Mridul Maheshwari
Keyword(s):  
Wage Differential ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Organisational Structures ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Web

Despite the proliferation of occupational segregation research, only a limited amount has explored it from a gender perspective. The attention that has been given is widely scattered and requires an analysis to identify the major works undertaken and the changes over time. This study aimed to examine and assimilate articles published on gender-based occupational segregation through a bibliometric analysis. The study examined 512 articles published from the early 1970s to 2020 that were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The findings suggest that gender and occupational segregation remain an extensive field of research, although this research comes mainly from North American and European countries. The low representation from developing countries indicates that more research is needed based on these different socio-cultural settings. This study identified three dominant research clusters, namely gendered organisational structures and systems, measurement of occupational segregation, and wage differential. Studies also covered areas including conceptualization, LGBTQ issues, and the role of legislation and institutions in reducing workplace inequalities; thus, providing a direction for scholars and practitioners.

NEURAL FACTORS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RAT

1967 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. EDWARDSON ◽  
J. T. EAYRS
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
Peripheral Innervation ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Neural Factors

SUMMARY The role of the peripheral innervation of mammary tissue in the maintenance of lactation has been investigated by the procedure of selective thelectomy combined with denervation of the posterior thoracic nipples. When suckling is restricted to a single pair of nipples bilateral transection of the three adjacent nerves supplying a nipple arrests lactation completely; partial denervation is associated with a reduced level of lactational performance which is directly related to the concentration of the residual innervation. Increase in litter size is associated with an overall increase in milk-yield up to a limit beyond which the addition of further young to the litter is without effect. It is inferred that there is a quantitative relationship between the neural stimulus of suckling and the endocrine response of the hypothalamopituitary system.

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