scholarly journals 389 Interactions between zinc, copper, and growth promoting technologies in beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
Olivia N Genther-Schroeder ◽  
Remy N Carmichael ◽  
Elizabeth M Messersmith ◽  
Katherine Hochmuth ◽  
Elisabeth Lonergan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Anabolic Implants

Abstract Trace minerals (TM) are required for many biochemical processes and support optimal animal growth. However, as animal genetics and feed technologies in the beef industry have advanced, our understanding of the TM requirements of modern cattle has lagged. Recently, Zn and Cu have emerged as potential targets for better understanding the interaction between nutrition and growth-promoting technologies like anabolic implants and β-agonists (BA). Both Zn and Cu are phosphodiesterase inhibitors, potentially maintaining cAMP concentrations, potentiating the BA signal. Zinc supplementation well above national recommendations can improve ADG or HCW in finishing cattle during the BA feeding period, and N retention is increased by both Zn and BA supplementation, suggesting a major role for Zn is in protein accretion. Interestingly, Cu status of feedlot steers appears to affect ADG during the BA period, where steers with moderate liver Cu and 10 mg Cu/kg diet DM gaining more than steers with high or low Cu status. Anabolic implants likely improve growth through altering protein deposition, degradation and satellite cell proliferation, processes that can be linked to Cu and Zn metalloproteins. Implanting cattle decreases both plasma and liver Zn, and heifers receiving a long-lasting implant had greater HCW when supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg DM when compared with 30 mg Zn/kg DM. It is apparent Cu status and supplementation also affect the response to hormone implants. Steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM had greater liver Cu concentrations and a lesser response to an implant than steers supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM. Current state of knowledge suggests TM status and diet concentrations can impact the response to growth promoting technologies. Much remains to be learned about cattle requirements for dietary TM, and the appropriate TM concentrations to optimize feedlot cattle performance.

Antibiotic Resistance and Hypermutability of Escherichia coli O157 from Feedlot Cattle Treated with Growth-Promoting Agents

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2411-2419 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIGITTE LEFEBVRE ◽  
MOUSSA S. DIARRA ◽  
KARINE GIGUÈRE ◽  
GABRIEL ROY ◽  
SOPHIE MICHAUD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Growth Promoting

In a longitudinal study (165 days), we investigated the effect of growth-promoting agents (monensin and trenbolone acetate–estradiol) and an antibiotic (oxytetracycline) on the incidence in feedlot steers of Escherichia coli O157, including antibiotic-resistant and hypermutable isolates. Eighty steers in 16 pens were treated with eight combinations of promoters, and each treatment was duplicated. Fecal samples were collected at nine different sampling times for detection of E. coli O157. Overall, 50 E. coli O157 isolates were detected in treated animals, and none were found in untreated animals. Compared with untreated controls, there was a significant association between the utilization of growth-promoting agents or antibiotics and the shedding of E. coli O157 at day 137 (P = 0.03), when a prevalence peak was observed and 50% of the isolates were detected. Multiplex PCR assays were conducted for some virulence genes. PCR results indicated that all except one isolate possessed at least the Shiga toxin gene stx2. MICs for 12 antibiotics were determined, and eight oxytetracycline-resistant E. coli O157 strains were identified. Antibiotic-resistant strains were considered a distinct subpopulation of E. coli O157 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. Seven of these antibiotic-resistant strains were isolated early in the study (on or before day 25), and among them two were also hypermutable as determined by rifampin mutation frequencies. The proportion of hypermutable strains among E. coli O157 isolates remained relatively constant throughout the study period. These results indicate that the use of growth-promoting agents and antibiotics in beef production may increase the risk of environmental contamination by E. coli O157.

scholarly journals PSVII-40 Late-Breaking Abstract: Ultrasonography and bacterial community of naturally occurring liver abscesses and non-abscessed livers in finishing Holstein steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 339-340
Author(s):  
Miranda K Stotz ◽  
Whitney L Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Financial Burden ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Severity Scores

Abstract Liver abscesses persist in feedlot cattle representing a financial burden to both pre- and post-mortem sectors of the beef industry. Pre- and Post-mortem strategies are needed to understand onset, duration, and resolution of abscesses, etiology, and fully quantify their impact on performance. Holstein steers (n = 56; Initial BW=384±13.5 kg) consuming a finishing diet (90% concentrate) for 188 d (Final BW=660±42 kg) were used for live ultrasonography of the liver. Feed intake was recorded daily and BW and liver ultrasound images recorded every 28 d. At harvest, livers were graded and imaged to compare with ultrasound images. Tissue was sampled from both abscessed and non-abscessed livers and 16s rDNA sequencing performed. Steers ranked within feedlot performance variables for 188 days on feed (DOF) and the final 48 DOF were compared with post-mortem liver score using the FREQ procedure of SAS. A contingency table for abscess detection by ultrasound versus harvest was used to evaluate ultrasound accuracy. Abscess prevalence of Holstein steers was 60.7%. No relationship was detected between liver severity score and DMI, ADG and G:F calculated from the total days on feed (P ≥ 0.394). However, in the last 48 DOF, steers with non-abscessed or resolved liver abscesses tended to have greater ADG values (P = 0.099) and G:F (P = 0.049) than steers with mild and severely abscessed livers. Final ultrasound identified 14 of 23 abscessed livers. Abscesses not detected by ultrasound were inactive scars/adhesions, located on the visceral side or covered by lung or intestinal tissue. Non-abscessed and scarred livers had greater OTU richness and evenness while severely abscessed livers had greater dominance (P < 0.001). Beta-diversity indicated community separation of tissue from different severity scores. All 56 liver samples contained F. necrophorum and Bacteroides spp. DNA; abscessed or not. The true prevalence and duration of liver abscesses in finishing cattle requires greater pre-mortem surveillance.

scholarly journals LL-E19020.ALPHA. and .BETA., animal growth promoting antibiotics: Taxonomy, fermentation and biological activity.

1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. MAIESE ◽  
M. P. LECHEVALIER ◽  
H. A. LECHEVALIER ◽  
J. KORSHALLA ◽  
J. GOODMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting

scholarly journals Multi-Rate Data Fusion for State and Parameter Estimation in (Bio-)Chemical Process Engineering

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1990
Author(s):  
Robert Dürr ◽  
Stefanie Duvigneau ◽  
Carsten Seidel ◽  
Achim Kienle ◽  
Andreas Bück
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Delayed Measurement ◽  
Advanced Model ◽  
Mathematical Process

For efficient operation, modern control approaches for biochemical process engineering require information on the states of the process such as temperature, humidity or chemical composition. Those measurement are gathered from a set of sensors which differ with respect to sampling rates and measurement quality. Furthermore, for biochemical processes in particular, analysis of physical samples is necessary, e.g., to infer cellular composition resulting in delayed information. As an alternative for the use of this delayed measurement for control, so-called soft-sensor approaches can be used to fuse delayed multirate measurements with the help of a mathematical process model and provide information on the current state of the process. In this manuscript we present a complete methodology based on cascaded unscented Kalman filters for state estimation from delayed and multi-rate measurements. The approach is demonstrated for two examples, an exothermic chemical reactor and a recently developed model for biopolymer production. The results indicate that the the current state of the systems can be accurately reconstructed and therefore represent a promising tool for further application in advanced model-based control not only of the considered processes but also of related processes.

scholarly journals 66 Overview of Different Cattle Finishing Facilities: Economic Summary and Future Innovations

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
Tom Peters
Keyword(s):  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Excessive Heat ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Building Ventilation ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Management Issues ◽  
Cattle Performance

Abstract Environment and weather may have a significant impact on feedlot cattle growth. Most U.S. feedlot cattle are finished/fed in open-mound, dirt lots. Historic closeout data conclude that cattle performance has been optimal when finishing cattle in well groomed, dry, dirt mound lots. However, weather challenges including excessive heat, cold, or moisture conditions negatively impact cattle performance. Past attempts to provide shelter for finishing feedlot cattle with buildings/sheds have often yielded subpar finishing cattle growth expectations when compared to well-groomed dirt mounds. Improved cattle housing designs including building ventilation and flooring types are being utilized in many Northern Plains and Midwest cattle operations during the last decade. This symposium will address current designs, management issues, economic considerations and future improvement challenges for finishing cattle housing systems. Performance and economics comparing various cattle breeds and varied in-weights throughout finishing period in differing cattle facilities will be evaluated. Comparison of expected and realized performance of finishing cattle when housed in bedded barns, conventional scrape yards with sheds and cattle comfort finishing shelters will be reviewed.

Impact of a mixed culture of Lactobacillus casei and L. lactis on in vitro ruminal fermentation and the growth of feedlot steers fed barley-based diets

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Baah ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
T A McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Barley Silage

The effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) poduct containing a mixed culture of Lactobacillus casei and L. lactis on in vitro ruminal fermentation of barley-grain/barley-silage-based backgrounding and finishing diets and on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle was evaluated during backgrounding (84 d) and finishing (140 d) of 100 Hereford × Angus steers (initial body weight = 280 ± 15.5 kg). The inclusion rates of DFM in the in vitro study were 4, 8, 12 and 16 million colony forming units (CFU) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) kg-1 DM of substrate. Total in vitro volatile fatty acids (VFA) production increased at 6 and 12 h of incubation (P < 0.01; linear response) when the backgrounding diet was supplemented with DFM. Dry matter digestibility and VFA production also increased (P < 0.05) during a 12-h fermentation of the finishing diet. Steers were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments that comprised feeding DFM tp provide 0 (control), 4 × 107, 8 × 107, or 12 × 107 CFU kg-1 diet DM. Average daily gain (ADG, kg) and feed efficiency (G:F; kg gain kg-1 DM consumed) of steers improved (P = 0.002 and 0.001, respectively) as a result of feeding DFM during the backgrounding period, but not during the finishing period. Saleable meat and rib eye area decreased (P = 0.038, linear; and P = 0.041, quadratic) with DFM supplementation. The results indicated that supplementing barley-grain/barley-silage-based feedlot cattle diets with 12 × 107 CFU of the mixed culture of lactobacilli used in these studies could improve ruminal fermentation, ADG and G:F in backgrounding feedlot steers. However, supplementation during the finishing period may not be warranted in terms of growth performance and carcass characteristics. Differences in the microbial ecology of the intestinal tract as a result of differences in diet composition may account for the varied response between the backgrounding and finishing periods.Key words: Beef cattle, direct-fed microbial, growth performance, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, ruminal fermentation

The role of cyadox and recombinant growth hormone (rGH) on the promotion of growth through epigenetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimei Liu ◽  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Xiaohui Zhu ◽  
Yulian Wang ◽  
Awais Ihsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Dna Methyltransferases ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Recombinant Growth Hormone ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accessible Chromatin

Abstract Background: Cyadox is an effective growth-promoting antibiotic, which is similar to the role of recombinant growth hormone (rGH). Current studies have shown that cyadox can promote animal growth through altering intestinal microflora, improving protein utilization and increasing protein synthesis. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetics are also closely related to growth. However, the potential role of epigenetics in the cyadox for growth has not been explored. Results: Here, we used recombinant growth hormone (rGH) and cyadox to study the relationship between growth and changes in epigenetics including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin structure. Bisulfite DNA sequencing (BSP) assay suggested that cyadox and rGH treatments increased IGF-1 expression partially by hypomethylation at CpG sites within the promoter region of IGF-1, which was regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). We also observed an enrichment of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac at the promoter regions of IGF-1 by ChIP-qPCR assay, which contributed to an increase in IGF-1 transcription. In addition, immunofluorometric assay displayed cellular accessible chromatin structure following the treatment of cyadox and rGH, facilitating the combination of transcription factors and DNA and thus enhancing gene transcription. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicated that cyadox and rGH promote cell growth partially through epigenetic changes, providing a prospect for the development of animal growth-promoting drugs in the future.

scholarly journals Blood lactate and rectal temperature can predict exit velocity of beef feedlot steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1530-1542
Author(s):  
Andrew F Williams ◽  
Jane A Boles ◽  
Melissa R Herrygers ◽  
James G Berardinelli ◽  
Michael C Meyers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Exit Velocity ◽  
Feedlot Steers

Abstract: Interest in beef cattle temperament has increased due to growing consumer awareness of animal welfare and increased concern for handler safety. Temperament measures are based on behavioral responses to a perceived stressor. Subjective chute scoring has been used to give a numeric value to temperament; however, the subjectivity and variability among observers have been questioned. To deal with the perceived subjectivity and variability, other researchers have used exit velocity. Researchers have related faster exit velocities to increased cortisol and plasma lactate. The objectives of this study were to compare temperament between feedlot steers and heifers and to confirm chute side measures of temperament relationship to physiological responses to stress. Body temperature, blood and plasma lactate, serum glucose, salivary and serum cortisol concentrations were measured on Bos taurus commercial crossbred feedlot cattle (n = 197). Fast, medium, and slow classifications were developed from exit velocities. Plasma lactate was significantly different between all exit velocity classes. Exit velocity and physiological measures indicated that heifers were more excitable (faster exit velocities (P = 0.003), higher plasma lactate concentrations (P = 0.03), and cortisol concentrations (P = 0.001)). Simple correlations among these variables indicated body temperature (heifers r = 0.44, P &lt; 0.0001; steers r = 0.45, P &lt; .0001), plasma lactate (heifers r = 0.52, P &lt; 0.0001; steers r = 0.63, P &lt; 0.0001), blood lactate (heifers r = 0.53, P &lt; 0.001; steers r = 0.59, P &lt; 0.001), and glucose (heifers r = 0.54, P &lt; 0.001; steers r = 0.32, P &lt;0.003) were all related to exit velocity. Cortisol measures were not correlated to exit velocity in steers but were in heifers. Linear models constructed and evaluated using the Akaike information criterion indicated that blood lactate in combination with rectal temperature were strong candidates to predict exit velocity. Using the discriminate function analysis, the model correctly categorized fast and slow classifications 69.23% and 61.54%, respectively, indicating that in combination measures of body temperature and blood lactate can potentially increase accuracy of temperament identification or replace exit velocity as a measure of temperament. The plasma lactate and rectal temperature have the potential to become strong objective measures to augment or replace exit velocity.

Kale-based out-wintering systems for weaned Aberdeen Angus cross and Limousin cross steers during a winter store period

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 236-236
Author(s):  
J. J. Hyslop ◽  
D. Fleming ◽  
G. J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Uk

Since de-coupling of CAP subsidy schemes from actual animal production, lowering the costs of finishing cattle production systems is one of the key challenges facing the beef industry. One of the largest costs associated with finished cattle production from spring-born suckled calves is the costs of over-wintering the weaned steer calf once the suckling phase is over. The capital tied up in buildings is a major component of these costs in countries such as the UK where the relatively harsh winter environments have traditionally led to many weaned suckled calves being housed and fed conserved forages over the winter months to ensure adequate performance. Previous work (Hyslop et al, 2006) has shown that under appropriate field conditions, non-lactating, spring calving suckler cows can be out-wintered on both grazed kale or turnip based-systems with an acceptable degree of animal performance. The objective of the current study was to determine liveweight (LW) changes in weaned spring-born suckled calf steers when managed outdoors on kale-based grazing systems during a short winter feeding period and to assess the dirtiness of steers hides at the end of the kale grazing period.

Evaluation of Autogenous Vaccine Use in Mitigating Salmonella in Lymph Nodes from Feedlot Cattle in Texas

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
BROGAN C. HORTON ◽  
KERRI B. GEHRING ◽  
JASON E. SAWYER ◽  
ASHLEY N. ARNOLD
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Base Group ◽  
All Treatment ◽  
Autogenous Vaccine

ABSTRACT Managing the presence of Salmonella in ground beef has been an ongoing challenge for the beef industry. Salmonella prevalence can vary regionally, seasonally, and within the animal, making the development of interventions difficult. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an autogenous Salmonella vaccine in mitigating Salmonella in lymph nodes (LNs) of feedlot cattle. An autogenous vaccine was developed using the most common Salmonella enterica serovars (Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Anatum, Salmonella Muenchen, Salmonella Montevideo, and Salmonella Mbandaka) identified from cattle managed at a South Texas feedlot with historically high Salmonella prevalence. Fifty-five heifers were selected for even distribution across five groups: (i) BASE, which received no autogenous vaccinations and were harvested after the stocker stage, (ii) CNTRL, which received no autogenous vaccinations, (iii) FARM, which received autogenous vaccinations at the ranch only, (iv) SPLIT, which received autogenous vaccinations at both the ranch and feedlot, and (v) YARD, which received vaccinations at the feedlot only. One heifer each from the BASE and CNTRL groups did not complete the study. All treatment groups except BASE were harvested after reaching market weight. Left and right superficial cervical and subiliac LNs from each carcass were collected and analyzed for Salmonella presence, and positive samples were serotyped. No salmonellae were recovered from LNs derived from BASE, FARM, SPLIT, or YARD groups. Cattle in the BASE group were expected to have a low occurrence of Salmonella based on previous research. However, the percentage of Salmonella-positive animals in the CNTRL group was 20.0% (2 of 10), which is lower than expected based on historical data from the same feeding location. There could be several causes of decreased Salmonella presence in the LNs of control cattle, creating an opportunity for future investigation into the development of preharvest interventions to combat Salmonella in feedlots. HIGHLIGHTS

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