Postnatal development of gut microbial activity and their importance for jejunal motility in piglets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Arife Sener-Aydemir ◽  
S Sharma ◽  
Frederike Lerch
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Creep Feed

Abstract Despite their anti-inflammatory properties, role in barrier function, absorption and microbial balance in the gut, knowledge on maturational and dietary effects on intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in neonatal piglets is scarce. Moreover, little information exists whether SCFA and lactic acid (LA) modulates gut motility at this age. The present study aimed 1) to investigate the maturational changes in the SCFA profile with and without creep feeding of piglets in the first 3 weeks of life; and 2) to examine the effects of SCFA and LA on muscle contractibility in jejunal tissue from neonatal piglets ex vivo. SCFA concentrations were measured in fecal samples of 52 piglets from 10 litters collected on days 2, 6, 13, and 20 of life using gas chromatography. Half of the litters were fed a commercial creep feed from day 10 of life. The organ bath system was used to test the effect of SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate and caproate) as well as of LA and the combination of LA and SCFA on muscle contractibility in piglet’s jejunum. Average daily gain of piglets was similar between groups before and after introduction of creep feed. SCFA were detectable in feces in relevant concentrations from day 2 of life and increased on day 6 in males by 3.0-fold and on day 13 in females by 1.6-fold but decreased again on day 20 in both sexes compared to day 2 (P < 0.05). Creep feeding reduced fecal SCFA by 0.6-fold on day 13 without largely modifying molar proportions, whereas it increased fecal SCFA by 0.8-fold on day 20 of life compared to the sow-reared only piglets (P < 0.05). Applying SCFA ex vivo increased the muscle contraction of the jejunum by 30% (P < 0.05). Likewise, addition of LA and the combination of LA and SCFA increased the jejunal muscle contractibility by 34.9 and 32.2%, respectively, compared to the muscle tension pre-addition (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results for fecal SCFA in first days of life suggest high bacterial activity on milk components and emphasize the importance of SCFA for intestinal development and function. After a lag phase, creep feeding promotes fermentation in the distal colon, which may be beneficial for the gut homeostasis. Results further demonstrate the stimulating effect of SCFA and LA for jejunal motility, suggesting a role for mixing of digesta (segmentation) and digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as passage in the jejunum of neonatal piglets.

Effects of creep feeding and breed composition on growth of heifer calves and milk production of their dams

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-627
Author(s):  
D. R. C. Bailey ◽  
R. P. Gilbert ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
D. Petitclerc
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Calving Season ◽  
Daily Gain

Heifer calves resulting from matings of Angus (A), Hereford (H), or Simmental (S) bulls with A and H cows were used to examine the effects of creep feeding (CREEP) and heifer genotype (CALFBRD; n = 14 AA, 18 HH, 10 AH. 10 HA, 19 SA, 15 SH) on their preweaning average daily gain (ADG) and the milk yield and milk composition of their dams during the 1987 and 1988 grazing seasons. Eight-hour milk yield was estimated by oxytocin-hand milking procedures at 62, 120, and 170 d from the beginning of the calving season. Dependent variables used in repeated measures analyses included heifer calf and cow ADG between consecutive sampling times, 8-h milk yield (MILK), milk composition (grams per 8 h and percent of fat, protein, and lactose in each sample (FATG, FAT%, PROTG, PROT%, LACTG, LACT%, respectively), fat-corrected milk (FCM) and solid-corrected milk (SCM) from each cow at each sampling time. Neither CREEP nor CALFBRD had any effect on any milk yield or milk composition variable except a slight effect of CALFBRD on LACT%. Year differences were found for cow ADG, FATG, FAT%, PROTG, PROT%, LACT%, FCM and SCM, but not for LACTG, MILK or calf ADG. Differences (P≤ 0.001) in calf ADG due to CREEP and CALFBRD were found. Age of cow was a significant source of variation for cow and calf ADG and all milk yield variables, but not for FAT%, PROT%, or LACT%. Time trends (within subject factors) were significant for all dependent variables. Time by Year effects were important for cow and calf ADG, MILK, SCM, PROTG, PROT%, and LACTG. Both the breed composition of calves and supplementation with creep feed influenced calf gains but had no effect on their dam's milk yield, milk composition, or changes in body weight. Key words: Beef cattle, creep feeding, milk yield, milk composition, average daily gain, repeated measurements

Myometrial Responses to Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in Gynecological Malignancies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Beata Modzelewska ◽  
Marcin Jóźwik ◽  
Tomasz Kleszczewski ◽  
Stanisław Sulkowski ◽  
Maciej Jóźwik
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Human Uterus ◽  
Uterine Contractility ◽  
Beta Adrenoceptor ◽  
Gynecological Malignancies

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of beta-adrenoceptor (ADRB) antagonists on contractile activity of the nonpregnant human uterus in patients affected by gynecological malignancies. Design: This was a controlled and prospective ex vivo study. Setting: The work was conducted as a collaboration between 4 academic departments. Materials and Methods: Myometrial specimens were obtained from women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecological disorders (reference group; N = 15), and ovarian (N = 15), endometrial (N = 15), synchronous ovarian-endometrial (N = 3), and cervical cancer (N = 10). Contractions of myometrial strips in an organ bath before and after applications of ADRB antagonists (propranolol, bupranolol, SR 59230A, and butoxamine) were studied under isometric conditions. Results: Propranolol and bupranolol attenuated contractions in the endometrial and cervical cancer groups similar to that in the reference group (all p < 0.05), whereas opposite effects were observed in the ovarian and synchronous ovarian-endometrial cancer groups. SR 59230A and butoxamine significantly increased contractions in the ovarian cancer group (both p < 0.001). Limitations: These results require now to be placed into a firm clinical context. Conclusions: Our study indicates that ovarian cancer considerably alters contractile activity of the nonpregnant human uterus in response to ADRB antagonists. This suggests a pathogenetic role of beta-adrenergic pathways in this malignancy. Furthermore, propranolol and bupranolol substantially influence spontaneous uterine contractility.

30 The Effect of Creep Feed Composition and Form on Pre- and Post-weaning Growth Performance of Pigs and the Utilization of Low-quality Nursery Diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
Brenda Christensen ◽  
Lee-Anne Huber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Main Protein ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Feeding Regimen

Abstract Fifty-six litters standardized to 12 piglets from first-parity sows were used to determine the effects of creep and nursery diet compositions on pre- and post-weaning pig growth performance. At three days of age, litters (initial BW 2.31±0.61kg) were assigned to one of four creep feeding regimens (n=14): [1] commercial creep feed (COM), [2] liquid milk replacer (LMR), [3] pelleted milk replacer (PMR), or [4] no creep feed (NO); creep feeds contained 1.0% brilliant blue as a fecal marker. Fecal swabs were collected every 3±1 days to identify piglets that regularly consumed creep feed. At weaning (18±1 days of age), six pigs per litter that consumed creep feed were placed on either a HIGH- (contained highly digestible animal proteins) or LOW- (contained corn and soybean meal as the main protein sources) quality nursery diet (n = 7) in a three-phase feeding program over 38 days. The LMR disappeared at the greatest rate (37.7 g/pig/d; DM-basis) versus COM and PMR (10.8±1.5 g/pig/d; P &lt; 0.001). Litters that received LMR had the greatest proportion of pigs with blue fecal swabs between study days 4 and 15 (85.0 vs 59.0±0.4%; P &lt; 0.05) and LMR piglets had greater BW at weaning versus all other treatments (6.32, 6.02, 5.92, 5.67±0.14 kg, for LMR, COM, NO, and PMR, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). Over the entire nursery period, pigs that received LOW diets had reduced ADG (399 vs 485±42 g; P &lt; 0.001), ADFI (520 vs 595±37 g; P&lt; 0.001), G:F (0.77 vs 0.82±0.03; P &lt; 0.01), and BW at the end of the nursery period (21.2 vs 24.4±1.6 kg; P &lt; 0.001), with no carryover effects of creep feeding regimen. Providing supplemental nutrition during the suckling period via LMR improved pig body weight at weaning, but did not improve post-weaning growth performance, regardless of nursery diet quality.

scholarly journals Effects of creep feeding and its interactions with other factors on the performance of meat goat kids and dams when managed on pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1466-1474
Author(s):  
Emily G Hayes ◽  
Raquel V Lourençon ◽  
Richard Browning
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Litter Type ◽  
Financial Returns ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Meat Goat

Abstract Creep feeding and its possible interactions with other influential factors (genetics, litter type, and sex) for weaning traits were studied in meat goat kids and their dams. Kids across 3 yr were creep fed (254 kids; 5 pens) or not creep fed (255 kids; 5 pens) from 30 to 90 d of age. Creep-fed kids had higher (P ≤ 0.05) preweaning average daily weight gain and weaning weights (113.1 ± 13.0 g/d; 15.0 ± 0.8 kg) than kids not creep fed (99.8 ± 13.1 g/d; 14.0 ± 0.8 kg). However, financial returns were not higher (P &gt; 0.05) for creep-fed kids compared with kids not creep fed. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in kid conformation score or survival rates between the treatment groups. The only important interaction among kid traits was treatment × litter type (P &lt; 0.05) for FAMACHA scores. Within noncreep pens, single kids had lower (better; P &lt; 0.05) FAMACHA scores (2.9 ± 0.3) than twin kids (3.9 ± 0.3). There was no litter-type effect on FAMACHA scores for kids within the creep feed pens. Dams of the creep-fed (n = 175) and noncreep (n = 178) kids were also evaluated. Treatment did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) litter weights, dam weight change, gross revenue for weaned litters, or fecal egg counts. Treatment interacted with litter type (P &lt; 0.05) to effect packed cell volume (PCV). In the noncreep group, dams raising singles had higher (better; P &lt; 0.05) PCV (18.7 ± 1.3%) than dams rearing twin kids (15.7 ± 1.3%). The litter-type effect on dam PCV was not evident (P &gt; 0.05) in the creep-fed group. Creep feeding improved some kid growth traits but did not improve dam traits or financial returns. Interactions of creep treatment with other factors were minimal for doe-kid traits.

scholarly journals Compared Phenolic Compound Contents of 22 Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Juices: Relationship to Ex-Vivo Vascular Reactivity and Potential In Vivo Projection

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Matute ◽  
Jessica Tabart ◽  
Jean-Paul Cheramy-Bien ◽  
Bernard Pirotte ◽  
Claire Kevers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Total Anthocyanin

The real impact of polyphenol-rich vegetable and fruit juice intake on cardiovascular health remains a matter of controversy. In the present study, rat aorta segments immersed in an organ bath (OB) were used to explore whether the total polyphenol content and/or individual phenolic compound contents of 22 commercial vegetable (n = 3) and fruit juices [(citrus (n = 5), berries (n = 10), apple (n = 2), pineapple (n = 2)] might be associated with vascular tone. Red juices (particularly blackcurrant) and lemon juice caused the most marked vasorelaxation, its amplitude being endothelium dependent or not according to the volume ratio of juice to initial OB solution Vjuice/VOBS). At volume ratios 5% and 10%, both the juice and OB total polyphenol for all juices and total anthocyanin contents for berry juices significantly correlated with aorta vasorelaxation intensity. This was not the case for total or individual flavonols (except kaempferol) or for total or individual flavanols (except epigallocatechin gallate). If one relates our measured concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in OB to what is known about their physiological concentrations, and given our evidenced correlations between compound concentrations and vasorelaxation intensity, kaempferol, epigallocatechin gallate and peonidin-3-O-glucoside seem to emerge as the interesting phenolic compounds likely to be responsible for the potent vasorelaxation observed with fruit juices, and more particularly blackcurrant ones. Clinical investigation is required, however, to confirm our observations.

Luminally released serotonin stimulates colonic motility and accelerates colonic transit in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R64-R69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Tsukamoto ◽  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Chris Mantyh ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
Hidenori Yanagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Colonic Transit ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Ec Cells

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the epithelial cells release 5-HT into the lumen, as well as basolateral border. However, the physiological role of released 5-HT into the lumen is poorly understood. Concentrations of 5-HT in the colonic mucosa, colonic lumen, and feces were measured by HPLC in rats. To investigate whether intraluminal 5-HT accelerates colonic transit, 5-HT and 51Cr were administered into the lumen of the proximal colon, and colonic transit was measured. To investigate whether 5-HT is released into the lumen, we used an ex vivo model of isolated vascularly and luminally perfused rat proximal colon. To investigate whether luminal 5-HT is involved in regulating stress-induced colonic motility, the distal colonic motility was recorded under the stress loading, and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron, 10−6 M, 0.5 ml) was administered intraluminally of the distal colon. Tissue content of 5-HT in the proximal colon (15.2 ± 4.3 ng/mg wet tissue) was significantly higher than that in the distal colon (3.3 ± 0.7 ng/mg wet tissue), while fecal content and luminal concentration of 5-HT was almost the same between the proximal and distal colon. Luminal administration of 5-HT (10−6–10−5 M) significantly accelerated colonic transit. Elevation of intraluminal pressure by 10 cmH2O significantly increased the luminal concentration of 5-HT but not the vascular concentration of 5-HT. Stress-induced stimulation of the distal colonic motility was significantly attenuated by the luminal administration of ondansetron. These results suggest that luminally released 5-HT from EC cells plays an important role in regulating colonic motility in rats.

Effect of creep feed intake on weaning weight of piglets

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 138-138
Author(s):  
S. Kavanagh ◽  
P.B. Lynch ◽  
P.J. Caffrey ◽  
W.D. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Creep Feeding ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Supplementary Feed

The benefits of creep feeding in a 3 - 4 week weaning system is uncertain. Sow milk yield peaks at 3 - 4 weeks postpartum and the need for supplementary feed to maintain growth rates of suckling pigs is minimal. The objective of this study was to quantify creep feed intake by suckling pigs and to assess the effect of creep feeding on piglet growth and weight at weaning when weaned at 26.0 (s.e. 0.6) days of age.The results reported here were obtained by combining data from 296 litters of suckling pigs on 5 creep feeding trials. The five trials involved comparison of diets and management systems as follows: (A) effect of quality of creep feed (high quality starter diet vs medium quality starter diet vs a pelleted cooked cereal); (B) comparison of meal and pelleted diets; (C) the effect of form (reconstituted calf milk replacer - 20 % dry matter vs solid pellet vs peat primer offered with a solid pellet); (D) effect of feed freshness (fresh creep vs 30 day old creep vs 60 day old creep feed); (E) effect of creep feeding piglets on pre-weaning performance.

scholarly journals Effect of pharmacologically induced smooth muscle activation on permeability in murine colitis

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freek J. Zijlstra ◽  
Marieke E. van Meeteren ◽  
Ingrid M. Garrelds ◽  
Maarten A.C. Meijssen
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Smooth Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Organ Bath

Background:Both intestinal permeability and contractility are altered in inflammatory bowel disease. Little is known about their mutual relation. Therefore, anin vitroorgan bath technique was developed to investigate the simultaneous effects of inflammation on permeability and smooth muscle contractility in different segments of the colon.Methods and materials:BALB/c mice were exposed to a 10% dextran sulphate sodium drinking water solution for 7 days to induce a mild colitis, while control mice received normal tap water. Intestinal segments were placed in an oxygenated organ bath containing Krebs buffer. Permeability was measured by the transport of the marker molecules3H-mannitol and14C-polyethyleneglycol 4000. Contractility was measured through a pressure sensor. Smooth muscle relaxation was obtained by salbutamol and l-phenylephrine, whereas contraction was achieved by carbachol and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-biguanide.Results:The intensity of mucosal inflammation increased throughout the colon. Also, regional differences were observed in intestinal permeability. In both normal and inflamed distal colon segments, permeability was diminished compared with proximal colon segments and the non-inflamed ileum. Permeability in inflamed distal colon segments was significantly decreased compared with normal distal segments. Pharmacologically induced relaxation of smooth muscles did not affect this diminished permeability, although an increased motility positively affected permeability in inflamed and non-inflamed distal colon.Conclusions:Inflammation and permeability is inversely related. The use of pro-kinetics could counteract this disturbed permeability and, in turn, could regulate the disturbed production of inflammatory mediators.

Glucose uptake during contraction in isolated skeletal muscles from neuronal nitric oxide synthase μ knockout mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 1113-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yet Hoi Hong ◽  
Tony Frugier ◽  
Xinmei Zhang ◽  
Robyn M. Murphy ◽  
Gordon S. Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake ◽  
Nos Inhibitor ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) significantly attenuates the increase in skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction/exercise, and a greater attenuation is observed in individuals with Type 2 diabetes compared with healthy individuals. Therefore, NO appears to play an important role in mediating muscle glucose uptake during contraction. In this study, we investigated the involvement of neuronal NOSμ (nNOSμ), the main NOS isoform activated during contraction, on skeletal muscle glucose uptake during ex vivo contraction. Extensor digitorum longus muscles were isolated from nNOSμ−/−and nNOSμ+/+mice. Muscles were contracted ex vivo in a temperature-controlled (30°C) organ bath with or without the presence of the NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) and the NOS substrate L-arginine. Glucose uptake was determined by radioactive tracers. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake increased approximately fourfold during contraction in muscles from both nNOSμ−/−and nNOSμ+/+mice. L-NMMA significantly attenuated the increase in muscle glucose uptake during contraction in both genotypes. This attenuation was reversed by L-arginine, suggesting that L-NMMA attenuated the increase in muscle glucose uptake during contraction by inhibiting NOS and not via a nonspecific effect of the inhibitor. Low levels of NOS activity (∼4%) were detected in muscles from nNOSμ−/−mice, and there was no evidence of compensation from other NOS isoform or AMP-activated protein kinase which is also involved in mediating muscle glucose uptake during contraction. These results indicate that NO regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake during ex vivo contraction independently of nNOSμ.

scholarly journals ID3024 Polymeric nanoparticles display bactericidal effect and selective fermentation for the treatment of acne vulgaris

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (S) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ming-Fa Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Poly Ethylene

The use of antibiotics in the treatment of acne in specific group (pregnant women) of patients can lead to serious complications. We have previously demonstrated that the nanoparticles made of block copolymers of poly (ethylene glycol) and poly(e-caprolactone) can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a bacterium highly associated with the progress of acne vulgaris in the human skin [Polymers 2016; 8, 321]. To reduce the amount of antibiotics used in the treatment of skin acne, we have further demonstrated that a bacterium in the human skin microbiome can utilize PEG-based polymers to produce various short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which suppressed the growth of P. acnes. PEG-based polymers were chosen as selective fermentation initiators which specifically induced the fermentation of the skin commensal bacterium but not P. acnes. Interestingly, PEG-based polymers can efficiently suppress the growth of P. acnes. An acne ex vivo explant was established by using acne biopsies collected from patients with acne vulgaris at the early and middle stages. The levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-8 cytokine in early- and middle-staged acnes were significantly higher than those in healthy skins. Incubation of acne ex vivo explants with sucrose remarkably reduced the level of IL-8 and the number of P. acnes. Results from mouse studies revealed that PEG-based polymer functions as antibiotic adjuvants which can considerably reduce the effective doses of clindamycin, a clinically-used acne antibiotic

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