367 Determination of Circulating Interleukin 13 in Sheep After Infection with Haemonchus Contortus

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 201-202
Author(s):  
Curtis Patton ◽  
Scott P Greiner ◽  
Scott A Bowdridge
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Interleukin 13 ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Th2 Immune Response

Abstract Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a critical cytokine involved in development of Type 2 (Th2) immunity, necessary for generating full host protective response against Haemonchus contortus (Hc). St. Croix (STC) sheep have well-documented resistance, generating a robust immune response to larval stages of infection, thus preventing establishment of adults due to a rapid cellular and strong TH2 immune response. Previous studies have shown that exposing Hc L3 to recombinant-IL-13 causes a significant reduction in larval speed and distance traveled. These data, coupled with known physiological effects of IL-13 on increased gut motility, indicate that oral administration of IL-13 may have potential therapeutic benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of IL-13 in circulation in both STC and Suffolk (SUF) sheep to establish a proper dosage for oral administration as a therapeutic control for parasitic infections. Two contemporary groups STC (n = 14) and SUF (n = 14) were raised in an Hc-free barn for the duration of the project. Four weeks after weaning each lamb received a single oral dose of 10,000 Hc-L3. Infection persisted for 5 weeks before animals were dewormed with levamisole, and then rested for three weeks. After which, primed lambs were challenged with an additional 10,000 Hc-L3. Blood was collected daily for 14 days. Serum was removed and pooled (by breed/by day) and concentration of IL-13 was detected using an ovine specific IL-13 ELISA assay. There was a difference in the mean amount of circulating antibody between breeds STC (4.415) SUF (4.093) (P < 0.001). STC have a higher amount of circulating IL-13 and that amount may be utilized in development of future therapeutic treatments.

Genetic resistance to helminths. The influence of breed and haemoglobin type on the response of sheep to primary infections withHaemonchus contortus

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Altaif ◽  
J. D. Dargie
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Haemoglobin Type ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

SummaryThe possible existence of strain and breed differences in the response of sheep to primary infections withHaemonchus contortuswas examined by comparing the establishment and pathogenic effects of the parasite in Scottish Blackface and Finn Dorset sheep grouped according to haemoglobin type and infected with 7–10000 3rd-stage larvae. Homozygous haemoglobin A-type sheep of both breeds had lower worm burdens and faecal egg outputs, and suffered less severe clinical and pathophysiological disturbances than animals homozygous for haemoglobin B. In addition, Scottish Blackface sheep displayed similar advantages over Finn Dorsets with the same haemoglobin type and variations in the severity of the disease as judged by a variety of pathophysiological indices correlated closely with parasite numbers. It was therefore concluded that genetic resistance operated primarily against worm establishment and that, barring the unlikely involvement of non-specific physiological factors, this was controlled by the immune response elicited. The nature of this response is unknown, but appeared to operate only against the larval stages, since the size and metabolic activities of the surviving worms were similar in all animals. In a subsequent experiment, designed to examine the response of Scottish Blackface sheep to heavy infection (45000 larvae), there was no correlation between worm establishment and haemoglobin type. This was possibly due to a delayed immune response arising from exposure to excessive amounts of antigen.

Studies on immunity to Haemonchus contortus infection: the elimination of a challenge infection by immune sheep

Parasitology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Bitakaramire
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Larval Stages

Ten-month-old Blackface sheep double vaccinated with X-irradiated larvae of H. contortus were shown to be highly resistent to individual challenge with 50000 larvae. Compared to unvaccinated sheep, the percentage reductions in the numbers of worms established 6, 9, 12 and 16 days after challenge were 83, 90, 99 and 100 respectively. The immune response was directed against the 3rd and 4th larval stages.The author wishes to express his thanks to his colleagues at the Wellcome Laboratories for Experimental Parasitology for their co-operation and help during the period of this experiment.This work was supported by a grant from Allen and Hanburys Ltd., Ware, England.

scholarly journals Resistance to Haemonchus contortus in Corriedale sheep is associated to high parasite-specific IgA titer and a systemic Th2 immune response

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Escribano ◽  
Anderson Saravia ◽  
Monique Costa ◽  
Daniel Castells ◽  
Gabriel Ciappesoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
High Parasite ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractGastrointestinal nematode infections, including Haemonchus contortus, are one of the main causes of economic losses to ovine farmers worldwide. In order to contribute to the control of nematode infections and avoid parasite spreading we generated divergent resistant and susceptible sheep breeds and evaluated the adaptive immunity of these animals developed upon experimental infection against H. contortus. The selection of resistant or susceptible animals from the Corriedale Breed has been based on Expected Progeny Differences for faecal egg counts per gram. Furthermore, animals from the resistant Corriedale line were inseminated with imported semen from Australian Rylington Merino rams. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the adaptive immune response in both susceptible and resistant obtained lambs. Our results indicate that there is a potent parasite-specific local and systemic immune response in resistant animals and that although susceptible lambs can produce high levels of IgA antibodies during the infection, their antibody response is delayed which, together with an impaired specific-Th2 response, does not contribute to initial parasite elimination. Our results shed light into the immune mechanisms that mediate resistance to H. contortus and could constitute important assets to sheep farmers, not only as a means to detect resistance, but also to enhance the efficiency of selection in stud flocks.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of a Prime-Boost Strategy with the Ts87 Vaccine againstTrichinella spiralisInfection in Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Gu ◽  
Bin Zhan ◽  
Yaping Yang ◽  
Xiaodi Yang ◽  
Xi Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
Boost Vaccination ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Protein Boost ◽  
Boost Immunization ◽  
Cellular Immune

Trichinellosis is a widespread zoonosis primarily caused byTrichinella spiralis. Mucosal immunity is crucial for preventingTrichinella spiralisinfection. In our previous study, a DNA vaccine with theTrichinellaantigen Ts87 delivered by an attenuatedSalmonella typhimuriumelicited partial protection againstTrichinella spiralisinfection in mice. In the current study, to elicit a more robust immune response and develop a potent vaccination strategy against trichinellosis, a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen for Ts87 was used in mice and the protective efficacy was evaluated compared to the homologous DNA prime-boost or protein prime-boost immunization alone. The results revealed that the DNA-prime/protein-boost vaccination with Ts87 induced higher levels of both humoral and cellular immune responses. The challenge results showed that mice with the DNA-prime/protein-boost vaccination displayed higher muscle larval reduction than those immunized with DNA prime-boost or protein prime-boost. The results demonstrated that mice vaccinated with Ts87 in a DNA-prime/protein-boost strategy effectively elicited a local IgA response and mixed Th1/Th2 immune response that might be responsible for improved protection againstTrichinella spiralisinfection.

scholarly journals Haemonchus contortus(Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) infection in lambs elicits an unequivocal Th2 immune response

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Lacroux ◽  
Thi Hai Chi Nguyen ◽  
Olivier Andreoletti ◽  
Françoise Prevot ◽  
Christelle Grisez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Th2 Immune Response

Determination of Lead Content in Red Colored Lipsticks from Mandalay Market by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Exposure Levels

Red colored lipstick is the most widely used cosmetic product. Although lipstick gives a lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits, it may harm the consumers. Because some lipsticks contain a considerable amount of heavy metal especially lead. Lead is being used in lipstick mainly for the pigments required to obtain needed colors. Lead accumulates in the body over time and lead-containing lipstick applied several times a day, every day, combined with lead in water and other sources, could add up to significant exposure levels. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine lead content in red colored lipsticks from market. This study was laboratorybased, analytical study by using 25 lipstick samples. Red colored lipsticks were bought from Mandalay Market by random sampling procedure and they were completely coded to avoid the bias. Then, lead content in coded samples was determined by Flame AAS according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guideline. Lead contents of 88% of the lipsticks samples were more than specified limit (20 ppm) of Food and Drug Administration, United States. All of them, lead content was highest in counterfeit lipsticks group. Among the tested lipstick samples, lipstick with lowest lead content was LE-RL 01 (15.74 ppm) and the lipstick with highest lead content was CF-RL 01(60.09 ppm). In conclusion, lead contents of red colored lipsticks (22 out of 25) from market samples were higher than allowable limit (20 ppm).

HIV-1 Accessory Proteins: Which one is Potentially Effective in Diagnosis and Vaccine Development?

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Milani ◽  
Kazem Baesi ◽  
Elnaz Agi ◽  
Ghazal Marouf ◽  
Maryam Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Untreated Individuals ◽  
Immunogenic Properties ◽  
Hiv 1

Background:: The combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) could increase the number of circulating naive CD4 T lymphocytes, but was not able to eradicate human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Objective:: Thus, induction of strong immune responses is important for control of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, a simple and perfect serological method is required to detect virus in untreated-, treated- and drug resistant- HIV-1 infected individuals. Methods:: This study was conducted to assess and compare immunogenic properties of Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu accessory proteins as an antigen candidate in mice and their diagnostic importance in human as a biomarker. Results:: Our data showed that in mice, all heterologous prime/ boost regimens were more potent than homologous prime/ boost regimens in eliciting Th1 response and Granzyme B secretion as CTL activity. Moreover, the Nef, Vpu and Vif proteins could significantly increase Th1 immune response. In contrast, the Vpr protein could considerably induce Th2 immune response. On the other hand, among four accessory proteins, HIV-1 Vpu could significantly detect treated group from untreated group as a possible biomarker in human. Conclusion:: Generally, among accessory proteins, Nef, Vpu and Vif antigens were potentially more suitable vaccine antigen candidates than Vpr antigen. Human antibodies against all these proteins were higher in HIV-1 different groups than healthy group. Among them, Vpu was known as a potent antigen in diagnosis of treated from untreated individuals. The potency of accessory proteins as an antigen candidate in an animal model and a human cohort study are underway.

Emerging Promise of Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Hope for the Development of Alzheimer’s Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1214-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Tanvir Kabir ◽  
Md. Sahab Uddin ◽  
Bijo Mathew ◽  
Pankoj Kumar Das ◽  
Asma Perveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Aβ Oligomers ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the characteristics of this devastating disorder include the progressive and disabling deficits in the cognitive functions including reasoning, attention, judgment, comprehension, memory, and language. Objective: In this article, we have focused on the recent progress that has been achieved in the development of an effective AD vaccine. Summary: Currently, available treatment options of AD are limited to deliver short-term symptomatic relief only. A number of strategies targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have been developed in order to treat or prevent AD. In order to exert an effective immune response, an AD vaccine should contain adjuvants that can induce an effective anti-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) immune response. AD vaccines should also possess the immunogens which have the capacity to stimulate a protective immune response against various cytotoxic Aβ conformers. The induction of an effective vaccine’s immune response would necessitate the parallel delivery of immunogen to dendritic cells (DCs) and their priming to stimulate a Th2-polarized response. The aforesaid immune response is likely to mediate the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing the AD-related inflammation. Conclusion: Since there is an age-related decline in the immune functions, therefore vaccines are more likely to prevent AD instead of providing treatment. AD vaccines might be an effective and convenient approach to avoid the treatment-related huge expense.

ICH/FDA Guidelines-Compliant Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC-UV Method for the Determination of Axitinib in Bulk and Dosage Forms

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1106-1112
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A. Darwish ◽  
Nasr Y. Khalil ◽  
Mohammad AlZeer
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Stability Indicating ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Relative Standard

Background: Axitinib (AXT) is a member of the new generation of the kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Its therapeutic benefits depend on assuring the good-quality of its dosage forms in terms of content and stability of the pharmaceutically active ingredient. Objective: This study was devoted to the development of a simple, sensitive and accurate stabilityindicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for the determination of AXT in its bulk and dosage forms. Methods: Waters HPLC system was used. The chromatographic separation of AXT, internal standard (olaparib), and degradation products were performed on the Nucleosil CN column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of water:acetonitrile:methanol (40:40:20, v/v/v) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and the UV detector was set at 225 nm. AXT was subjected to different accelerated stress conditions and the degradation products, when any, were completely resolved from the intact AXT. Results: The method was linear (r = 0.9998) in the concentration range of 5-50 μg/ml. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.85 and 2.57 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy of the method, measured as recovery, was in the range of 98.0-103.6% with relative standard deviations in the range of 0.06-3.43%. The results of stability testing revealed that AXT was mostly stable in neutral and oxidative conditions; however, it was unstable in alkaline and acidic conditions. The kinetics of degradation were studied, and the kinetic rate constants were determined. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of AXT in bulk drug and dosage forms. Conclusions: A stability-indicating HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for assessing AXT stability in its bulk and dosage forms. The method met the regulatory requirements of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The results demonstrated that the method would have great value when applied in quality control and stability studies for AXT.

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