PSXI-15 Evaluation of low-lignin alfalfa ‘Hi-Gest® 360’ on the Canadian prairies: productivity, nutrient profile, and rumen degradation kinetics

Abstract The study was conducted at Saskatoon, SK, Canada in the Dark Brown soil zone (52°07′N,106°38′W), to compare low-lignin Hi-Gest®360 alfalfa (Hi-Gest; Medicago sativa L.) to a conventional alfalfa (AC Grazeland) under two cutting regimes. Each cultivar was seeded in 2017 as both a monoculture and binary mixture (binary; Hi-Gest+HB and Grazeland+HB) with AC Success hybrid bromegrass (HB). Plot size was 1.2m×6m with 4 rows. Three years (2018–2020) result suggested that the first cut DMY was 1695±241 and 2151±276 kg/ha for the Hi-Gest and Grazeland, respectively. Hi-Gest had greater (P < 0.05) TDN (68.4 vs. 66.6%, DM basis), NEm (1.7 vs. 1.6 Mcal/kg), IVNDFD48: (42.9 vs. 37.8%), but lower second cut DMY (1288 vs. 1560 kg/ha), ADF (26.3 vs. 28.7%), NDF (34.7 vs. 36.6%), compared to AC Grazeland. Under two cutting, Hi-Gest was numerically lower in total DMY (2983 vs. 3712 kg/ha; P = 0.114) relative to Grazeland. In first cut forage, Hi-Gest also was numerically lower in ADL (5.9 vs. 6.5%; P = 0.57) relative to AC Grazeland. Hi-Gest was similar (P = 0.15) with AC Grazeland in effectively degradable dry matter (EDDM; 622 g/kg DM), effectively degradable CP (EDCP; 689 g/kg CP). Hi-Gest alfalfa had greater (P = 0.05) effectively degradable neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF; 19% more; 340 vs. 285 g/kg NDF) relative to AC Grazeland alfalfa. In binary system, Hi-Gest+HB had (P = 0.02) greater EDCP (12% more; 526 vs. 468 g/kg CP), and numerically greater EDNDF (4.4% more; 259 vs. 248 g/kg NDF; P = 0.10) but had similar EDDM (409 g/kg DM) relative to Grazeland+HB mixture. Each percentage unit increase in alfalfa ADL concentration decreased EDNDF by 2.3 percentage units (EDNDF, % NDF = 46.0–2.93×ADL, % DM, r2=0.26, P < 0.01). Although Hi-Gest yielded less (~25% less) than AC Grazeland, Hi-Gest had greater nutritive value compared to AC Grazeland; differed little for yield and quality in binary mixture, suggesting Hi-Gest can be a viable alternative legume for western Canadian prairies.

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Comparison of Chemical Composition and Rumen Degradation Kinetics of Three Forages: Whole Plant Barley, Whole Plant Foxtail Millet and Grass-Legume Hay

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v8n6p1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

H. A. Lardner ◽

R. Kumar ◽

E. Darambazar ◽

D. Damiran ◽

J. J. McKinnon

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Foxtail Millet ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Whole Plant

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and in situ rumen degradability of whole plant barley (Hordeum vulgare), whole plant foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (grass-legume) hay, collected during a companion field grazing study. Relative to grass-legume hay, barley and millet were higher (P = 0.05) in crude protein (CP) and soluble CP, and lower (P = 0.02) in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, neutral detergent insoluble CP, and acid detergent insoluble crude protein. The potentially undegradable fraction of CP averaged 32% lower for barley and millet, compared to grass-legume hay, while CP soluble fraction was 36 and 64% higher (P < 0.05) for barley and millet, respectively, than for grass-legume hay. Millet had the highest NDF degradability (P = 0.03) and grass-legume hay the least. Barley and millet had greater (P = 0.02) effective degradability of dry matter (DM), CP, and NDF than grass-legume hay. Millet had the highest (P = 0.01) degradable and lowest undegradable fractions of DM and NDF, and lowest soluble fraction of NDF and rate of CP degradation (P < 0.05). Results indicate that whole plant barley and millet have greater nutritive value than grass-legume hay and may be suitable annual forages for extensive grazing.

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In situ rumen degradation kinetics of timothy and alfalfa as affected by cultivar and stage of maturity

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a03-116 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 255-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

P. Yu ◽

D. A. Christensen ◽

J. J. McKinnon

Keyword(s):

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Lag Time ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Degradation Pattern ◽

Timothy 2 ◽

Full Head

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cultivar and stage of maturity at cutting on rumen degradation characteristics of some feed components in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Two adapted cultivars of alfalfa (Pioneer and Beaver) and timothy (Climax and Joliette), grown in Saskatchewan (Canada), were cut at three stages: 1 = 1 wk before commercial cut (early bud for alfalfa; joint for timothy); 2 = at commercial cut (late bud for alfalfa; pre-bloom head for timothy); 3 = 1 wk after commercial cut (early bloom for alfalfa; full head for timothy). Rumen degradation characteristics, including rapidly degradable fraction (A), potentially degradable fraction (B), undegradable fraction (C), degradation rate (Kd), lag time (T0), and effective degradability (ED) of each component, were determined using in situ technique and analyzed by first order kinetic equation described by Ørskov and McDonald with lag time. The results showed that, in alfalfa, the cultivars have no effect on rumen degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). However, the stage of maturity at cutting has large effects on each component, except CP. Generally, with increasing stage of maturity, it decreased A or B and increased C without affecting Kd and T0, thus resulting in decreasing the ED fraction. In timothy, the cultivars have effects only on rumen degradation characteristics of CP. Climax has a higher effective degradability of CP (EDCP) than Joliette. The stage of maturity at cutting has a large impact on rumen degradation characteristics of each component. Increasing stage of maturity did not affect A, but reduced B and increased C without affecting Kd and T0, thus resulting in reducing ED fraction. In conclusion, Pioneer and Beaver alfalfa have similar rumen degradation characteristics for all feed components. Climax and Joliette timothy were different only on CP degradation pattern with Climax having a higher EDCP fraction than Joliette. The stage of maturity at cutting had a significant impact on rumen degradation characteristics for both forages. Generally, it decreased ED with increasing stage of maturity. Our results indicate that it is inappropriate to assume fixed degradation characteristics for a forage without considering factors such as stage of maturity at cutting. Key words: Chemical component, rumen degradation characteristics, forage, cultivar, maturity

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A simplified maturity index to quantify the development stage of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and its relationship with yield and nutritive value

Die Bodenkultur Journal of Land Management Food and Environment ◽

10.1515/boku-2017-0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 89-101

Author(s):

Heba Salama ◽

Marc Loesche ◽

Antje Herrmann ◽

Friedhelm Taube ◽

Martin Gierus

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Development Stage ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Maturity Index ◽

Genotype Effect ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Digestible Organic Matter ◽

Plant Maturity

SummaryPlant maturity substantially influences the yield and quality performance of grasses. Grass phenology is often not considered objectively to evaluate the new genotypes prior to registration. Measuring the mean stage by count (MSC) is time consuming, and simplified approaches are, therefore, required. Twenty diploid, intermediate heading Lolium perenne L. genotypes were evaluated in a 2-year field study in Northern Germany for yield and the content of Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL), and digestible organic matter (DOM). Data from the first and second cut, each comprising three sampling dates, were included in this study. A simplified maturity index (SMI8), expressing the percentage of tillers at or beyond the boot stage, from MSC was derived. This index resulted in similar correlations with yield and quality parameters compared to MSC but is easier to use and less laborious. The SMI8 reduced the variations among genotypes, as for the first cut NDF and ADF content, where the genotype effect disappeared after considering SMI8 as the covariable. Moreover, the ranking of the genotypes was slightly modified for most studied traits, indicating that a large part of the variations in the studied parameters was caused by variations in maturity.

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Effect of intercropping of corn and soybean on dry matteryield and nutritive value of forage corn

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v39i6.6643 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Ridzwan A. Halim ◽

Ali Baghdadi ◽

Ali Ghasemzadeh ◽

Mahdi Ebrahimi ◽

Radziah Othman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Availability ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Forage Production ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Nutritive Quality ◽

Soybean Plants

Cereal-based forage production could be considered to have potential to supply great deal of energy-rich feed in animal diets. Experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of corn-soybean combinations of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in addition to monocrops of corn and soybean to detremine forage dry matter (DM) yield and quality in corn-soybean intercropping. The crop combination ratio had significant effects on dry matter yield and nutritive quality of forage. The ratio of 75:25 and 50:50 recorded DM yields similar to those of monocropped corn (14.77 t/ha). Forage quality in terms of crude protein (CP) (75:25 ratio 12.75%, 50:50 ratio 13.73% and 25:75 ratio 14.68%) was improved by intercropping due to higher nitrogen availability for corn in intercropping compared with its sole crop (10.83% CP). Increase ratio of corn in corn-soybean mixture, negatively affectd neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) of forage and declined with increasing ratio of soybean plants. Combination ratio of 50:50 gave higher protein yield (1886.45 kg/ha) than other crop combination ratio. Among all the combination ratios, the 50:50 corn-soybean ratio was the optimum giving highest forage yield, protein content as well as protein yield.

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Determining the Rate of Ergot-alkaloid Degradation in Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Hay and Haylage During Long Term Storage

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab096.038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 22-22

Author(s):

Charles A Zumbaugh ◽

Susannah A Gonia ◽

Kathryn M Payne ◽

Thomas B Wilson

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Ergot Alkaloid ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

High Performance ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Random Effect ◽

Storage Period ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Experimental Unit

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine changes in the nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations of endophyte-infected tall fescue hay and haylage during a 180-d storage period. Forage from a single field of Kentucky-31 tall fescue was cut for hay in late June and allowed to dry in the field. The dry matter (DM) of the windrow of cut forage was measured every 2 h after clipping. Forage was sampled from the windrow in 6 location blocks once forage DM reached target levels for haylage and hay treatments. Haylage and hay samples were taken when the DM of the windrow reached 50% and 80%, respectively. Seven subsamples of each treatment within block were chopped to 1.91 cm in length with a lettuce chopper and vacuum sealed in oxygen-excluding bags. Sample bags were stored indoors and opened at 30 d intervals over the 180-d storage period. Samples were analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and individual ergot alkaloid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Within each storage day, treatment within block was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed in SAS using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment by day interaction. Location block was considered a random effect. As expected, pH was decreased for haylage compared to hay at all time points (P < 0.01) and DM was greater (P < 0.01) for hay compared to haylage. Neutral detergent fiber values were greater (P < 0.01) for hay compared to haylage and declined during storage (P < 0.01). Total ergot alkaloid concentrations did not differ by treatment (P = 0.61), but ergovaline concentrations declined (P < 0.01) during storage. Collectively, these results indicate minimal differences in nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations between hay and haylage during storage, and that ergovaline concentrations decline during storage.

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Forage yield and nutritive value of Elephant grass, Italian ryegrass and spontaneous growing species mixed with forage peanut or red clover

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20131347 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1845-1852 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michelle Schalemberg Diehl ◽

Clair Jorge Olivo ◽

Carlos Alberto Agnolin ◽

Ricardo Lima de Azevedo Junior ◽

Vinícius Felipe Bratz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Red Clover ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Grazing Systems

The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG), Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + red clover (RC), during the winter and summer periods in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, two replicates with repeated measures. Lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% BW-daily feed supplement with concentrate were used in the evaluation. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. The values of pre forage mass and stocking rate were 2.52, 2.60 and 2.99 t ha-1 and 2.64, 2.77 and 3.14 animal unit ha-1, respectively for GS. Samples of forage were collected by hand-plucking technique to analyze the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) of forage present between rows of elephant grass, in the rows of elephant grass and the legumes. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF were observed for the grazing systems mixed with legumes forage.

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Modification of the summative equation to estimate daily total digestible nutrients for bermudagrass pasture

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa354 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Prem Woli ◽

Francis M Rouquette ◽

Charles R Long ◽

Luis O Tedeschi ◽

Guillermo Scaglia

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Warm Season ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Grazing Season ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

Plant Maturity ◽

Daily Total

Abstract In forage-animal nutrition modeling, diet energy is estimated mainly from the forage total digestible nutrients (TDN). As digestibility trials are expensive, TDN is usually estimated using summative equations. Early summative equations assumed a fixed coefficient to compute digestible fiber using the lignin-to-neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio. Subsequently, a structural coefficient (φ) was added to the summative equations to reflect an association between lignin and cell wall components. Additional modifications to the summative equations assumed a constant φ value, and they have been used as a standard method by many commercial laboratories and scientists. For feeds with nutritive values that do not change much over time, a constant φ value may suffice. However, for forages with nutritive values that keep changing during the grazing season owing to changes in weather and plant maturity, a constant φ value may add a systematic bias to prediction because it is associated with the variable lignin-to-NDF ratio. In this study, we developed a model to estimate φ as a function of the day of the year by using the daily TDN values of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], a popular warm-season perennial grass in the southern United States. The variable φ model was evaluated by using it in the TDN equation and comparing the estimated values with the observed ones obtained from several locations. Values of the various measures of fit used—the Willmott index (WI), the modeling efficiency (ME), R2, root mean square error (RMSE), and percent error (PE)—showed that using the variable φ vis-à-vis the constant φ improved the TDN equation significantly. The WI, ME, R2, RMSE, and PE values of 0.94, 0.80, 0.80, 2.5, and 4.7, respectively, indicated that the TDN equation with the variable φ model was able to mimic the observed values of TDN satisfactorily. Unlike the constant φ, the variable φ predicted more closely the forage nutritive value throughout the grazing season. The variable φ model may be useful to forage-beef modeling in accurately reflecting the impacts of plant maturity and weather on daily forage nutritive value and animal performance.

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Economics of rotation and tillage systems for the Dark Brown soil zone of the Canadian Prairies

Soil and Tillage Research ◽

10.1016/0167-1987(92)90092-p ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 271-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R.P. Zentner ◽

S.A. Brandt ◽

K.J. Kirkland ◽

C.A. Campbell ◽

G.J. Sonntag

Keyword(s):

Tillage Systems ◽

Canadian Prairies ◽

Brown Soil ◽

Soil Zone

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Chemical characteristics and in situ ruminal parameters of barley for cattle: Comparison of the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and five feed cultivars

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas08066 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 88 (4) ◽

pp. 711-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kenton J Hart ◽

Brian G Rossnagel ◽

Peiqiang Yu

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Starch Degradation ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Degradation Rates ◽

Key Words Barley ◽

In Situ Degradation ◽

The Mean ◽

Pass Through

The objective of this study was to compare the most widely grown barley cultivar in Canada, AC Metcalfe, a malting type barley, with five feed cultivars. Barley cultivars were grown at one location during 3 consecutive years and barley samples were milled to pass through a 1-mm screen and analysed to determine nutritive value. Additional samples were passed through a roller mill with a gap set at 1.12 mm and incubated ruminally for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h in 3 dry Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae. The rate and extent of rumen digestion were estimated. AC Metcalfe had a higher (P < 0.001) concentration of NDF, and lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of non structural carbohydrates, starch, ADF, total digestible nutrients, and fermentable cell wall carbohydrates compared with the mean of the feed cultivars. The malting cultivar had a higher (P < 0.001) soluble DM fraction, lower (P < 0.05) CP and starch degradation rates, and a lower (P < 0.001) ruminally degradable starch concentration compared with the mean of the five feed cultivars. The results demonstrate that there are only small differences in terms of chemical composition and in situ degradation kinetics between the malting cultivar AC Metcalfe and the five feed cultivars of barley reported here. Key words: Barley, energy, protein, ruminants

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SYNCHRONIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN SUPPLY IN THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE BASED RATION ON IN SITU NUTRIENT DEGRADABILITY

Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture ◽

10.14710/jitaa.41.1.28-36 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 28-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. F. Sani ◽

L. K. Nuswantara ◽

E. Pangestu ◽

F. Wahyono ◽

J. Achmadi

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Synchronization Index ◽

In Situ Degradation ◽

Protein Supply ◽

Kinetics Of

Two adult male sheeps fitted with rumen cannula were used in two experiments to study the effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and nitrogen supply in sugarcane bagasse based total mixed ration (TMR) on in situ nutrient degradation. The first experiment was aimed to create three TMR with different synchronization index. Ingredient feedstuffs of TMR were evaluated for its in situ organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) degradation kinetics. On the basis of the OM and N degradation kinetics of feedstuffs, three sugarcane bagasse based TMR were formulated with synchronization indexes of 0.37; 0.50; and 0.63; respectively. The TMR had similar levels of crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). In the second experiment, the three TMR with different synchronization index were evaluated for in situ degradability characteristics of OM, CP, NDF, and sulfur. The in situ degradation of OM in TMR were decreased (P<0.05) with the increasing of synchronization index. The higher synchronization index in TMR increased (P<0.05) CP degradation of CP. The NDF degradation decreased slightly by the alteration of synchronization index in TMR. The higher synchronization index in TMR reduced (P<0.05) in situ sulfur degradation, and this may not support to effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and nitrogen supply.

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