scholarly journals PSVI-2 Identification of correlations between aldehyde profiles of thermally oxidized soybean oils and growth performance of broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
Jieyao Yuan ◽  
Brian Kerr ◽  
Chi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Soybean Oils ◽  
Oxidized Oil ◽  
Lipid Oxidation Products ◽  
Pls Analysis ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Feeding oxidized oils can cause adverse effects on the growth performance of broilers, which have largely attributed to the presence of lipid oxidation products (LOP) in oxidized oils. This study was conducted to identify the potential correlations between growth performance and aldehyde profiles of differently-prepared thermally oxidized soybean oils. Seventy-seven broilers were randomly assigned to one of seven diets containing 7.5% fresh soybean oil or thermally oxidized soybean oil (OSO), including 1) 22.5°C, 0h; 2) 45°C, 336h; 3) 67.5°C, 168h; 4) 90°C, 84h; 5) 135°C, 42h; 6) 180°C, 21h; 7) 225°C, 10.5h, respectively. Broilers were provided ad libitum access to experimental diets for 28 days. Broilers body weight (BW) and feed intake were recorded weekly to calculate the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (GF) ratio. The aldehydes in these oils were determined by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The correlations between individual aldehydes and ADG, ADFI, or GF were examined by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Feeding 135°C, 42h oxidized oil significantly decreased the ADG, ADFI, and GF value compared with other groups (p < 0.001). Among 17 aldehydes identified in thermally oxidized soybean oils, C9-C11 unsaturated alkenals, including 2-decenal, 2-undecenal, 2,4-nonadienal, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2,4-decadienal, and 2,4-undecadienal, had better inverse correlations with growth performance than C5-C8 saturated alkanals in broilers, suggesting different toxic effects from these aldehydes.

scholarly journals Effect of feeding high yielding fodders on growth performance of growing Hilly Brown Bengal goat

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
MA Alam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Daily Gain

This study was carried out to evaluate the feeding effect of high yielding fodders (HYF) on feed intake and growth performance of growing Hilly Brown Bengal (HBB) goat. For this purpose, a feeding trail was conducted with 16 growing HBB kids (4 to 5 months) by dividing equally in four groups having four replicates for a period of 75 days. The goats in group T0 (control) received natural grass along with 101.30g concentrates and adlibitum cowpea hay, whereas in group T1, T2 and T3, only natural grass was replaced by BLRI Napier 3, BLRI Napier 4 and Ruzi fodder, respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI), roughages DMI, crude protein intake (CP), body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g) and forth night body weight gain (g/day) were studied. Results revealed that, DMI (288.39, 285.71, 293.48 and 301.35 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively), body weight gain (3.60, 3.74, 3.73 and 3.77 kg in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively), average daily gain (47.32, 49.16, 49.12 and 48.92 g in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and feed conversion ratio (6.2, 5.9, 6.0 and 6.1 in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) of HBB kids were not differed significantly (P>0.05) for all the treatment groups. The DMI from roughages (196.2, 193.5, 201.3 and 209.2 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and CP intake (38.7, 42.1, 48.3 and 38.8 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) were significantly varied (P<0.05), while highest CP intake was found in the treatment group T2. Forthnight body weight (g/day) was not significantly (P>0.05) gained with feeding of HYF for all the treatment groups. From this study, it can be concluded that, growing HBB kids could equally be supplied with either BLRI Napier 3 or BLRI Napier 4 or Ruzi fodder in addition to ad libitum cowpea hay for better voluntary feed intake and growth. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 73-81

Effects of Glutamine on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Intestinal Barrier Function of Broilers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. J. Wu ◽  
Z. H. Liu ◽  
C. Jiao ◽  
B. Y. Cheng ◽  
D. D. Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Daily Gain

The effect of glutamine (Gln) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function were evaluated in broilers. A total of 320 birds were divided into a control group (CON) and three experimental groups (Gln 1, Gln 2 and Gln 3). Broilers of group CON received basal diet; broilers in group Gln 1, Gln 2 and Gln 3 were supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5 % Gln, respectively, for 42 days. The results indicated that Gln has no influence on the average daily gain (ADG) among the treatments in the periods of 1 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d and 1 to 42 d (P > 0.05). However, Gln improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed intake: average daily gain (F: G), increased the villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) and the activities of sucrose, the ZO1, claudin-1 and occluding mRNA expression levels (P 0.05). Moreover, Gln decreased the crypt depth of jejunum and ileum in broilers at days 21 and 42 (P 0.05). In conclusion, Gln had a positive effect on growth performance and gut parameters by modifying the function of the intestinal mucosa barrier.

Effects of sodium bentonite supplements on growth performance of feedlot steers fed direct-cut or wilted grass silage based diets

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Berthiaume ◽  
M. Ivan ◽  
C. Lafrenière
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Bentonite ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty crossbred steers (initial liveweight: 339 ± 41 kg) were assigned to four equal groups in a 98-d feeding experiment to determine the effects of sodium bentonite supplements (2% of dietary dry matter) on their growth performance. The steers were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration based on direct-cut (two groups) or wilted (two groups) grass silage. One group of steers fed the same silage received the diet without supplementation (control), while the second group received the diet with the sodium bentonite supplement. The steers were housed in pens with electronic headgates in an unheated enclosed feedlot. Feed intake was recorded throughout the experiment and weighing conducted every 2 wk. Apparent digestibilities of dietary components were determined with four steers in a parallel 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and the efficiency of feed utilization were higher (P < 0.05) in steers fed wilted than in those fed the poorly fermented direct-cut grass silage. Bentonite increased (P = 0.04) ADG in steers fed the direct-cut grass silage, but in those fed the wilted grass silage ADG was virtually the same for both the control or the bentonite-supplemented steers. Except for energy, digestibility of nutrients was superior (P ≤ 0.05) in the wilted than in the direct-cut grass silage, but there were no effects (P > 0.05) of bentonite. It was concluded that it may be useful to supplement poorly fermented direct-cut silage diets with sodium bentonite, but not those based on wilted grass silage. Key words: Feedlot steers, sodium bentonite, grass silage, growth performance

scholarly journals Biological response of piglets challenged with Escherichia coli F4 (K88) when fed diets containing intestinal alkaline phosphatase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jansller Genova ◽  
Paulo Evaristo Rupolo ◽  
Antonio Diego Brandão Melo ◽  
Liliana Bury de Azevedo dos Santos ◽  
Geraldyne Nunes Wendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Daily Gain

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) added to diets on growth performance, diarrhoea incidence (DI), blood metabolites, relative organ weight, and intestinal morphometry of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (K88). A total of 64 crossbred entire male piglets (25-day-old and 7.16 ± 0.28 kg body weight) were allocated into four treatments: control diet (CD<sup>–</sup>), CD<sup>–</sup> + antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP), CD<sup>–</sup> + 15 mg IAP/kg of diet and CD<sup>–</sup> + 30 mg IAP/kg of diet, with eight replications. At 15 days, all piglets were orally challenged with 6 ml of a solution containing K88 (10<sup>6</sup> colony forming units/ml). Microencapsulated IAP in acid solution showed 14.43% solubility and pH values of 1.69, 1.72, 1.51, and 1.52 at the different times measured (0.5 h, 1.0 h, 17.0 h, and 24 h); differently, IAP in basic solution had 4.10% solubility and pH values increased (5.95, 6.10, 6.32 and 6.63) according to the different times, respectively. On days 25–35, piglets that received 30 mg IAP and CD<sup>–</sup> showed a better feed conversion ratio (P = 0.075) compared to those fed 15 mg IAP. Piglets that consumed 30 mg IAP or CD<sup>–</sup> had higher (P = 0.004) average daily gain on days 35–44. On days 35–44, the piglet average daily feed intake was lower (P = 0.033) with 15 mg IAP compared to AGP. In the entire period, piglets fed 15 mg IAP showed a reduction in average daily gain (P = 0.040) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.092). Piglets on 30 mg IAP showed an improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in DI in the pre-and post-challenge periods. The relative spleen weight of the piglet increased (P = 0.043) in response to 30 mg IAP. Overall, the addition of 30 mg IAP to diets improves the growth performance, attenuates DI, and promotes an increase in spleen relative weight to maintain the healthy state of piglets.  

scholarly journals PSII-20 Evaluation of Different Vitamin Concentrations in a Commercial Wean-to-Finish Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Robyn Thompson ◽  
Brandon Knopf ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Wayne Cast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of different vitamin concentrations on growth performance of wean-to-finish pigs under commercial conditions. A total of 900 barrows and gilts (PIC337×Camborough; initially 5.34±0.13 kg) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 25 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets were fed in 3 phases during nursery (5-6, 6-13, and 13-26 kg) and 5 phases during grow-finish (26-44, 44-65, 65-87, 87-108, and 108-128 kg). Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) NRC: vitamin concentrations following NRC (2012) recommendations; 2) PIC: vitamin concentrations following PIC (2016) recommendations; 3) Low-PIC: vitamin concentrations that ranged from 0 to 91% of PIC recommendations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. During the nursery period, pigs fed PIC and Low-PIC diets had greater (P&lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to pigs fed NRC diets. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for differences in average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F). During the grow-finish period, there was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for differences in growth performance. During the overall wean-to-finish period, pigs fed PIC diets had lower (P&lt; 0.05) ADG and final body weight compared to pigs fed NRC and Low-PIC diets. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for differences in ADFI or G:F. Pigs fed PIC diets had the greatest serum vitamin D3 at the end of nursery and finish periods (P&lt; 0.05) and the greatest serum Vitamin E at the end of nursery period (P&lt; 0.05). In summary, pigs fed PIC and Low-PIC diets had greater nursery feed intake and serum vitamin E and D3 concentrations compared to pigs fed NRC diets. Data from this study have demonstrated that pigs fed diets with reduced vitamin concentrations compared to PIC (2016) recommendations had improved wean-to-finish growth rate.

Immunisation against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) increases growth and reduces variability in group-housed boars

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
G. M. Cronin ◽  
J. L. Barnett ◽  
P. H. Hemsworth ◽  
D. P. Hennessy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Daily Gain

It is generally accepted that entire boars are leaner and more efficient than barrows but that they have poorer meat quality with an increased risk of boar taint. An additional issue in producing boars to meet market specifications is variation in growth performance, which may be exacerbated by high levels of aggression and mounting behaviour in group-housed animals. Immunisation against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to immunological castration, offers a means of reducing aggression and mounting behaviour while maintaining most of the production efficiencies associated with entire boars. A total of 120 control boars, 120 immunised boars and 60 barrows (physically castrated at 5 days of age) were used in a study conducted in two replicates. Each replicate consisted of two pens each of boars, immunised boars and barrows, each pen containing 15 pigs, and two blocks of 15 individually-housed boars and immunised boars. The group-housed pigs had access to two single place electronic feeders per pen. Immunised boars were given the anti-GnRH vaccine (Improvac) at 14 and 18 weeks of age. In the 2 weeks immediately after the secondary immunisation at 18 weeks, average daily gain was greater in the immunised boars than the boars or barrows, particularly in those that were group housed, as indicated by the interaction (P = 0.035). From 18 to 23 weeks of age average daily gain was greater (P = 0.005) in immunised boars than in control boars and barrows and was greater (P < 0.001) in individually- than in group-housed pigs. The average daily gain of group-housed immunised boars and individually-housed control boars were similar over the 5-week period after secondary immunisation (1090 vs 1099 g/day), being ~20 and 15% higher than the group-housed control boars and barrows, respectively. The average daily feed intake was greater (P = 0.011) in immunised boars than in control boars with barrows intermediate. The standard deviation of bodyweight increased with age but was lower (P from 0.032 to 0.09) in immunised boars than in control boars and barrows between 18 and 22 and 17 and 21 weeks of age. Carcass fighting damage and pork pH were higher (P < 0.05) for control boars than for immunised boars or barrows. In conclusion, immunisation against GnRH increased average daily gain and average daily feed intake while decreasing variation in bodyweight and improving carcass and pork quality.

Pen enrichment and sex interaction on growth performance and metabolite concentrations of autochthonous Windsnyer pigs kept in a high stocking density

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Mkwanazi ◽  
A.T. Kanengoni ◽  
M. Chimonyo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Better Than

The objective of the study was to determine the interaction of pen enrichment and sex on growth performance and blood metabolite concentrations of Windsnyer pigs. Forty-eight growing Windsnyer pigs of both sexes, with an average initial body weight of 21.6 (±9.01) kg were used. Daily feed intake and weekly body weights for each pen were measured. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment. Pen environment did not affect average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain. There was a pen environment and sex interaction on ADFI. Females in barren pens had higher ADFI than enriched females but ADFI in barren and enriched pens was similar for male pigs. Pigs in enriched environment were more efficient in converting feed into body weight than those in barren environment. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and alkaline phosphatase. Enriched males had higher albumin than males in barren environment. Enriched females had higher BUN than females in barren environment. It was concluded that enriched Windsnyer pigs housed at a density of 0.39 m2 per pig, particularly females, perform better than those in barren environments.

scholarly journals 88 Dietary supplementation of branched-chain amino acids higher than recommended levels in nursery pigs fed with moderately low protein diet: effects on growth performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 82-82
Author(s):  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Cedrick N Shili ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Adel Pezeshki
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Feed cost and excess nutrients excretion are threatening the swine industry. Moderately low protein (MLP) diets are less expensive and reduce the nitrogen excretion, but they may have negative influence on growth performance of pigs. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of MLP diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine) higher than Nutrients Requirements of Swine (NRC) recommendation on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty-eight weaned barrows at 3 weeks of age were weighed, individually housed and randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments including: 1) PCON: 20% crude protein (CP), 2) NCON: 14% CP; 3) C25: NCON+ limiting amino acids (LAA, i.e. lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan) 25% more than NRC levels, 4) C50: NCON+LAA 50% higher than NRC recommendations; 5) CB25: NCON + (LAA+BCAA) 25% more than NRC; 6) CB50: NCON + (LAA+BCAA) 50% higher than NRC. The data were analyzed with univariate GLM with Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). The CB50 had higher final body weight, average daily gain, average daily water intake and average daily feed intake than C50 with the latter tended to be higher than NCON. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain and gain to feed ratio tended to be greater for CB25 and CB50 relative to C25 and C50, respectively. Compared to C50, CB50 improved the mean and cumulative feed intake in all the weeks. CB50 also tended to improve the body weight gain and gain: feed in week 2 relative to C50. In conclusion, supplementing MLP diets with limiting amino acid at 25% or 50% higher than NRC recommendations was failed to recover the negative effects of these diets on growth performance. Adding BCAA more than NRC levels to MLP diets improved the growth performance with the effects of added BCAA level being negligible.

scholarly journals 198 Effects of different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine specifications on growth performance of grow-finish pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
Ning Lu ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
Wayne Cast ◽  
Uislei Orlando ◽  
Dan Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of different standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) specifications on performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,106 pigs (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 22.0±0.43 kg) were used in a 72-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed corn-soybean-meal-based diets in three phases from 22-41, 41-62, and 62-91 kg body weight (BW). Treatments consisted of low (L) or high (H) SID Lys in each phase: LLL (1.05, 0.88, and 0.73%); LLH (1.05, 0.88, and 0.82%); LHH (1.05, 0.99, and 0.82%); HLL (1.18, 0.88, and 0.73%); HHL (1.18, 0.99, and 0.73%); and HHH (1.18, 0.99, and 0.82%). Lysine curves from PIC2008 and PIC2016 nutrient specification manuals were used to estimate SID Lys levels for L or H diets, respectively. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. From 22-41 kg, feeding high Lys improved (P&lt; 0.10) average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and final BW compared to low Lys. From 22-62 kg, feeding HH Lys increased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG compared feeding LL or HL Lys. Pigs fed HH Lys or LH Lys had improved (P&lt; 0.05) G:F compared to those fed LL Lys. Pigs fed LH or HH Lys had greater (P&lt; 0.05) final BW compared to pigs fed HL. Pigs fed HH Lys had greater (P&lt; 0.05) feed intake compared to pigs fed HL. From 22-91 kg, there was no evidence for differences in ADG, feed intake, G:F, or final BW. In summary, pigs fed 1.18% SID Lys had improved ADG, G:F, and final BW compared to pigs fed 1.05% SID Lys from 22-41 kg. Feeding a range of Lys specifications resulted in similar growth performance from 22-91 kg.

scholarly journals Effects of stocking density on growth performance, carcass grade and immunity of pigs housed in sawdust fermentative pigsties

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
K.H. Kim ◽  
E.S. Cho ◽  
K.S. Kim ◽  
J.E. Kim ◽  
K.H. Seol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Three Space ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Effects of stocking density on growth performance, carcass grade and immunity of pigs housed in sawdust fermentative pigstiesThis study determined the effect of space allowance on performance, carcass grade and physiological variables of pigs reared in sawdust fermentative pigsties. A total of 699 crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs were housed in sawdust fermentative pigsties and assigned to one of three treatments at different growth stages, namely early grower pigs (EGP), weighing 15 - 40 kg; late grower pigs (LGP), weighing 40 - 75 kg; and finisher pigs (FP), weighing 75 - 110 kg, with three replicates. The three space allowances for each growth stage were 0.40, 0.55 and 0.70 m2/head for EGP; 0.55, 0.70 and 0.85 m2/head for LGP; and 0.85, 1.00 and 1.15 m2/head for FP. The feed intake in EGP was significantly decreased with increased stocking density. In LGP, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs reared at high stocking density decreased linearly, whereas the feed conversion ratio increased significantly. The final bodyweight, ADG and feed intake in FP were lower with restricting space allowance. The carcass weight and backfat thickness were significantly higher with increased space allowance. The serum immunoglobulin G levels declined significantly with increased stocking density in all growth stages. The results of this study suggest that the space allowance for maximizing the growth performance and stabilizing immune response of pigs in sawdust fermentative pigsties is 0.55, 0.70, and 1.00 m2/pig for the bodyweight ranges of 15 - 40 kg, 40 - 75 kg, and 75 - 110 kg, respectively.

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