scholarly journals 431 Increasing IGF-1 concentrations in late pregnancy stimulates mammary development of gilts

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 137-137
Author(s):  
Chantal Farmer ◽  
Pieter Langendijk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin

Abstract The goal of this project was to determine if increasing insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in late pregnancy can stimulate mammogenesis in gilts. Yorkshire x Landrace gilts (196.2 ± 6.2 kg BW on day 89 of gestation) were separated in two groups: 1) controls (CTL, n = 17) injected with sterile water, and 2) porcine somatotropin-treated (pST, n = 20) injected daily with 5 mg of pST (Reporcin®) from days 90 to 109 of gestation. Gilts were slaughtered on day 110 to collect mammary glands and blood samples were obtained on days 89, 96, 103 and 109 of gestation. Treated gilts gained more BW (P < 0.05) and lost more backfat (P < 0.05) than CTL gilts during treatment. There was a treatment x day effect (P < 0.01) on IGF-1, glucose and urea concentrations in blood. Concentrations of IGF-1 increased fourfold (P < 0.01) in pST compared with CTL gilts on days 96, 103 and 109 of gestation. Insulin values were also greater on days 96 (P < 0.01) and 103 (P = 0.01), and tended to be greater (P < 0.10) on day 109 of gestation in pST gilts. Glucose was greater in pST than CTL gilts on days 96 (P < 0.01), 103 (P < 0.01) and 109 (P = 0.01). Injections of pST did not affect weight of mammary extraparenchyma (P > 0.10) but increased mammary parenchymal mass (1922.2 vs 1576.1 ± 123.9 g, P < 0.05). Mammary parenchyma contained more (P < 0.05) protein, DNA and RNA and less fat (P < 0.05) and dry matter (P < 0.01) in pST than CTL gilts. These findings demonstrate that increasing circulating IGF-1 in late-pregnant gilts can stimulate mammary development both in terms of total parenchymal mass and of parenchymal tissue composition.

scholarly journals The miR-200 family in normal mammary gland development

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majesta J. Roth ◽  
Roger A. Moorehead
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Tumor ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Ductal Morphogenesis ◽  
Mammary Tumor Growth ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe miR-200 family of microRNAs plays a significant role in inhibiting mammary tumor growth and progression, and its members are being investigated as therapeutic targets. Additionally, if future studies can prove that miR-200s prevent mammary tumor initiation, the microRNA family could also offer a preventative strategy. Before utilizing miR-200s in a therapeutic setting, understanding how they regulate normal mammary development is necessary. No studies investigating the role of miR-200s in embryonic ductal development could be found, and only two studies examined the impact of miR-200s on pubertal ductal morphogenesis. These studies showed that miR-200s are expressed at low levels in virgin mammary glands, and elevated expression of miR-200s have the potential to impair ductal morphogenesis. In contrast to virgin mammary glands, miR-200s are expressed at high levels in mammary glands during late pregnancy and lactation. miR-200s are also found in the milk of several mammalian species, including humans. However, the relevance of miR-200s in milk remains unclear. The increase in miR-200 expression in late pregnancy and lactation suggests a role for miR-200s in the development of alveoli and/or regulating milk production. Therefore, studies investigating the consequence of miR-200 overexpression or knockdown are needed to identify the function of miR-200s in alveolar development and lactation.

Use of recorded nursing grunts during lactation in two breeds of sows. II. Effects on sow performance and mammary development

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
K. Fisette ◽  
S. Robert ◽  
H. Quesnel ◽  
J. P. Laforest
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Cell ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Group 1

Primiparous lactating sows of two different genotypes [42 Genex-Meishan hybrid (MH) and 42 Yorkshire-Landrace (YL)] were exposed to recorded nursing grunts played at different intervals, and the effects on sow performance and mammary growth were studied. Sows within each breed were divided in three groups (n = 14 for each group): (1) no playbacks (control), (2) playbacks at 35-min interv als (GR35), and (3) playbacks at 40-min intervals (GR40). Recordings were played from day 110 of gestation to day 28 of lactation. Litter size was standardized to 10 ± 1 pigs within 48 h postpartum, and weight and backfat thickness of sows were recorded on day 110 of gestation, and on days 2 and 27 of lactation. Sow feed and water intakes were recorded throughout lactation. Milk samples were obtained from all sows on day 27 postpartum and jugular blood samples were obtained on day 28 for measurement of IGF -I and prolactin concentrations. Sows were slaughtered on day 28 of lactation and their mammary glands were excised to perform compositional analyses. Ovaries were also collected. The MH sows weighed less (P < 0.01) and had more backfat (P < 0.01) than YL sows. Milk from MH sows contained more dry matter (P < 0.05) and more lactose (P < 0.05) than that from YL sows. Mammary parenchymal tissue weighed less (P < 0.05) and contained less total protein (P = 0.01) and total DNA (P < 0.01) in MH than in YL sows. Sows in GR35 also had more total parenchymal DNA (P < 0.05) than control sows. Circulating concentrations of IGF-I and prolactin were not affected by breed or treatment (P > 0.1) whereas ovaries were heavier (P < 0.01) in control MH than in control YL ows. Therefore, playbacks of nursing grunts at 35-min intervals throughout lactation increased total mammary cell number without affecting hormonal or milk composition status. Key words: Auditory stimulus, lactation, mammary development, Meishan, milk, sows

scholarly journals Endocrinology and mammary development of lactating Genex-Meishan and Large White sows

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M. F. Palin ◽  
M. T. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Prolactin Receptors ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Endocrine and metabolic data as well as mammary tissue composition were obtained in Genex-Meishan (GM, containing 50% Chinese Meishan genes) and Large White (LW) lactating sows. Jugular vein cannulae were used to collect serial blood samples from 9 LW and 8 GM sows for 4 h every 15 min on days 6 and 19 of lactation. Concentrations of prolactin and cortisol were determined on all samples while those of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI), growth hormone (GH), glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in hourly samples. Milk samples were obtained from 19 GM and 16 LWsows on day 23 of lactation and all sows were slaughtered on day 25. Mammary glands were excised and analyzed for tissue composition and for number and affinity of prolactin receptors. Concentrations of plasma IGF-I were lower (P < 0.01) and plasma FFA greater (P < 0.001) in GM than in LW sows. On day 6 of lactation, serum prolactin (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.01) concentrations were greater and glucose values lower (P < 0.001) in GM than in LW sows. The concentration of IGFI in lactoserum was lower (P < 0.001) while that of prolactin was greater (P < 0.05) in GM compared to LW sows on day 23 of lactation. There was less (P < 0.001) residual milk and more (P < 0.05) parenchymal RNA in mammary glands from GM compared to LW sows. The affinity of prolactin receptors was also greater (P < 0.05) in GM than in LW sows. The better emptying of mammary glands by litters from GM sows and the greater circulating concentrations of prolactin in early lactation as well as the greater affinity of mammary prolactin receptors may be related to the great milking potential of Meishan-derived sows. Key words: Hormones, lactation, mammary gland, Meishan, prolactin, sows

scholarly journals Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire for assessing vitamin intake of Japanese women in early and late pregnancy with and without nausea and vomiting

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Chik Jwa ◽  
Kohei Ogawa ◽  
Minatsu Kobayashi ◽  
Naho Morisaki ◽  
Haruhiko Sago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Japanese Pregnant Women

AbstractMaternal vitamin intake during pregnancy is crucial for pregnancy outcomes and the child's subsequent health. However, there are few valid instruments for assessing vitamin intake that address the effects of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP). This study aimed to investigate the validity of a FFQ concerning vitamin intake during early and late pregnancy with and without NVP. The participants comprised 200 Japanese pregnant women who completed the FFQ and from whom blood samples were taken in early and late pregnancy. Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin intakes (vitamin C, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin D) from FFQ were compared with their blood concentrations. A subgroup of women with NVP was investigated. In early pregnancy, significant correlations between FFQ and biomarkers were observed for vitamin C (r0·27), folate (r0·18) and vitamin D (r0·26) in women with NVP and for vitamin A (r0·18), vitamin B12(r0·24) and vitamin D (r0·23) in women without NVP. No significant correlations were observed in either group for vitamins B6or E. In late pregnancy, similar significant associations were observed for vitamin C (r0·27), folate (r0·22), vitamin B6(r0·18), vitamin B12(r0·27) and vitamin A (r0·15); coefficients were higher among women without NVP. Our study demonstrates that the FFQ is a useful tool for assessing intake of several important vitamins in early and late pregnancy regardless of NVP status.

ANALYSIS OF RIBOSOMES AND POLYSOMES DERIVED FROM RABBIT MAMMARY GLANDS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. HERRIMAN ◽  
G. D. BAIRD ◽  
JUDY M. BRUCE
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Gradient Analysis ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY Whole-ribosome and polysome-enriched fractions were prepared from the mammary glands of rabbits during late pregnancy and lactation. The composition of the fractions was determined by sucrose density gradient analysis and electron microscopy. The range of size of polysomal aggregates was similar in the late-pregnant and lactating gland, with aggregates containing five to nine ribosomal units predominating. However, the amount of polysomes relative to monosomes was invariably found to increase after parturition. The greater portion of this increase was accounted for by the increased abundance of aggregates containing five to nine units.

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

THE ONSET OF ALLOMETRIC MAMMARY GROWTH IN THE FEMALE HOODED NORWAY RAT

1953 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIAN SILVER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
Endogenous Oestrogen

SUMMARY In order to study the factors involved in the initiation of allometric mammary growth, which occurs at about 3 weeks of age in the intact female rat, an attempt to induce this phase prematurely in the suckling gonadectomized animal by means of oestrogen was made. It was found, however, that the mammary glands were practically insensitive to physiological doses of this hormone during the suckling period unless anterior pituitary (a.p.) extract was also given. The relative mammary growth rate in animals treated with a.p. plus oestrogen from the 10th to 27th day of life was similar to that found in control rats receiving oestrogen alone from the 20th to 36th day, but in the former groups allometry was initiated before the 20th day of life. It is suggested that both the level of endogenous oestrogen secretion and the functional activity of the anterior pituitary may be important in determining the time of onset of allometric mammary development in the intact animal.

The effect of the length and severity of feed restriction on weight, carcass measurements and body composition of goats

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mora ◽  
A. Shimada ◽  
F. J. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Stabilization Period

SUMMARYTwo experiments were done in Mexico (1992–93) to determine the response of goats to different periods of feed restriction on liveweight, organ weights and tissue composition. In each, the weight, body condition and daily dry matter intake (DM1) of two groups of 12 female, adult, non-lactating, non-pregnant, Nubian crossbred goats were recorded for 7 weeks (stabilization period; SP), to allow the animals to reach and maintain their liveweight and body condition. At the end of the SP the animals in Expt 1 (RP1) were feed restricted for 18 weeks and for 36 weeks in Expt 2 (RP2). Animals were divided into three groups receiving either 100 (FL1), 80 (FL2) or 60% (FL3) of the levels of DM1 previously observed. At the end of each experimental period all animals were slaughtered, carcass weights were recorded and viscerae were weighed.A sample of the soft tissues was chemically analysed. There were no significant changes in body condition in either experiment (P > 0·05). None of the feeding levels had an effect on carcass weight or the chemical composition of soft tissues (P > 0·05). Liver weights (as a proportion of slaughter weight) were significantly different among goats fed at different feeding levels in both experiments. The results of this study show the adaptation capacity of adult goats to medium and long term malnutrition, and the importance of the liver as a source for the generation of energy and for sustaining protein turnover. This could be especially important for goats grazing in arid and semiarid zones where dry periods can last for months and feed availability is therefore sometimes limited.

scholarly journals The effects of storage temperature and duration of blood samples on DNA and RNA qualities

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e0184692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lien-Hung Huang ◽  
Pei-Hsien Lin ◽  
Kuo-Wang Tsai ◽  
Liang-Jen Wang ◽  
Ying-Hsien Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dna And Rna

The relationship between protein nutrition, reproductive effort and breakdown in immunity toTeladorsagia circumcinctain periparturient ewes

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. M. Houdijk ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
F. Jackson ◽  
R. L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA nutritional hypothesis for the occurrence of the periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to gastrointestinal nematodes was tested within the bounds of a nutrient partitioning framework. It was hypothesized that at times of a scarce supply of metabolizable protein (MP), an increase in MP supply or a reduction in MP demand (having singles instead of twins) should lower the extent of PPRI in sheep. Twenty-one single- and 21 twin-bearing and -rearing Finn-Dorset ewes, 2 to 7 years old, and repeatedly infected withTeladorsagia circumcincta, were given one of three pelleted foods (no. = 7). The foods were formulated to supply 0·8 (L), 1·0 (M) and 1·2 (H) times the MP requirements during lactation, and were offeredad libitumfrom d–21to d35(d0 is day of parturition). Faecal egg counts (FEC) were assessed twice weekly as an indicator for host resistance. Dry-matter intake (DMI) during late pregnancy was higher than expected, and MP supply did not limit performance at this stage. In accordance with the hypothesis, there were no indications of a breakdown of immunity toT. circumcinctaduring late pregnancy. DMI during lactation did not differ between the single- and twin-rearing ewes. Calculated milk production was lower for the L than for the M and H ewes, especially for the twin-rearing ewes. A temporarily elevated FEC was observed during the first few days in lactation, which was probably mainly due to changes in faecal output rather than to PPRI. The FEC returned to low, late pregnancy levels at d12and remained low for the single- but not for the twin-rearing ewes (P< 0·001). Overall, the L ewes had higher FEC than the M and H ewes from d19onwards; this effect was more pronounced for the twin- than for the single-rearing ewes. It was postulated that DMI achieved overcame MP scarcity and thus prevented breakdown in immunity in the single-rearing ewes. The data support the view that, at times of MP scarcity, an increase in MP supply and reduction in MP demand can lower the extent of the breakdown in immunity towardsT. circumcincta.

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