PSXII-3 Impact of a fibrolytic enzyme additive on digestibility and performance in the grower and early finisher phases of feedlot cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine if a fibrolytic enzyme feed additive would improve animal performance and apparent total tract digestibility of fibre in feedlot rations. To meet these objectives 54 steers were assigned to one of three pens by weight and fed a corn-based grower (78.7% corn-silage and 20% dried distillers grains plus solubles, DM basis) diet for 80 days, followed by a finisher diet (60% high moisture corn, 20% DDGS, and 17% alfalfa haylage, DM basis) for 60 days. Steers were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 27) or enzyme (ENZ; n = 27) treatments, with ENZ steers receiving 0.75 ml/kg DM of the enzyme additive. Every 28 days body weight, ultrasound measures of back and rump fat depths were recorded, and blood was collected via jugular venipuncture. Ruminal pH was monitored using a reticulo-ruminal in-dwelling probe and recorded at five minutes intervals over three weeks each in the grower phase and through the transition. Apparent total tract digestibility was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized block design using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with treatment as a fixed effect, and block as a random effect. Adding ENZ during the grower and early finisher phases did not impact (P ≥ 0.05) animal performance traits (gains, feed intake, feed conversion), blood metabolites, or ruminal pH in grower or finisher periods. However, ENZ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, sugar, and net energy of gains. This study has demonstrated that the use of this fibrolytic enzyme in a corn-based feedlot diet improved digestibility of some nutrients, but this did not result in improved steer performance.

Download Full-text

Phytate-phosphorus and phytase contents on the relative weight of organs, intestinal morphometry and performance of broilers

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20150892 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 1858-1864

Author(s):

Aiane Aparecida da Silva Catalan ◽

Everton Luis Krabbe ◽

Valdir Silveira de Avila ◽

Letícia dos Santos Lopes ◽

Ana Paula Nunes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Block Design ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Phytate Phosphorus ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Random Block ◽

And Performance ◽

Intestinal Morphometry

ABSTRACT: In order to evaluate the efficiency of phytase in diets with low and high phytate phosphorus (PP) 0content, as a consequence of wheat bran inclusion, on the relative weight of organs, intestinal morphometry and performance, three hundred and eighty-four male Cobb500 broilers were housed in metabolic cages. Animals were assigned into four treatments in a 2x2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design with eight replicates of 12 birds each. From 11 days of age birds received experimental diets, which consisted of: Diet low in PP; Diet low in PP with phytase (500FTU kg-1); Diet with a high PP and Diet with a high PP with phytase (500FTU kg-1). At 22 and 32 days of age two birds were slaughtered in order to collect gizzard, heart, liver, cecum, cloacal bursa, and at 32 days, a portion of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was collected for morphometric evaluation. From 22 to 32 days of age average feed intake, average weight gain, average body weight and feed conversion ratio were also evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, fixed effects of diet and phytase and interaction between factors as well as the random block effects were tested. There was no significant interaction for the variables studied, concluding that phytase in diets with low or high phytate phosphorus content did not change the relative weight of organs, intestinal morphometrics and performance; only isolated effects were observed.

Download Full-text

Histological Investigation of the Digestive System and SEM Study of Radula in Fusinus nicobaricus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)Evaluation of Liquid and Dry Aluminum Chloride Treatment of Litter on Litter Quality and Performance of Duck

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1173 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Tae-Ho Chung

Keyword(s):

Aluminum Chloride ◽

Block Design ◽

Liquid Aluminum ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Pekin Ducks ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Performance ◽

Chloride Treatment

This study investigated the effects of liquid aluminum chloride (liquid AlCl3) and dry AlCl3 litter treatment of duck litter on litter pH, ammonia (NH3) emissions and total nitrogen (TN) and duck performance. 240 newborn Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to 12 pens (20 ducks per pen) for 42 days. The litter additives consisted of the following four groups with three replications per group using a randomized block design: Control, G1 (50 g liquid AlCl3/kg duck litter), G2 (150 g liquid AlCl3/kg duck litter) and G3 (150 g dry AlCl3/kg duck litter). The liquid and dry AlCl3 were applied by spraying and as a top-dressing, respectively. No significant difference was found on growth performance, however, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (PLessthan0.05) better in G2. Significant differences (PPLessthan0.05) were found among duck litter pH at weeks 3, 5 and 6; NH3 emissions at weeks 2, 3, 5 and 6; and TN at weeks 3 and 6. At week 6, NH3 emissions from the duck litter were reduced by 23.1%, 32.2% and 36.7% in G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The addition of 150 g liquid or 150 g dry AlCl3 to duck litter has the potential to increase FCR and TN content while reducing litter pH and NH3 emission.

Download Full-text

Behavior, performance and physiological parameters of pigs reared in deep bedding

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162012000100005 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 38-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fabiana R. Caldara ◽

Poliana S. G. Rosa ◽

Rony A. Ferreira ◽

Nayana M. de O. Reis ◽

Irenilza de A. Nääs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Behavior ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Production Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Concrete Floor ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Wood Shaving ◽

And Performance

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the behavior, performance and physiological parameters of pigs in different production systems. Twenty four animals in the growth phase were distributed in a randomized block design in three treatments: T1 - concrete floor, T2 - deep bedding with wood shaving, and T3 - deep bedding with coffee husks. The behavioral study was carried out by observing the animal behavior for an uninterrupted period of eight hours throughout seven weeks. The proportions of time spent in each behavior were characterized using the frequency histogram composition. Environmental (IBGTH), physiological (rectal and skin temperature and respiratory rate) and performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion) parameters were measured in animals during the period. The production systems of deep bedding showed higher values of IBGTH. There was no effect of production systems evaluated on the performance parameters. Rectal temperature was higher in animals reared on deep bedding with coffee husks in relation to the concrete floor. The use of deep bedding benefited the behavior of piglets in the growth phase and it reduced the agonistic behavior among individuals.

Download Full-text

Thermal comfort index, physiological variables and performance of quails fed with protein reduction

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n4p378-384 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 378-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ladyanne R. Rodrigues ◽

Dermeval A. Furtado ◽

Fernando G. P. Costa ◽

José W. B. do Nascimento ◽

Evaldo de A. Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Environmental Indices ◽

Comfort Index ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

And Performance

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of environment and electrolyte balance on environmental, physiological and productive indices of Japanese quails. For the experiment, 288 quails were distributed in a randomized block design with six treatments and six replicates of eight birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of one basal feed with 20.0% of crude protein (CP) and the others with a reduction of 3.0% CP to achieve six electrolyte balance levels (166.54; 153.47; 139.63; 139.63; 117.13 and 166.49). As to the environment, there was an increase in air temperature and temperature-humidity index at the hottest hours of the day, causing discomfort to the birds, which increased respiratory rate, but with the maintenance of homeothermy. Differences were observed in feed consumption, water consumption, production, weight of eggs and mass of eggs, due to the electrolyte levels in the feed. For feed conversion, both per mass and per dozen of eggs, there was no statistical difference. The electrolyte balance and environmental indices at the hottest hours of the day did not affect quail production.

Download Full-text

Comparative effects of grain source on digestion characteristics of finishing diets for feedlot cattle: steam-flaked corn, barley, wheat, and oats

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2018-0018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 794-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alejandro Plascencia ◽

Víctor M. González-Vizcarra ◽

Richard A. Zinn

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Net Energy ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Microbial Efficiency ◽

Feeding Value ◽

Small Grains ◽

Steam Flaking ◽

Energy Maintenance

Twelve Holstein steers (454 ± 32 kg) with cannulas in rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a generalized randomized block design to compare steam-flaked corn (SFC), barley (SFB), wheat (SFW), and oats (SFO) as grain sources (74% of diet dry matter, flake density = 0.31 kg L−1) on characteristics of digestion. Ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion was similar for SFC-, SFB-, and SFW-based diets, but lower for SFO. Ruminal microbial efficiency was greater for SFW and SFO. Given that the undegradable intake protein (UIP) value of SFC is 57%, the comparative UIP values for SFB, SFW, and SFO were 39.8%, 36.1%, and 47.3%, respectively. Ruminal starch digestion was lower for SFC than the other flaked grains. Total-tract OM digestion and digestible energy were greatest for SFC, intermediate for SFB and SFW, and lowest for SFO. Given the net energy maintenance (NEm) value of SFC is 2.40 Mcal kg−1, the comparative NEm value for SFB, SFW, and SFO were 2.25, 2.36, and 2.17 Mcal kg−1, respectively. Steam flaking results in important modifications of small grains that appreciably affect their comparative feeding value. Current standards underestimates the NE value of SFB, SFW, and SFO, and overestimates the UIP values for SFB and SFO.

Download Full-text

Net energy and ractopamine levels for barrows weighing 70 to 100kg

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20151115 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 1268-1273 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liliane Maria Piano Gonçalves ◽

Charles Kiefer ◽

Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza ◽

Danilo Alves Marçal ◽

Rodrigo Caetano de Abreu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Net Energy ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Initial Weight ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Final Weight ◽

Quantitative Characteristics

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate net energy and dietary ractopamine levels for barrows weighing 70 to 100kg. The 150 pigs investigated (initial weight 70.80±3.84kg) were distributed in a randomized block design with a 5×3 factorial arrangement, comprising five levels of net energy (2,300; 2,425; 2,550; 2,675; and 2,800Kcal kg-1 of diet) and three levels of ractopamine (5, 10, and 20ppm kg-1 of diet), with five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. No interaction (P>0.05) was observed between net energy and ractopamine levels. Increasing the dietary net energy levels led to a linear reduction in feed intake, with a linear improvement in feed conversion. Net energy levels had no observable effect (P>0.05) on weight gain, final weight, or carcass characteristics. A dietary net energy level of 2,800Kcal kg-1 can be recommended for pigs weighing 70-100kg, improving feed conversion without affecting carcass characteristics, regardless of dietary ractopamine levels. Ractopamine levels above 5ppm did not affect performance or modify the quantitative characteristics of carcasses, regardless of dietary net energy levels.

Download Full-text

PSXIV-18 Feeding behavior of feedlot steers fed combinations of feed additives

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.865 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 437-437

Author(s):

Evandro Dias ◽

Jhones O Sarturi ◽

Tosha opheim ◽

Darren D Henry ◽

Carly A Hoffmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Single Animal ◽

The Difference

Abstract The effects of dietary feed additives (single or combination) on feeding behavior of feedlot cattle, and the representativeness of one individual animal within the experimental unit were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus beef steers (n = 240; initial BW = 319 ± 29 kg) were used in an randomized complete block design (block = BW), 4 steers/pen (experimental unit; n = 12/treatment), and randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) no feed additive; 2) monensin (300 mg/animal-daily) + tylosin (90 mg/animal-daily); 3) monensin + L. salivarius L28 (106 CFU/animal-daily); 4) tylosin; and 5) L. salivarius. Animals were fed (steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet) once-daily (clean-bunk management). Feeding behavior (24 h; 5 min intervals) was measured as time spent in activities. In addition, one steer/pen was individually assessed. The Glimmix procedures of SAS were used for statistical analyses (fixed effect = treatment; random effect = block). Feed additives did not affect time spent eating (163 min/d; P = 0.42); ruminating (71 min/d; P = 0.82); chewing (234 min/d; P = 0.21); drinking (18 min/d; P = 0.59); ruminating/kg of DM (9 min/d; P = 0.75); chewing/kg of DM (30 min/d; P = 0.40); resting (1085 min/d; P = 0.25); or other activities (102 min/d; P = 0.32). The difference between feeding behavior pen average and the value from the single animal marked within the same pen was different from zero for rumination (P ≤ 0.04), eating (P = 0.03), and other activities (P = 0.04), while not different from zero for chewing (P ≥ 0.21), drinking (P ≥ 0.13; except for one treatment P < 0.01), and resting (P ≥ 0.12; tendency exhibited by one treatment P < 0.09). Feed additives seem to not affect feeding behavior half-way-through the finishing phase. One animal within a 4-animal/pen unit did not represent the pen average feeding behavior.

Download Full-text

Performance of confined sheep fed diets based on silages of different sorghum cultivars

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402017000300006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 454-464

Author(s):

Ricardo Martins Araujo PINHO ◽

Edson Mauro SANTOS ◽

Juliana Silva de OLIVEIRA ◽

Alexandre Fernandes PERAZZO ◽

Wandrick Hauss de SOUSA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Block Design ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Live Weight ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

And Performance

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of silages of different sorghum cultivars through digestibility and nutrient intake and performance of sheep. The experiment was conducted at the Pendência Experimental Station, of the State Company for Agricultural Research of Paraíba S.A. For the experiment, thirty-five rams were used, without defined breed, with average live weight of 17.7 kg, distributed in a completely randomized block design, with five diets and seven replicates to determine intake and performance; and 25 non-castrated rams, without defined breed, distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and five replicates, to determine the digestibility of nutrients. The average daily intake of dry matter was, on average, 994.66 g. Only the average intakes of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates, were affected by the diets. The weight gain (WG), feed conversion and feed efficiency of the animals receiving the diets suffered no effect. Silages of BRS 655, 610, 800, 810 and Ponta Negra provided similar intake and digestibility of nutrients. The use of silages of different sorghum cultivars (BRS 610, BRS 655, BRS 800, BRS 810 and Ponta Negra) in diets for confined sheep provide similar performance and intakes.

Download Full-text

Stem Cold Hardiness, Leaf Heat Tolerance, Growth, and Performance of Six Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.512e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 512e-512

Author(s):

A.M. Shirazi

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Heat Tolerance ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Block Design ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Ion Leakage ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

And Performance

Six different Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) cultivars `Water Fall', `Burgundy Lace', `Crimson Queen', `Oshio-Beni', `SangoKaKu', and `Bloodgood' from Monrovia Nursery were planted in a randomized block design on 4 June 1997 at the The Morton Arboretum. Leaf heat tolerance was evaluated by measuring ion leakage of the leaf tissue at 25–60 °C in July, Aug., and Sept. 1997. The LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues were injured) of all the cultivars were higher in July (≈53 °C) and were lower in September (≈47 °C). Water content of the leaf tissues were higher in July compare to August and September and were not related to heat tolerance of most cultivars. Stem cold hardiness was performed by artificial freezing tests in Oct., Dec., and Feb. 1997/98. The Lowest Survival Temperature (LST) for the most hardy to least hardy cultivars in October and December were: `Burgundy Lace' (–15, –27 °C), `Bloodgood' (–18, –24 °C), `Oshio-Beni' (–15, –24 °C), `Crimson Queen' (–15, –18 °C), `Water Fall' (–9, –18 °C) and `SangoKaKu' (–9, –12 °C), respectively. Growth, dormancy development, spring budbreak and performance of these cultivars will be compared.

Download Full-text

251 Evaluation of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles as an Ingredient in Cattle Finishing Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 137-138

Author(s):

Calvin Gibbons ◽

Andrea K Watson ◽

Galen E Erickson ◽

Bradley M Boyd ◽

Levi J McPhillips ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Great Plains ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Distillers Grains ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Algae Oil

Abstract Algae oil production for Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation yields a byproduct called Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (CARS; 25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), de-oiled algae cells with residual fermentation substrates. This study evaluated the use of CARS in feedlot finishing diets. Crossbreed steers, (n=480) were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) into 4 blocks, and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments were designed as a 2 x 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of CARS (0, 2.5, 5% of diet DM) and 2 different base diets representing Northern and Southern Great Plains diets. The Southern diets contained steam flaked corn and dry distillers grains while the Northern diets had dry rolled and high moisture corn with wet distillers grains. CARS replaced corn in both diets. All blocks were harvested after 148 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design with CARS inclusion, base diet, and interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and pen (n=48) as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant interactions between CARS inclusion and diet type (P ≥ 0.49). Main effects of CARS indicated positive quadratic responses for carcass adjusted ADG, G:F, 12th rib back fat, yield grade (P < 0.01; increasing to 2.5% inclusion, decreasing at 5%) and hot carcass weight was both linear and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≥ 0.06 respectively; 969, 977, 935 as CARS increased). Linear decrease in DMI, final adjusted BW and ribeye area (P ≤ 0.01) as CARS increased. Cattle fed the Southern diets had greater ADG and G:F compared to Northern diets (P < 0.01). Including 2.5% CARS in the diet improved feed efficiency in both Northern and Southern based feedlot diets.

Download Full-text