scholarly journals Exploratory Shopping: Attention Affects In-Store Exploration and Unplanned Purchasing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias C Streicher ◽  
Zachary Estes ◽  
Oliver B BÜttner
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Fundamental Function ◽  
Product Assortment ◽  
Shopping Environments ◽  
Product Choices ◽  
Attentional Breadth ◽  
Store Environment ◽  
Breadth Of Attention

Abstract A fundamental function of retailing is to bring products into the view of shoppers, because viewing products can activate forgotten or new needs. Retailers thus employ various strategies to entice shoppers to explore the product assortment and store environment, in the hopes of stimulating unplanned purchasing. This article investigates consumers’ breadth of attention as a mechanism of such in-store exploration and hence of unplanned purchasing. Specifically, attentional breadth is the focus that is directed to a wider or more limited area in processing visual scenes. Across several lab and field experiments, the authors show that shoppers’ attentional breadth activates an exploratory mindset that stimulates visual and physical exploration of shopping environments, ultimately affecting their product choices and unplanned purchasing. The results also show that more impulsive buyers are more susceptible to these effects. The present article thus complements and constrains prior theorizing on mindset theory, attention, store exploration, and unplanned purchasing, all of which are of practical importance to both retailers and consumers.

scholarly journals Brief Training to Modify the Breadth of Attention Influences the Generalisation of Fear

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohith M. Varma ◽  
Riddhi J. Pitliya ◽  
Tomislav D. Zbozinek ◽  
Tomer Shechner ◽  
Tom J. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Local Group ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Attentional Training ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
Attentional Breadth ◽  
Breadth Of Attention

Abstract Background Generalisation of fear from dangerous to safe stimuli is an important process associated with anxiety disorders. However, factors that contribute towards fear (over)-generalisation remain poorly understood. The present investigation explored how attentional breadth (global/holistic and local/analytic) influences fear generalisation and, whether people trained to attend in a global vs. local manner show more or less generalisation. Methods Participants (N = 39) were shown stimuli which comprised of large ‘global’ letters and smaller ‘local’ letters (e.g. an F comprised of As) and they either had to identify the global or local letter. Participants were then conditioned to fear a face by pairing it with an aversive scream (75% reinforcement schedule). Perceptually similar, but safe, faces, were then shown. Self-reported fear levels and skin conductance responses were measured. Results Compared to participants in Global group, participants in Local group demonstrated greater fear for dangerous stimulus (CS +) as well as perceptually similar safe stimuli. Conclusions Participants trained to attend to stimuli in a local/analytical manner showed higher magnitude of fear acquisition and generalisation than participants trained to attend in a global/holistic way. Breadth of attentional focus can influence overall fear levels and fear generalisation and this can be manipulated via attentional training.

scholarly journals The use of food swaps to encourage healthier online food choices: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jansen ◽  
Ellen van Kleef ◽  
Ellen J. Van Loo
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Product Choices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Store Environment

Abstract Background Online grocery stores offer opportunities to encourage healthier food choices at the moment that consumers place a product of their choice in their basket. This study assessed the effect of a swap offer, Nutri-Score labeling, and a descriptive norm message on the nutrient profiling (NP) score of food choices in an online food basket. Additionally explored was whether these interventions made it more motivating and easier for consumers to select healthier foods and whether potential effects were moderated by consumer health interest. Methods Hypotheses were tested with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in a simulated online supermarket. Dutch participants (n = 550) chose their preferred product out of six product options for four different categories (breakfast cereals, crackers, pizza, and muesli bars). Participants were randomly allocated to one of eight groups based on the interventions in a 2 (Nutri-Score: present, not present) X 2 (swap offer: present, not present) X 2 (norm message: present, not present) between subject design. The primary outcome was the difference in combined NP score of product choices, for which a lower score represented a healthier product. Results Swap offer (B = − 9.58, 95% CI: [− 12.026; − 7.132], Ƞ2 = 0.098) and Nutri-Score labeling (B = − 3.28, 95% CI: [− 5.724; −.829], Ƞ2 = 0.013) significantly improved the combined NP score compared to the control condition (NP score M = 18.03, SD = 14.02), whereas a norm message did not have a significant effect (B = − 1.378, 95% CI [− 3.825; 1.070], Ƞ2 = 0.002). No evidence was found that interventions made it more motivating or easier for consumers to select healthier food, but situational motivation significantly influenced the healthiness score of food choices for both swap offer (b = − 3.40, p < .001) and Nutri-Score (b = − 3.25, p < .001). Consumer health interest only significantly moderated the influence of Nutri-Score on ease of identifying the healthy food option (b = .23, p = .04). Conclusions Swap offer and Nutri-Score labeling were effective in enhancing healthy purchase behavior in the online store environment. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered in the ISRCTN database on 02-09-2021 (ISRCTN80519674).

scholarly journals Rainfall and cotton yields in the Sudan Gezira

1935 ◽  
Vol 118 (809) ◽  
pp. 343-370 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Sudan Gezira

Agricultural meteorology makes slow progress because it is rarely possible to study the correlation of weather and yield for crops grown in normal agricultural rotations over long periods. Both in commercial agriculture and at experiment stations, rotations and cultural methods change sufficiently frequently to destroy the homogeneity of the data, even when records are kept for specific fields or farms. In some of the newer agricultural areas, and especially in those under irrigation, the cropping is simpler, and the need for records and field experiments is more keenly appreciated. Research programmes and practical measures must be determined from experience over only a few decades; but erroneous conclusions may easily be drawn from trends over such short periods, memories of individual years, or simple correlations of yields and single weather variates. In the present paper, modern statistical methods of analysing small samples of data are used to examine the relationships between rainfall and cotton yields under irrigation in the Sudan Gezira for periods up to 23 years. The mean yields from this large and semi-desert area fluctuate violently from year to year in such a way as to suggest the dominance of some climatic factor. It will be shown that the cotton yields are highly correlated with rainfall, and further, that seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, including certain cyclic changes, are sufficient to account for most of the decline in yield on some of the oldest areas. This conclusion has considerable practical importance, because a recent sequence of low yields led some critics (Balls, 1935, Vageler and Alten, 1932) of the scheme to conclude that irrigation without drainage had already produced serious soil deterioration. The significance of some of the rainfall effects established may direct attention to new methods of studying problems of soil fertility and the control of pests.

scholarly journals Influence of terbutryne (Igran 50) on choline content in the grain of some winter wheat varieties

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Renata Ciszewska ◽  
Anna Sykut
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

The influence of terbutryne (Igran 50) on the accumulation of choline in the grain of three winter wheat varieties ('Holme', 'Kranich', 'Winetou') was investigated in field experiments in the years 1977-1979. Igran 50 (50% S. A.) was applied to the soil in a weed control dose (4 kg/ha). Differences in choline content were found in the grain of the investigated wheat varieties. After application of the herbicide an insignificant decrease of the determined compound content was noted. These changes were dependent on the varieties of wheat and the meteorological conditions of plant vegetation. The climatic conditions, exercised a greater influence on the choline content in grain than the applied herbicide. For this reason it appears from the agricultural point of view that the effect of terbutryne provoking only an insignificant decrease of the determined compound content in the investigated material is of no greater practical importance.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on yield and petiolar nutrient concentration of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cvv. Kennebec and Atlantic

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
AP Dahlenburg ◽  
CMJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Potato Crops

Data are presented from 3 field experiments that studied the effects of nitrogen (N) up to 360 kg N/ha, phosphorus (P) up to 100 kg P/ha, and potassium (K) up to 480 kg K/ha on tuber yield and the concentration of N, P, and K in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves (P-YFEL) of potato cvv. Kennebec and Atlantic sampled when the length of the longest tubers was 10-15 mm. Data on the significance of relationships between total N and P, total N and nitrate-N, and chloride and nitrate-N in P-YFEL are also presented. At 1 site, Atlantic yielded 18% higher than Kennebec; at another, it yielded 21% less. Significant K x cv. and N x cv. interactions occurred at some sites. Increasing rates of applied N significantly increased total N concentrations in P-YFEL at all sites and nitrate-N concentrations at sites that were N-deficient. At 1 site, increasing the rate of applied P from nil to 100 kg P/ha significantly increased total N concentration from 2.8 to 3.4%. Total N concentrations in P-YFEL of Atlantic were significantly lower than Kennebec. For total N, there were significant N x K and P x cv. interactions. There was no significant interaction between N, P, and K in their effects on nitrate-N concentration in P-YFEL. At all sites, the application of N and P significantly increased P concentrations in P-YFEL, and mean concentrations were significantly greater in Kennebec than Atlantic. At sites deficient in K, the application of K significantly decreased P concentration. Significant N x cv. and P x cv. interactions occurred at 2 sites. At both K-deficient and non-responsive sites, increasing rates of applied K significantly increased K concentrations in P-YFEL. Differences between cultivars in K concentration were not significant at 2 sites, and although significant at the third, the difference (0.2%) was of little practical importance. At 2 sites, significant N x K and K x P interactions were found. Significant positive linear relationships were found between total N and P concentrations in P-YFEL for both the experimental sites (r = 0.46-0.84) and commercial crops (r = 0.43-0.61). Except at site 1 (r = 0.85), total N and nitrate-N concentrations were not highly correlated. For 1 experimental site and for all the growing regions, there were significant negative linear relationships between nitrate-N and chloride concentrations in P-YFEL (r = -0.38 to -0.83). We suggest that the synergism between total N and P and the negative correlation between nitrate N and chloride are important factors to be considered to ensure reliable interpretation of early-season, petiole plant test data for these nutrients in potato crops; that the critical P and total N concentrations are different for Kennebec and Atlantic; and that when K is not yield-limiting, the main effects and interactions between K and total N, P, or nitrate-N do not confound the use of these nutrients in P-YFEL to assess the P, N, or K status of potato crops.

scholarly journals Rural pastures – the important food supply for animals of the individual sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 190 (11) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Нина Лапенко ◽  
Nina Lapenko ◽  
Лусине Оганян ◽  
Lusine Oganyan
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Erodium Cicutarium ◽  
Virgin Land ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Abstract. The work purpose – to get information about the modern state of natural lands (rural pastures) which a cattle and sheep of individual sector are based on and to offer measures on renewal and maintainance of natural vegetation. Technique and objects of a research. The statistical analysis in dynamics of number of cattle and sheep, including on categories of farms is made. The geobotanical description of the vegetation is carried out on registration platforms of 100 m² to the O. Drude’s system. Determination of biological productivity of a vegetable cover was carried out by a hay crop in the same place (from 0.5 m² in sixfold frequency). The objects of our research are the village pastures. Results and practical importance. The analysis of a livestock of animals on categories of farms of Stavropol region is shown. For the last 18 years population in an individual sector, including peasant (farmer) farms and farms of the population increased by 1.6 times. Within the studied communities vegetation modifications with the dominating plant species are revealed: Achillea setacea, Artemisia austriaca, Poa bulbosa, etc. They are spatially unhomogeneous, on specific composition poor. The quantity of types on the registration square (100 m²) averages 24, with fluctuations from 17 to 28. An assessment of fodder potential of natural grass stand degradaded, extents of their degradation is given. Grass stand degradaded, has poor quality of a forage. In its structure up to 74 % of the not virgin land species which do not have feeding value: Artemisia austriaca, Convolvulus arvense, Erodium cicutarium, etc. Scientific novelty. Negative consequences of unsystematic pasturage of the cattle on the limited area of the rural pastures which are under authority of municipal units are shown. Restoration of the degradaded areas of rural pastures by method of agrosteppes is recommended. In its basis – use of seeds of wild-growing steppe herbs.

scholarly journals Flexibility in resizing attentional breadth: Asymmetrical versus symmetrical attentional contraction and expansion costs depends on context

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2527-2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C Goodhew ◽  
Ann S Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Small Region ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Narrow Scope ◽  
Attentional Breadth ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Breadth Of Attention ◽  
Contraction And Expansion ◽  
Level Of Processing

One of the core ways that attentional resources can be regulated is the breadth of attention: the tendency to concentrate one’s attentional resources over a small region of space (i.e., “narrow scope”), or to spread them over a larger region of space (i.e., “broad scope”). It has long been understood that humans have a preference towards the broad or global level of processing. More recently, beyond any static preference, researchers have increasingly appreciated the importance of rapid rescaling of attentional breadth to meet task demands, especially for real-world tasks such as driving. Here, we examined whether there was any asymmetry in the human capacity to resize attention from a narrow to broad scale (expansion) versus a broad to narrow scale (contraction). In Experiment 1, we found remarkable symmetry in expansion and contraction efficiency, even under conditions where the global stimuli were demonstrably more salient. This indicates that humans can flexibly adapt to the attentional demands of the context. However, in Experiment 2, an asymmetry was revealed, whereby attentional expansion was more efficient than contraction. The key difference between Experiments 1 and 2 was whether or not the initial baseline block demanded frequent attentional resizing, suggesting that recent experience can impact attentional flexibility. We also found reliable individual differences in participants’ ability to resize their attentional breadth, identifying a group of high-flexibility individuals who excelled at both attentional expansion and contraction.

Mixing It Up: Unsystematic Product Arrangements Promote the Choice of Unfamiliar Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Walter ◽  
Christian Hildebrand ◽  
Gerald Häubl ◽  
Andreas Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Product Assortment ◽  
Product Choices ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Product Domains ◽  
Product Search ◽  
Shed Light

This research examines how the unsystematic (vs. systematic) spatial arrangement of a set of alternatives affects consumers’ product choices. The key hypothesis is that an unsystematic product arrangement—in which an assortment consisting of several alternatives is arranged in an apparently arbitrary manner—causes greater perceptual disfluency, which in turn triggers more extensive exploratory product search, ultimately promoting the choice of unfamiliar products. This sequence of effects is particularly pronounced when consumers do not have a strong prior preference for specific alternatives in the assortment. Evidence from five studies, including a large-scale field experiment, provides support for this theorizing across various display formats and product domains. The findings advance our understanding of how the spatial arrangement of a product assortment influences consumer choice, and they shed light on the psychological mechanism that governs this effect.

Comparison of total tuber yields from inner and guard rows used in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fertiliser experiments

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
AB Frensham ◽  
KSR Chapman ◽  
CMJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Total tuber yields were compared for inner and outer (guard) rows from 4 phosphorus (P) and 3 nitrogen (N) field experiments conducted during 1985-86 in South Australia, and from 5 N and 2 potassium (K) field experiments conducted during 1985-86 and 1987-88 in Tasmania. All fertiliser treatments were banded along the rows, either at planting or part at planting and the remainder sidedressed after emergence. The inter-row spacings were in the range 76-86 cm and the cultivars used were Kennebec, Coliban and Russet Burbank. Analysis showed that at only 1 of the 14 sites (site 6 in South Australia) was the mean total tuber yield for the inner 2 rows significantly (P<0.01) less than the mean total tuber yield for all 4 rows. However, the difference was small (0.8 t/ha or 1.9%) and of little practical importance. The relationships between mean (� s.e.) total tuber yield and rate (kg/ha) of applied nutrient (0-240 P, 0-320 N, 0-400 K) for inner and guard rows showed that differences between means were small and usually within standard error ranges at all sites. There were no consistent differences in the magnitudes of the standard errors of the means for inner and guard rows for all rates and types of nutrient applied. No significant cross-feeding occurred in these fertiliser experiments, which suggests that omission of guard rows from experiments where the fertiliser treatments are applied along the rows should not result in serious errors of interpretation of tuber yield response.

Electron Microscopy of the Shape of Small Metal Particles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
M. Jose Yacaman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metal Particle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
Crystal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particles

In the Study of small metal particles the shape is a very Important parameter. Using electron microscopy Ino and Owaga(l) have studied the shape of twinned particles of gold. In that work electron diffraction and contrast (dark field) experiments were used to produce models of a crystal particle. In this work we report a method which can give direct information about the shape of an small metal particle in the amstrong- size range with high resolution. The diffraction pattern of a sample containing small metal particles contains in general several systematic and non- systematic reflections and a two-beam condition can not be used in practice. However a N-beam condition produces a reduced extinction distance. On the other hand if a beam is out of the bragg condition the effective extinction distance is even more reduced.

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