Mass Rearing, Quality Parameters, and Bioconversion in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) for Sterile Insect Technique Purposes

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1097-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marysol Aceituno-Medina ◽  
Alicia Ordoñez ◽  
Morfa Carrasco ◽  
Pablo Montoya ◽  
Emilio Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Brewer’S Yeast ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Brewer's Yeast

Abstract The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, has emerged as a major invasive insect pest of small and stone fruits in both the Americas and Europe in the last decade. Females oviposit in ripening fruit, and significant economic losses can occur. Control measures are mainly associated with the use of pesticides, but the sterile insect technique (SIT), an ecologically friendly pest-specific method, could be used against this species. The objective of this study was to estimate the mass rearing, quality control parameters, and bioconversion using four artificial larval diets and their economic aspects oriented to the SIT application. Diets were based on the combination of coconut fiber, corncob powder, Brewer’s and Torula yeast and were used as oviposition substrate and larval development. We found that a life cycle is completed in 10.19 ± 0.35 d and that adults live an average of 33.67 ± 0.76 d. The highest number of pupae per gram of diet and the maximum bioconversion (6%) were associated with flies developed in the coconut fiber + Brewer’s yeast diet. Under our conditions, the establishment of D. suzukii required at least four generations. The use of 30 × 40 × 30 cm Plexiglas cages, each loaded with 5,000 adults and stocked with 500 g of coconut fiber and Brewer’s yeast diet distributed in 15 × 5 × 10 cm plastic trays with a diet layer 3-cm thick, allows a minimum production of 84,000 pupae of D. suzukii per day.

scholarly journals Enterobacter sp. AA26 gut symbiont as a protein source for Mediterranean fruit fly mass-rearing and sterile insect technique applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios A. Kyritsis ◽  
Antonios A. Augustinos ◽  
Spyridon Ntougias ◽  
Nikos T. Papadopoulos ◽  
Kostas Bourtzis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Brewer’S Yeast ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Brewer's Yeast

Abstract Background Insect species have established sophisticated symbiotic associations with diverse groups of microorganisms including bacteria which have been shown to affect several aspects of their biology, physiology, ecology and evolution. In addition, recent studies have shown that insect symbionts, including those localized in the gastrointestinal tract, can be exploited for the enhancement of sterile insect technique (SIT) applications against major insect pests such as the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata. We previously showed that Enterobacter sp. AA26 can be used as probiotic supplement in medfly larval diet improving the productivity and accelerating the development of the VIENNA 8 genetic sexing strain (GSS), which is currently used in large scale operational SIT programs worldwide. Results Enterobacter sp. AA26 was an adequate nutritional source for C. capitata larvae, comprising an effective substitute for brewer’s yeast. Incorporating inactive bacterial cells in the larval diet conferred a number of substantial beneficial effects on medfly biology. The consumption of bacteria-based diet (either as full or partial yeast replacement) resulted in decreased immature stages mortality, accelerated immature development, increased pupal weight, and elongated the survival under stress conditions. Moreover, neither the partial nor the complete replacement of yeast with Enterobacter sp. AA26 had significant impact on adult sex ratio, females’ fecundity, adults’ flight ability and males’ mating competitiveness. The absence of both yeast and Enterobacter sp. AA26 (deprivation of protein source and possible other important nutrients) from the larval diet detrimentally affected the larval development, survival and elongated the immature developmental duration. Conclusions Enterobacter sp. AA26 dry biomass can fully replace the brewer’s yeast as a protein source in medfly larval diet without any effect on the productivity and the biological quality of reared medfly of VIENNA 8 GSS as assessed by the FAO/IAEA/USDA standard quality control tests. We discuss this finding in the context of mass-rearing and SIT applications.

Yeast derivatives and wheat germ in the adult diet modulates fecundity in a tephritid pest

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Goane ◽  
P.M. Pereyra ◽  
F. Castro ◽  
M.J. Ruiz ◽  
M.L. Juárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Brewer’S Yeast ◽  
Brewer's Yeast ◽  
Adult Diet ◽  
Ovary Maturation

AbstractAnastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), a pest of great economic importance in South America, needs urgently to be controlled by environmentally friendly methods such as the sterile insect technique for which mass rearing of insects is required. Because oogenesis takes place during the adult stage, mass-rearing facilities should provide the females a diet that maximizes egg production at the lowest cost. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of artificial protein sources in the adult diet (yeast derivatives of different cost but with similar amino acids profiles, and the addition of wheat germ) on fecundity. Additionally, we evaluated different ratios of yeast derivatives or wheat germ on ovary maturation, fecundity, and fertility as well as their association with the nutrient content of females. Females fed hydrolyzed yeast and yeast extract attained the highest fecundity level, and those fed brewer's yeast the lowest. Reducing the amount of hydrolyzed yeast, an expensive protein source, in the diet negatively affected fecundity and ovary maturation. Increasing the amount of brewer's yeast, a low-cost protein source, did not favor fecundity. The addition of wheat germ in the adult diet improved fecundity regardless of the yeast derivate considered. Percentage of egg hatch was not affected by the diet. Nutrient content of A. fraterculus females varied according to the adult diet provided and mating status. Our findings provide novel baseline information to understand the role of nutrition on reproductive performance of A. fraterculus females and are discussed in the context of resource allocation. They also provide valuable advances in the search for cost-effective adult diets at fruit fly mass rearing facilities.

scholarly journals Potential spread and economic impact of invasive Drosophila suzukii in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norton Polo Benito ◽  
Marcelo Lopes-da-Silva ◽  
Régis Sivori Silva dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract: The objective of this work was to outline the potential distribution and economic impact of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a recent invasive pest, in Brazil. Two maps of the potential establishment of the species were drawn based on the ecoclimatic index (EI), which uses the following thermal requirements for the species: with thermal stress, most restrictive scenario for spread; and without thermal stress. The EI was classified into four ranges: unfavorable, ≤25%; less favorable, >25 to ≤50%; favorable, >50 to ≤75%; and highly favorable, >75%. Economic losses were estimated based on the most restrictive map. The highly favorable areas were overlapped with those of the maps of production data for each possible host (apple, grape, peach, persimmon, fig, and pear). Considering these six hosts, the overlap between the highly favorable and the production areas varied from 45.5% (grape) to 98.3% (apple). However, the monetary estimation of the potential losses in the worst case scenario (no control measures) was possible only for figs and peaches. Southern Brazil is the most climatically favorable area for D. suzukii development and where potential economic losses are expected to be the greatest. Maximum average temperatures (>30°C) are the main ecological factor to limit D. suzukii spread in Brazil.

scholarly journals Assessment of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Diets on Adult Fecundity and Larval Development: Insights Into Employing the Sterile Insect Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu-Li Hou ◽  
Er-Hu Chen ◽  
Wei Dou ◽  
Jin-Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Artificial Diets

Abstract Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a notorious insect pest that attacks diverse vegetables and fruits worldwide. The sterile insect technique has been developed as an environmentally friendly and effective control method that depends on the mass production of target flies. Because dietary yeast (protein) and sucrose (carbohydrate) are important in adult diets, yeast:sucrose (Y:S) mixtures are crucial for the mass-rearing of B. dorsalis. In this study, we found adult diets with different ratios of yeast to sucrose-influenced fecundity, and an extremely high or low Y:S ratios significantly decreased egg production of B. dorsalis. Additionally, the maximum oviposition efficiency was realized at dietary yeast to sucrose ratios of 1:1 and 1:3, suggesting their potential use to produce more eggs for the mass production of B. dorsalis. Here, new gel diets having different yeast concentrations (g/L water) were also assessed for rearing B. dorsalis larvae. Gel diets containing 20 g/L yeast led to a higher pupation, pupal weight and adult eclosion rate, and a shorter developmental time than other yeast concentrations. Moreover, the present gel diet also resulted in greater pupal production and adult emergence rates than previously used liquid and solid artificial diets, revealing that it is suitable for rearing B. dorsalis larvae. This research provides a useful reference on artificial diets mixtures for mass rearing B. dorsalis, which is critical for employing the sterile insect technique.

scholarly journals Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae powder as a larval diet ingredient for mass-rearing Aedes mosquitoes

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wadaka Mamai ◽  
Nanwintoum Sévérin Bimbilé Somda ◽  
Hamidou Maiga ◽  
Anna Konczal ◽  
Thomas Wallner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Brewer’S Yeast ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Brewer's Yeast ◽  
Female Body Size

The mass production of mosquitoes is becoming more wide-spread due to the increased application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and other genetic control programmes. Due to the variable availability and high cost of the bovine liver powder (BLP) constituent of many current larval diets, there is an urgent demand for new ingredients in order to support sustainable and efficient mosquito production while reducing rearing cost, without affecting the quality of the insects produced. Two black soldier fly (BSF) powder-based diet formulations (50% tuna meal, 35% BSF powder, 15% brewer’s yeast and 50% tuna meal + 50% BSF powder) were tested for their suitability to support the development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in mass-rearing conditions. Overall, the results indicate that the use of the BSF powder did not negatively impact the development and quality of the produced insects in terms of time to pupation, adult production and male flight ability. Furthermore, depending on the species and diet formulations, there were improvements in some parameters such as female body size, egg production, egg hatch rate and male longevity. BSF powder is a valuable ingredient that can effectively replace costly BLP for the mass production of high quality Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Both diet formulations can be used for Ae. aegypti showing high plasticity to nutrition sources. However, for Ae. albopictus we recommend the combination including brewer’s yeast.

scholarly journals Organization of the Structural Protein Region of La Jolla Virus Isolated from the Invasive Pest Insect Drosophila suzukii

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Tessa Carrau ◽  
Benjamin Lamp ◽  
Carina M. Reuscher ◽  
Andreas Vilcinsksas ◽  
Kwang-Zin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Capsid Proteins ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Pest Insect ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
La Jolla

Drosophila suzukii (Ds) is an invasive pest insect that infests ripening fruit, causing severe economic losses. Control measures based on chemical pesticides are inefficient and undesirable, so biological alternatives have been considered, including native Ds viruses. We previously isolated a strain of La Jolla virus (LJV-Ds-OS20) from Ds in Germany as a candidate biopesticide. Here we characterized the new strain in detail, focusing on the processing of its capsid proteins. We tested LJV growth during Ds development to optimize virus production, and established a laboratory production system using adult flies. This system was suitable for the preparation of virions for detailed analysis. The LJV-Ds-OS20 isolate was cloned by limiting dilution and the complete nucleotide sequence was determined as a basis for protein analysis. The terminal segments of the virus genome were completed by RACE-PCR. LJV virions were also purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and electron microscopy. The capsid proteins of purified LJV virions were resolved by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE for N-terminal sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting. The N-terminal sequences of VP1 and VP2, together with MS data representing several capsid proteins, allowed us to develop a model for the organization of the LJV structural protein region. This may facilitate the development of new viral strains as biopesticides.

scholarly journals Mass-Rearing of Drosophila suzukii for Sterile Insect Technique Application: Evaluation of Two Oviposition Systems

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Sassù ◽  
Katerina Nikolouli ◽  
Silvana Caravantes ◽  
Gustavo Taret ◽  
Rui Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Rearing Methods

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive pest of a wide range of commercial soft-skinned fruits. To date, most management tactics are based on spraying of conventional and/or organic insecticides, baited traps, and netting exclusion. Interest has been expressed in using the sterile insect technique (SIT) as part of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs to control D. suzukii infestations. Mass-rearing protocols are one of the prerequisites for successful implementation of the SIT. To establish mass-rearing methods for this species, two different egg-collection systems were developed and compared with respect to the number of eggs produced, egg viability, pupa and adult recovery, adult emergence rate, and flight ability. Female flies kept in cages equipped with a wax panel produced significantly more eggs with higher viability and adult emergence rate, as compared to the netted oviposition system. The wax panel system was also more practical and less laborious regarding the collection of eggs. Furthermore, the wax panel oviposition system can be adapted to any size or design of an adult cage. In conclusion, this system bears great promise as an effective system for the mass production of D. suzukii for SIT.

scholarly journals Comparison of diets for rearing the larvae of Mediterranean fruit fly: nutritional and economic aspects

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3445
Author(s):  
Daniela Ribeiro da Costa ◽  
Suzany Aguiar Leite ◽  
Ana Elizabete Lopes Ribeiro ◽  
Iara Sordi Joachim-Bravo ◽  
Aldenise Alves Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Brewer’S Yeast ◽  
Brewer's Yeast ◽  
Soybean Extract ◽  
The Mediterranean

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the main pest of fruit crops worldwide due to its broad distribution, direct damages, and adaptation to different hosts. Developing diets for the rearing fruit flies is essential for integrated management of this pest. Mass rearing of parasitoids, selection of preferred hosts, and mass rearing of genetically modified C. capitata strains subsidize methods of biological control, cultural control, and the sterile insect technique (SIT), respectively, depending directly on the mass rearing of the Mediterranean fruit fly. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of artificial diets for rearing C. capitata larvae considering the cost of those most appropriate diets. Nine diets containing different combinations of protein and energy sources (brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, pollen, soybean extract, oatmeal, corn meal, and wheat germ) were formulated. The parameters immature development time (hatching), pupal viability (emerged adults), size and weight of pupae, and adult size (wing length) were assessed. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature (26 ± 1 °C) and relative humidity (70% ± 10%). Statistical analysis was performed by using ANOVA with the Tukey’s test for comparison of means. Diets based on oatmeal and soybean extract, both added with brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, or pollen satisfactorily meet the nutritional requirements of C. capitata. Moreover, diets enriched with brewer’s yeast or yeast extract presented the lowest costs; therefore, they could be used in a continuous mass-scale rearing of C. capitata. Diets based on corn meal and soybean extract, both associated with brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, or pollen are more economical, but they should not be used for rearing C. capitata because they decrease the percentage of hatching and extend life cycle. Diets based on wheat germ and oatmeal, both added with brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, or pollen are not adequate for rearing C. capitata.

scholarly journals Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and Its Applications

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Kostas Bourtzis ◽  
Marc J. B. Vreysen
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Genetic Sexing Strains

Although most insect species have a beneficial role in the ecosystems, some of them represent major plant pests and disease vectors for livestock and humans. During the last six–seven decades, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used as part of area-wide integrated pest management strategies to suppress, contain, locally eradicate or prevent the (re)invasion of insect pest populations and disease vectors worldwide. This Special Issue on “Sterile insect technique (SIT) and its applications”, which consists of 27 manuscripts (7 reviews and 20 original research articles), provides an update on the research and development efforts in this area. The manuscripts report on all the different components of the SIT package including mass-rearing, development of genetic sexing strains, irradiation, quality control as well as field trials.

scholarly journals Horizontal transfer and finalization of a reliable detection method for the olive fruit fly endosymbiont,CandidatusErwinia dacicolax

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Bigiotti ◽  
Roberta Pastorelli ◽  
Roberto Guidi ◽  
Antonio Belcari ◽  
Patrizia Sacchetti
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Olive Fly ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Relevant Role

AbstractBackgroundThe olive fly,Bactrocera oleae, is the most important insect pest in olive production, causing economic damage to olive crops worldwide. In addition to extensive research onB. oleaecontrol methods, scientists have devoted much effort in the last century to understanding olive fly endosymbiosis with a bacterium eventually identified asCandidatusErwinia dacicola. This bacterium plays a relevant role in olive fly fitness. It is vertically transmitted, and it benefits both larvae and adults in wild populations; however, the endosymbiont is not present in lab colonies, probably due to the antibiotics and preservatives required for the preparation of artificial diets. Endosymbiont transfer from wildB. oleaepopulations to laboratory-reared ones allows olive fly mass-rearing, thus producing more competitive flies for future Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications.ResultsWe tested the hypothesis thatCa.E. dacicola might be transmitted from wild, naturally symbiotic adults to laboratory-reared flies. Several trials have been performed with different contamination sources ofCa.E. dacicola, such as ripe olives and gelled water contaminated by wild flies, wax domes containing eggs laid by wild females, cages dirtied by faeces dropped by wild flies and matings between lab and wild adults. PCR-DGGE, performed with the primer set 63F-GC/518R, demonstrated that the transfer of the endosymbiont from wild flies to lab-reared ones occurred only in the case of cohabitation.ConclusionsCohabitation of symbiotic wild flies and non-symbiotic lab flies allows the transfer ofCa.E. dacicola through adults. Moreover, PCR-DGGE performed with the primer set 63F-GC/518R was shown to be a consistent method for screeningCa.E. dacicola, also showing the potential to distinguish between the two haplotypes (htA and htB). This study represents the first successful attempt at horizontal transfer ofCa.E. dacicola and the first step in acquiring a better understanding of the endosymbiont physiology and its relationship with the olive fly. Our research also represents a starting point for the development of a laboratory symbiotic olive fly colony, improving perspectives for future applications of the Sterile Insect Technique.

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