Establishing a Method to Evaluate the Efficacy of Compounds Aimed at Repelling Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Infestations on Cattle in a Laboratory Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 3011-3016
Author(s):  
Brandon G Smythe ◽  
Ramon Zepeda ◽  
Jerome Hogsette
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Carrier Effect ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Pest Interactions

Abstract Use of nonpesticidal chemicals to minimize or eliminate horn fly (Haematobia irritans) populations on cattle could be helpful in combating insecticide resistance. One recent approach is the use of natural products with repellent properties against the target pest. A rapid on-animal evaluation system that accounts for both host and pest interactions and bypasses the need for costly multiyear field assessments is needed. The objective of this study was to develop a system to quantify product repellency of horn flies on cattle in a laboratory setting. Animal pair treatment groups were utilized to assess product efficacy and carrier effects across three experimental trials. A treatment solution consisting of 3% geraniol in mineral oil was the natural product repellent. Horn fly populations on animal pairs receiving the geraniol treatment were significantly reduced when compared with untreated animal pairs. However, animal pairs receiving a mineral oil-only treatment showed reduced horn fly populations similar to animals treated with mineral oil plus geraniol. Thus, there was a strong carrier effect that could be difficult to distinguish in the field but was easily observed using laboratory methods.

scholarly journals 56 The efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin for the reduction of horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in replacement beef heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Sophia F Landers ◽  
Christopher Tucker ◽  
Jeremy G Powell ◽  
Eva Wray ◽  
Reagan Cauble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Release ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Group 1

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin against horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in crossbreed replacement beef heifers. Fifty-four heifers were randomly placed into three treatment groups (n = 18 heifers/treatment). Group 1 was administered the labeled dosage of extended-release eprinomectin at the onset of fly season (day 0). Group 2 acted as the negative control. Group 3 received the anthelmintic injection once a quarter of the heifers in the group reached the threshold treatment level for horn flies (n = 200 flies/animal; day 41). All cattle were separately pastured for the duration of the study. Throughout the study, nematode infections were measured via fecal egg counts while horn and face flies were visually monitored. Evaluation of pregnancy status was recorded at the conclusion of the study (day 144). Due to the high number of face flies, heifers were treated with insecticide dusts twice during the study (day 54 and 69). Group 1 averaged a fecal egg count of (2.3), group 2 (7.4), and group 3 (9.1) (day 111). Low egg counts for all treatment groups reflected minimal parasite burden which likely had little effect on treatment groups. Extended release eprinomectin had little influence on face flies given that all groups were above threshold at days 40, 48, and 54. At study conclusion, horn fly population was lower (P < 0.05) for group 1 (405.6) compared to group 2 (680.6) and group 3 (680.6). Conception rates were greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (89%) compared to the control heifers (56%) and group 3 exhibited an intermediate rate (72%). Results indicate that although treatment with extended-release eprinomectin did not decrease the face fly burdens, it did have an effect on fecal egg counts, horn fly burdens, and subsequent pregnancy status at the conclusion of the study

scholarly journals Evaluation of Insecticide Ear Tags on Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 364-364
Author(s):  
D. J. Boxler ◽  
J. B. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Native Range ◽  
The West ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
West Central ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Extension Center

Abstract Y-Tex experimental ear tags (YT-615) were compared with PYthon® 10% ear tags for horn fly control on beef cattle. The study was initiated 17 Jun at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE. Cattle used in the trial were randomly selected from a herd of 200 heifers. Ear tags were applied as follows: YT-615 applied to 25 heifers (one tag per heifer), PYthon applied to 30 heifers (two tags per heifer) and PYthon applied to 120 heifers (one tag per heifer). An untreated group of 10 heifers served as a comparison. The three treatment groups were maintained in separate native range pastures throughout the study period. Horn fly counts were recorded at weekly intervals by counting flies on both sides of a minimum of 15 heifers during each fly counting session.

scholarly journals 122 The efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin for the reduction of horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in replacement beef heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
Sophia F Landers ◽  
Christopher Tucker ◽  
Jeremy G Powell ◽  
Eva Wray ◽  
Reagan Cauble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Release ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Group 1

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extended-release eprinomectin against horn flies, face flies, and fecal egg counts of parasitic nematodes in crossbreed replacement beef heifers. Fifty-four heifers were randomly placed into three treatment groups (n = 18 heifers/treatment). Group 1 was administered the labeled dosage of extended-release eprinomectin at the onset of fly season (day 0). Group 2 acted as the negative control. Group 3 received the anthelmintic injection once a quarter of the heifers in the group reached the threshold treatment level for horn flies (n = 200 flies/animal; day 41). All cattle were separately pastured for the duration of the study. Throughout the study, nematode infections were measured via fecal egg counts while horn and face flies were visually monitored. Evaluation of pregnancy status was recorded at the conclusion of the study (day 144). Due to the high number of face flies, heifers were treated with insecticide dusts twice during the study (day 54 and 69). Group 1 averaged a fecal egg count of (2.3), group 2 (7.4), and group 3 (9.1) (day 111). Low egg counts for all treatment groups reflected minimal parasite burden which likely had little effect on treatment groups. Extended release eprinomectin had little influence on face flies given that all groups were above threshold at days 40, 48, and 54. At study conclusion, horn fly population was lower (P < 0.05) for group 1 (405.6) compared to group 2 (680.6) and group 3 (680.6). Conception rates were greater (P < 0.05) in group 1 (89%) compared to the control heifers (56%) and group 3 exhibited an intermediate rate (72%). Results indicate that although treatment with extended-release eprinomectin did not decrease the face fly burdens, it did have an effect on fecal egg counts, horn fly burdens, and subsequent pregnancy status at the conclusion of the study

SUMMER TREATMENTS FOR CATTLE GRUB CONTROL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HORN FLIES AND CATTLE WEIGHT GAINS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan ◽  
J. E. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Systemic Control ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Daily Gain

Spraying yearlings with 2% Co-Ral in July was 100% effective for systemic control of cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.). Spraying spring calves with 1% Co-Ral in August was equally effective, and gave better control (P < 0.01) than spraying with 1 or 2% Co-Ral in June or 0.5% Co-Ral in July. Co-Ral sprays were not suitable for horn fly (Haematobia irritans L.) control.Two per cent Sevin sprayed on calves in June or July did not control cattle grubs, and only partially controlled horn flies.Compared with the control group, the average daily gain was higher (P < 0.05) to weaning but lower (P < 0.05) in the feedlot in calves sprayed with 2% Sevin in June. Similarly, it was higher (P < 0.05) from birth to the end of the feedlot period in calves sprayed with 2% Co-Ral in June, but lower (P < 0.05) in calves sprayed with 0.5% Co-Ral in July.Mild toxicosis occurred in five calves sprayed with 2% Co-Ral in June, and subclinical toxicosis in calves sprayed with 1% Co-Ral in August.

scholarly journals LÍQUIDO FOLICULAR EQÜINO NA MATURAÇÃO IN VITRO DE OÓCITOS BOVINOS

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G.L. PINTO ◽  
M.I.B. RUBIN ◽  
C.A.M. SILVA ◽  
T.F. HILGERT ◽  
M.F. SÁ FILHO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sodium Pyruvate ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Maturation Medium ◽  
Bovine Oocytes

O desenvolvimento embrionário de oócitos bovinos maturados in vitro (MIV) foi avaliado em meio suplementado com líquido folicular eqüino (Lfe). Foram distribuídos 1045 oócitos em 11 repetições formando três grupos tratamentos (T1, T2, T3) e um controle (C). O meio de maturação utilizado foi o TCM-199 acrescido de piruvato de sódio, hormônio folículo estimulante recombinante (rFSHh) e hormônio luteinizante equino (LHe). Suplementou-se esse meio com 10% de soro de égua em estro para o grupo controle e para T1, T2 e T3, o meio foi suplementado com 5, 10, e 20% de LFe, respectivamente. Os oócitos foram maturados in vitro (MIV) por 24h. A fecundação in vitro (FIV) foi realizada em meio Talp-Fert. A MIV e a FIV foram realizadas em estufa a 39ºC com 5% de CO2 em ar e umidade saturada. Os zigotos foram cultivados em meio SOFaaci, sob óleo mineral no interior de bolsas plásticas gaseificadas. As taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos foram observadas diariamente (D), e em D7, foram superiores (P0,05) às do grupo controle. Em D9, a taxa de blastocistos do T2 foi superior (P0,05). O LFe, na concentração de 10% pode ser utilizado, em substituição ao soro de égua em estro para suplementar o meio de MIV de oócitos bovinos. Equine follicular fluid on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes Abstract Embryo development of bovine oocytes was evaluated using maturation medium supplemented with equine follicular fluid (eFF). One thousand and forty five (1045) oocytes were distributed in 11 replications forming three treatment groups (T1, T2 e T3) and one Control (C). TCM-199 added with sodium pyruvate, rFSHh and LHe was used as maturation medium. This medium was supplemented with 10% estrous mare serum for Control group, and 5, 10, and 20% eFF, respectively, for T1, T2 e T3 groups. In vitro maturation (IVM) of all groups was performed during 24h. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed in TALP-FERT medium. IVM and IVF were carried out in an incubator at 39ºC with 5% CO2 in air and saturated humidity. Zygotes were cultured in SOFaaci medium, under mineral oil in gasified bags. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were daily observed (D), and at D7, were higher (P0.05) for those from control group. At D9, blastocyst rate of T2 was higher (P0.05). The eFF, at a 10% concentration, can replace the use of estrous mare serum to supplement the IVM medium of bovine oocytes.

scholarly journals Wolbachia Endosymbiont of the Horn Fly (Haematobia irritans irritans): a Supergroup A Strain with Multiple Horizontally Acquired Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukund Madhav ◽  
Rhys Parry ◽  
Jess A. T. Morgan ◽  
Peter James ◽  
Sassan Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wolbachia Pipientis ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Horizontal Acquisition

ABSTRACT The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans, is a hematophagous parasite of livestock distributed throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Welfare losses on livestock due to horn fly infestation are estimated to cost between $1 billion and $2.5 billion (U.S. dollars) annually in North America and Brazil. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally inherited manipulator of reproductive biology in arthropods and naturally infects laboratory colonies of horn flies from Kerrville, TX, and Alberta, Canada, but it has also been identified in wild-caught samples from Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Hungary. Reassembly of PacBio long-read and Illumina genomic DNA libraries from the Kerrville H. i. irritans genome project allowed for a complete and circularized 1.3-Mb Wolbachia genome (wIrr). Annotation of wIrr yielded 1,249 coding genes, 34 tRNAs, 3 rRNAs, and 5 prophage regions. Comparative genomics and whole-genome Bayesian evolutionary analysis of wIrr compared to published Wolbachia genomes suggested that wIrr is most closely related to and diverged from Wolbachia supergroup A strains known to infect Drosophila spp. Whole-genome synteny analyses between wIrr and closely related genomes indicated that wIrr has undergone significant genome rearrangements while maintaining high nucleotide identity. Comparative analysis of the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) genes of wIrr suggested two phylogenetically distinct CI loci and acquisition of another cifB homolog from phylogenetically distant supergroup A Wolbachia strains, suggesting horizontal acquisition of these loci. The wIrr genome provides a resource for future examination of the impact Wolbachia may have in both biocontrol and potential insecticide resistance of horn flies. IMPORTANCE Horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans, are obligate hematophagous parasites of cattle having significant effects on production and animal welfare. Control of horn flies mainly relies on the use of insecticides, but issues with resistance have increased interest in development of alternative means of control. Wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiont bacterium known to have a range of effects on host reproduction, such as induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing, and also impacts vector transmission. These characteristics of Wolbachia have been exploited in biological control approaches for a range of insect pests. Here we report the assembly and annotation of the circular genome of the Wolbachia strain of the Kerrville, TX, horn fly (wIrr). Annotation of wIrr suggests its unique features, including the horizontal acquisition of additional transcriptionally active cytoplasmic incompatibility loci. This study provides the foundation for future studies of Wolbachia-induced biological effects for control of horn flies.

Distribution of horn flies on individual cows as a percentage of the total horn fly population

2003 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Pruett ◽  
C.D. Steelman ◽  
J.A. Miller ◽  
J.M. Pound ◽  
J.E. George
Keyword(s):  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies

scholarly journals Treatment of wastewater from separators for rainfall runoff using electrochemical oxidation processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Morana Drušković ◽  
Dražen Vouk ◽  
Mario Šiljeg ◽  
Krešimir Maldini
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
A Current

In recent years, industry has increased and with it the amount of oily wastewater, which are considered hazardous waste because they contain various types of heavy metals and oils that endanger the environment and human health. In the last twenty years, there has been increased research on new technologies to treat wastewater as efficiently and environmentally friendly as possible. A recent approach to wastewater treatment is the application of electrochemical processes such as the electro-Fenton process, which belongs to the group of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and electrocoagulation. The aim of this work was to remove organic contaminants and heavy metals from wastewater originating from oil and grease separators that clean stormwater runoff from traffic areas. The use of stainless steel, iron and aluminum electrodes results in electrooxidation, electroreduction and electrocoagulation. At a current of 15 A the treatment efficiency was 50% for COD and 73% for mineral oil. At a current of 110 A the treatment efficiency was 96% for COD and 90% for mineral oil.

scholarly journals Insecticidal, Repellent and Antifeedant Activity of Essential Oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied. Leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin Heartwood against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6936
Author(s):  
Javier Espinoza ◽  
Cristian Medina ◽  
Washington Aniñir ◽  
Paul Escobar-Bahamondes ◽  
Emilio Ungerfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Haematobia Irritans ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies

Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle and is the major global pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent on broad-spectrum pesticides, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are needed. Essential oils have been studied as an alternative due to their wide spectrum of biological activities against insects. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and antifeedant activity of the essential oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood against horn flies in laboratory conditions. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Accordingly, α-pinene (36.50%) and limonene (20.50%) were the principal components of the B. cruckchanksii essential oil, and δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the most abundant compounds in the P. uviferum essential oil. Mortality of flies and feeding behavior were evaluated by non-choice tests, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Both essential oils were toxic to horn flies, with LC50 values for B. cruckchanksii essential oil of 3.58 µL L−1 air at 4 h, and for P. uviferum essential oil of 9.41 µL L−1 air and 1.02 µL L−1 air at 1 and 4 h, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer using only 10 µg of each oil, and these significantly reduced the horn fly feeding at all doses evaluated. Although further laboratory and field studies related to the insectistatic and insecticide properties of these essential oils against H. irritans are necessary, B. cruckshanksii leaves and P. uviferum heartwood essential oils are promising candidates for horn fly management.

scholarly journals Consuming alternative prey does not influence the DNA detectability half-life of pest prey in spider gut contents

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dávid Fülöp ◽  
Éva Szita ◽  
Regina Gerstenbrand ◽  
Gergely Tholt ◽  
Ferenc Samu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Alternative Prey ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pest Interactions

Background Key natural enemy-pest interactions can be mapped in agricultural food webs by analysing predator gut content for the presence of a focal pest species. For this, PCR-based approaches are the most widely used methods providing the incidence of consumption of a focal pest in field sampled predators. To interpret such data the rate of prey DNA decay in the predators’ gut, described by DNA detectability half-life (t1/2), is needed. DNA decay may depend on the presence of alternative prey in the gut of generalist predators, but this effect has not been investigated in one of the major predatory arthropod groups, spiders. Methods In a laboratory feeding experiment, we determined t1/2 of the key cereal pest virus vector leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in the digestive tracts of its natural enemy, the spider Tibellus oblongus. We followed the fate of prey DNA in spiders which received only the focal prey as food, or as an alternative prey treatment they also received a meal of fruit flies after leafhopper consumption. After these feeding treatments, spiders were starved for variable time intervals prior to testing for leafhopper DNA in order to establish t1/2. Results We created a PCR protocol that detects P. alienus DNA in its spider predator. The protocol was further calibrated to the digestion speed of the spider by establishing DNA decay rate. Detectability limit was reached at 14 days, where c. 10% of the animals tested positive. The calculated t1/2 = 5 days value of P. alienus DNA did not differ statistically between the treatment groups which received only the leafhopper prey or which also received fruit fly. The PCR protocol was validated in a field with known P. alienus infestation. In this applicability trial, we showed that 12.5% of field collected spiders were positive for the leafhopper DNA. We conclude that in our model system the presence of alternative prey did not influence the t1/2 estimate of a pest species, which makes laboratory protocols more straightforward for the calibration of future field data.

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