scholarly journals Decaying Organic Matter Does Not Remove Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on Mating in Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Parasitoid of Filth Flies

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2502-2506
Author(s):  
A N Kremer ◽  
B H King
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Spalangia Endius ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mating Tests

Abstract Both the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius Walker and the insecticide imidacloprid are used to control house flies. A recent study found that negative sublethal effects of imidacloprid on killing flies and on offspring production by this parasitoid wasp are eliminated when females have the opportunity to crawl through decaying matter. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the presence of decaying matter reduces the amount of pesticide on their bodies. This study examined whether this was also true for sublethal effects on mating. S. endius were exposed to a realistic concentration of imidacloprid that induces very low mortality. Then, individual parasitoids were allowed to burrow through decaying organic matter or not, followed by mating tests in the absence of decaying matter. Even after 24 h with the decaying matter, copulation for both males and females that had previously been exposed to imidacloprid was delayed compared with no-pesticide controls. Furthermore, for pesticide-exposed males, subsequently burrowing through media made copulation even more delayed than if they were not exposed to media. For pesticide-exposed females, subsequently burrowing through media neither increased or decreased the negative effect of the pesticide exposure. Together with other studies, these results reinforce that use of S. endius and use of imidacloprid are incompatible, even at much lower than recommended concentration, unless application is sufficiently separated in place and time.

Variation in reproductive success of male and female Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 736-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. Jones ◽  
Jeffrey L. Van Zant ◽  
F. Stephen Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Male Reproductive Success ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Bateman Gradient ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Columbian Ground Squirrels

The imbalanced reproductive success of polygynous mammals results in sexual selection on male traits like body size. Males and females might have more balanced reproductive success under polygynandry, where both sexes mate multiply. Using 4 years of microsatellite DNA analyses of paternity and known maternity, we investigated variation in reproductive success of Columbian ground squirrels, Urocitellus columbianus (Ord, 1815); a species with multiple mating by both sexes and multiple paternity of litters. We asked whether male reproductive success was more variable than that of females under this mating system. The overall percentage of confirmed paternity was 61.4% of 339 offspring. The mean rate of multiple paternity in litters with known fathers was 72.4% (n = 29 litters). Estimated mean reproductive success of males (10.27 offspring) was about thrice that of females (3.11 offspring). Even after this difference was taken into account statistically, males were about three times as variable in reproductive success as females (coefficients of variation = 77.84% and 26.74%, respectively). The Bateman gradient (regression slope of offspring production on number of successful mates) was significantly greater for males (βM = 1.44) than females (βF = 0.28). Thus, under a polygynandrous mating system, males exhibited greater variation in reproductive success than females.

scholarly journals Sublethal effects of imidacloprid exposure on Spalangia endius, a pupal parasitoid of filth flies

BioControl ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin R. Burgess ◽  
Aspen Kremer ◽  
Sherine F. Elsawa ◽  
B. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
Spalangia Endius ◽  
Filth Flies

Sublethal effects of organophosphorus insecticide phoxim on patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sheng Sheng ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Sheraz Ahmad ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
Ying Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Patch Time Allocation ◽  
Meteorus Pulchricornis ◽  
Allocation Decisions ◽  
Patch Residence Time

Abstract Parasitoid wasps are key agents for controlling insect pests in integrated pest management programs. Although many studies have revealed that the behavior of parasitic wasps can be influenced by insecticides, the strategies of patch time allocation and oviposition have received less attention. In the present study, we forced the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis to phoxim exposure at the LC30 and tested the foraging behavior within patches with different densities of the host, the larvae of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. The results showed that phoxim treatment can significantly increase the patch-leaving tendency of female wasps, while host density had no impact. The number of oviposition and the number of previous patch visits also significantly influenced the patch time allocation decisions. The occurrence of oviposition behavior was negatively affected by phoxim exposure; however, progeny production was similar among patches with different host densities. Phoxim exposure shaped the offspring fitness correlates, including longer durations from cocoon to adult wasps, smaller body size, and shorter longevity. The findings of the present study highlight the sublethal effects that reduce the patch residence time and the fitness of parasitoid offspring, suggesting that the application of phoxim in association with M. pulchricornis should be carefully schemed in agroecosystems.

Lethal and sublethal effects of five insecticides on the demography of a parasitoid wasp

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asadi ◽  
Hooshang Rafiee-Dastjerdi ◽  
Gadir Nouri-Ganbalani ◽  
Bahram Naseri ◽  
Mahdi Hassanpour
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp

scholarly journals Status and Speciation of Silicon and Its Interaction with Physico-Chemical Properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Isaiah Ufuoma Efenudu ◽  
Ehi Robert Orhue ◽  
Ogochukwu Jennifer Ikeh ◽  
Michael Aimiesomon Erhayimwen ◽  
Blessing James
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Soil Redox ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Negative Effect

The effectiveness of three different extractants soil mixtures—HCl, HCl + H2S04, and DTPA-TEA, in order to determine Si from soil and the forms of Silicon as influenced by different parent materials under acidic medium. Seven forms of Silicon; namely water soluble, specifically adsorbed, oxides bound, organic matter bound, exchangeable, residual, total viz sequential fractionation. Extractable Si value established in this study was (50.0 mg kg-1), indicating negative effect on plant physiology. The physico-chemical properties decreased significantly with increase in soil depth vs soil parent materials. In addition, the forms of Si in the parent materials decreased in the pattern RES, bound residual fractions > EXC, soluble & exchangeable fractions > OM, organic matter fraction. Among the properties the silt fraction, pH & OM significantly and positively correlated with the forms of silicon, with negative correlation vs clay which maybe due to silicon adsorption by clayey fraction of the soil (redox). Therefore the soil maybe be maintained and conserved for farming activities.

scholarly journals The Waterston’s evaporatorium of Ceraphronidae (Ceraphronoidea, Hymenoptera): A morphological barcode to a cryptic taxon

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 29-56
Author(s):  
Jonah M. Ulmer ◽  
István Mikó ◽  
Andrew R. Deans ◽  
Lars Krogmann
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Potential Function ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Exocrine Gland ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Character Set ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time

The Waterston’s evaporatorium (=Waterston’s organ), a cuticular modification surrounding the opening of an exocrine gland located on metasomal tergite 6, is characterized and examined for taxonomic significance within the parasitoid wasp family Ceraphronidae. Modification of the abdominal musculature and the dorsal vessel are also broadly discussed for the superfamily Ceraphronoidea, with a novel abdominal pulsatory organ for Apocrita being discovered and described for the first time. Cuticular modification of T6, due to the presence of the Waterston’s evaporatorium, provides a character complex that allows for genus- and species-level delimitation in Ceraphronidae. The matching of males and females of a species using morphology, a long standing challenge for the group, is also resolved with this new character set. Phylogenetic analysis including 19 Waterston’s evaporatorium related characters provides support for current generic groupings within the Ceraphronidae and elaborates on previously suggested synapomorphies. Potential function of the Waterston’s organ and its effects on the dorsal vessel are discussed.

Methyl 6-Methylsalicylate: A Female-Produced Pheromone Component of the Parasitoid Wasp Spalangia endius

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1140-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Nichols ◽  
Allard A. Cossé ◽  
Robert J. Bartelt ◽  
Bethia H. King
Keyword(s):  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Pheromone Component ◽  
Spalangia Endius

scholarly journals Chronic exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide makes toad larvae more toxic

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1858) ◽  
pp. 20170493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Bókony ◽  
Zsanett Mikó ◽  
Ágnes M. Móricz ◽  
Dániel Krüzselyi ◽  
Attila Hettyey
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Outdoor Mesocosms

Chemical pollutants can exert various sublethal effects on wildlife, leading to complex fitness consequences. Many animals use defensive chemicals as protection from predators and diseases, yet the effects of chemical contaminants on this important fitness component are poorly known. Understanding such effects is especially relevant for amphibians, the globally most threatened group of vertebrates, because they are particularly vulnerable to chemical pollution. We conducted two experiments to investigate how exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides, the most widespread agrochemicals worldwide, affects the production of bufadienolides, the main compounds of chemical defence in common toads ( Bufo bufo ). In both experiments, herbicide exposure increased the amount of bufadienolides in toad tadpoles. In the laboratory, individuals exposed to 4 mg a.e./L glyphosate throughout their larval development had higher bufadienolide content at metamorphosis than non-exposed tadpoles, whereas exposure for 9 days to the same concentration or to 2 mg a.e./L throughout larval development or for 9 days had no detectable effect. In outdoor mesocosms, tadpoles from 16 populations exhibited elevated bufadienolide content after three-weeks exposure to both concentrations of the herbicide. These results show that pesticide exposure can have unexpected effects on non-target organisms, with potential consequences for the conservation management of toxin-producing species and their predators.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the lipid fraction of pyrochars organic matter in the aspect of negative effects on soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00156
Author(s):  
Rodion Okunev ◽  
Elena Smirnova ◽  
Kamil Giniyatullin ◽  
Irina Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pahs Concentration ◽  
Low Temperature Pyrolysis

The evaluation of the possible negative effect of pyrochars on soils based on the analysis of the content of lipid fraction and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of organic matter was evaluated. Eight species of pyrochar were obtained from the crop and wood residues (linden, willow, corn, millet) by two pyrolysis regimes: low-temperature pyrolysis (<400°C) and high-temperature pyrolysis (400–600°C). The largest amount of lipid fraction (from 0.54 to 2.78%) and PAHs were found in pyrochars obtained at a low pyrolysis temperature. The total content of PAHs in the studied samples ranged from 8.49 to 603.21 μg/kg. According to the PAHs content, pyrochar was the most adverse for application to the soil, obtained from the residues of millet of low-temperature pyrolysis, however, at a high pyrolysis temperature, the safest product with the lowest PAHs concentration and a significant amount of lipid fraction was formed. Using an incubation experiment by measuring substrate-induced respiration in soil-pyrochar mixtures, it was shown that the application of this meliorant can also increase the emission of carbon dioxide from soils in a short time. The results of the experiments showed that it is necessary to precisely control the conditions of pyrolysis and carefully select the material for pyrochar in order to obtain the products with most favourable amounts of lipid fraction and PAHs content.

scholarly journals Chironomus riparius Proteome Responses to Spinosad Exposure

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Hugo R. Monteiro ◽  
João L. T. Pestana ◽  
Amadeu M. V. M. Soares ◽  
Bart Devreese ◽  
Marco F. L. Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease

The potential of proteome responses as early-warning indicators of insecticide exposure was evaluated using the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Meigen) as the model organism. Chironomus riparius larvae were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the neurotoxic pesticide spinosad to uncover molecular events that may provide insights on the long-term individual and population level consequences. The iTRAQ labeling method was performed to quantify protein abundance changes between exposed and non-exposed organisms. Data analysis revealed a general dose-dependent decrease in the abundance of globin proteins as a result of spinosad exposure. Additionally, the downregulation of actin and a larval cuticle protein was also observed after spinosad exposure, which may be related to previously determined C. riparius life-history traits impairment and biochemical responses. Present results suggest that protein profile changes can be used as early warning biomarkers of pesticide exposure and may provide a better mechanistic interpretation of the toxic response of organisms, aiding in the assessment of the ecological effects of environmental contamination. This work also contributes to the understanding of the sublethal effects of insecticides in invertebrates and their molecular targets.

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