Impact of Planting Date on Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Population Dynamics and Grain Sorghum Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2731-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Seiter ◽  
Anne D Miskelley ◽  
Gus M Lorenz ◽  
Neelendra K Joshi ◽  
Glenn E Studebaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has become a major pest of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the United States in recent years. Feeding by large densities of sugarcane aphids causes severe damage, which can lead to a total loss of yield in extreme cases. Our objective was to determine the effect of grain sorghum planting date on sugarcane aphid population dynamics and their potential to reduce yields. We conducted field experiments from 2015 to 2017 in which an aphid-susceptible grain sorghum hybrid was planted at four different dates, which encompassed the typical range of planting dates used in Arkansas production systems. Plots were either protected from sugarcane aphid feeding using foliar insecticide sprays, or left untreated to allow natural populations of sugarcane aphids to colonize and reproduce freely. Planting date impacted both the magnitude and severity of sugarcane aphid infestations, with the highest population densities (and subsequent reductions in sorghum yield) generally occurring on plots that were planted in May or June. Sugarcane aphid feeding reduced yields in the untreated plots in two of the four planting date categories we tested. Earlier planting generally resulted in less sugarcane aphid damage and improved yields compared with later planting dates. While the effect of planting date on sugarcane aphid populations is likely to vary by region, sorghum producers should consider grain sorghum planting date as a potential cultural tactic to reduce the impact of sugarcane aphid.

scholarly journals Determining optimum planting dates for pearl millet for two contrasting environments using a modelling approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. T. SOLER ◽  
N. MAMAN ◽  
X. ZHANG ◽  
S. C. MASON ◽  
G. HOOGENBOOM
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYPearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.] is an important cereal crop in Niger, West Africa and a potential crop for the United States of America (USA). Only a few studies have been conducted in either country to identify the optimum planting dates for high and stable yields, in part because planting date experiments are resource-intensive. Crop simulation models can be an alternative research tool for determining optimum planting dates and other management practices. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the performance of the Cropping System Simulation Model (CSM)–CERES-Millet model for two contrasting environments, including Mead, Nebraska, USA and Kollo, Niger, West Africa and to use the model for determining the optimum planting dates for these two environments. Field experiments were conducted in both environments to study the impact of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield of three varieties in Kollo and three hybrids in Mead and their associated growth and development characteristics. The CSM–CERES-Millet model was able to accurately simulate growth, development and yield for millet grown in these two contrasting environments and under different management practices that included several genotypes and different nitrogen fertilizer application rates. For Kollo, the optimum planting date to obtain the maximum yield was between 13 and 23 May for variety Heini Kirei, while for the other varieties the planting dates were between 23 May and 2 June. For Mead, the planting date analysis showed that the highest simulated yield was obtained, on average, between 19 and 29 June for hybrid 59022A×89-083 and 1361M×6Rm. Further studies should focus on evaluation and application of the millet model for other agroclimatic regions where pearl millet is an important crop.

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Date and Cultivar Maturity in Edamame Quality and Harvest Window

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Moseley ◽  
Marcos Paulo da Silva ◽  
Leandro Mozzoni ◽  
Moldir Orazaly ◽  
Liliana Florez-Palacios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Harvest Strategy ◽  
The Impact

Edamame is a food-grade soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that is harvested immature between the R6 and R7 reproductive stages. To be labeled as a premium product, the edamame market demands large pod size and intense green color. A staggered harvest season is critical for the commercial industry to post-harvest process the crop in a timely manner. Currently, there is little information to assist in predicting the optimum time to harvest edamame when the pods are at their collective largest size and greenest color. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of cultivar, planting date, and harvest date on edamame color, pod weight, and a newly minted Edamame Harvest Quality Index combining both aforementioned factors. And to predict edamame harvest quality based on phenological stages, thermal units, and planting dates. We observed that pod color and weight depended on the cultivar, planting date, and harvest date combination. Our results also indicated that edamame quality is increased with delayed planting dates and that quality was dependent on harvest date with a quadratic negative response to delaying harvest. Maximum quality depended on cultivar and planting and harvest dates, but it remained stable for an interval of 18–27 days around the peak. Finally, we observed that the number of days between R1 and harvest was consistently identified as a key factor driving edamame quality by both stepwise regression and neural network analysis. These research results will help define a planting and harvest strategy for edamame production in Arkansas and the United States Mid-South.

Evaluation of Tactics for Management of Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Grain Sorghum

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2719-2730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J Haar ◽  
G David Buntin ◽  
Alana Jacobson ◽  
Adrian Pekarcik ◽  
M O Way ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Plant Injury

Abstract The invasive sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), is a devastating new pest of grain sorghum. Studies were conducted utilizing an integrated approach of four management tactics: planting date, insecticidal seed treatment, a foliar-applied insecticide, and plant resistance. Experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Griffin, Tifton, and Plains Georgia, and in 2016 in Texas, Alabama, and Oklahoma, United States. Early planting was effective in reducing damage and increasing yields when compared to the late planting. Use of a resistant variety reduced cumulative aphid-days, plant injury and usually prevented significant yield loss. Foliar application of flupyradifurone when aphids reached an economic threshold, was an effective management tactic preventing aphid injury and yield loss. Use of clothianidin seed treatment also reduced aphid injury and yield loss of the susceptible hybrid but generally did not prevent injury and yield loss of the resistant hybrid. We conclude that an earlier planting date coupled with a resistant variety and judicious use of an efficacious foliar-applied insecticide can effectively manage sugarcane aphid on grain sorghum. An insecticide seed treatment also may be useful to reduce the risk of sugarcane aphid damage to seedlings of susceptible hybrids.

scholarly journals Effects of Planting Date for Soybean Growth, Development, and Yield in the Southern USA

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Nick R. Bateman ◽  
Angus L. Catchot ◽  
Jeff Gore ◽  
Don R. Cook ◽  
Fred R. Musser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
The Impact

As fluctuating commodity prices change the agriculture landscape on a yearly basis, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has become the predominant crop in the southern USA, accounting for 65 percent of the total row crop production in the state. To accommodate increased soybean production, planting dates have expanded, spanning from late March through July. To determine the impact of this expanded planting window on soybean development and yield, field experiments were conducted at Starkville and Stoneville, MS, in 2013 and 2014. Treatments included seven planting dates ranging from 25 March to 15 July and two soybean cultivars (one Maturity Group IV and one Maturity Group V cultivar). These studies were conducted in irrigated high––yielding environments. Experimental units were sampled weekly for insect pests and insecticides were applied when populations exceeded the levels at which applications were recommended. Planting date had a significant impact on crop development, plant height, canopy closure, and yield. As planting date was delayed, the time required for crop development decreased from 122 total days for plantings on 25 March to 83 days for plantings on 15 July. For plantings after 2 June, plant height decreased by 1.1 cm per day. Canopy closure decreased by 1.01% per day after 27 May. Soybean yield decreased 26.7 kg/ha per day when soybean was planted after 20 April. This research demonstrates the importance of early planting dates for soybean producers in the southern US to ensure profitability by maximizing yield potential.

scholarly journals Evaluating Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Population Dynamics, Feeding Injury, and Grain Yield Among Commercial Sorghum Varieties in Alabama

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J Pekarcik ◽  
Alana L Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
The United States ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Sorghum Production ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), emerged as a severe pest of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), in Texas and Louisiana in 2013 and currently threatens nearly all sorghum production in the United States. Proper management of populations is critical as sugarcane aphid has a high reproductive potential and can rapidly damage plants, resulting in extensive yield losses. The overall objective of this work was to investigate sugarcane aphid population dynamics, and subsequent sorghum injury and grain yield on commercially available grain sorghum varieties in Alabama. This research includes three-site years of data that show variation in plant injury, physiological maturity, and yields among varieties tested. Although performance of each variety was variable among locations, potentially due to abiotic factors, four varieties including DKS 37-07, 1G588, 1G855, and 83P17 exhibited characteristics consistent with resistance and corroborates reports of resistance from other states.

The Impact of Sorghum Growth Stage and Resistance on Life History of Sugarcane Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-792
Author(s):  
Subin B Neupane ◽  
David L Kerns ◽  
Adrianna Szczepaniec
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Population Doubling ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Recent invasion of a new haplotype of sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) resulted in severe outbreaks of the aphids in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench [Poales: Poaceae]) across the United States. Previous research and field observations suggested that both sorghum resistance and growth stage were important to their population dynamics in the field and hence effective and timely management to minimize economic losses associated with this pest. To explore this, we designed greenhouse experiments to quantify fecundity, prereproductive period, and longevity of sugarcane aphids across several vegetative and reproductive growth stages of a resistant (DKS 37-07) and susceptible (M77GB52 and DKS 38–88) sorghum hybrids commonly used in sorghum production. We found significant effects of sorghum resistance and growth stage on several life history traits and demographics parameters of sugarcane aphids. We did not, however, note any significant interactive effects of resistance and phenology on any of the response variables. Sugarcane aphids exposed to the susceptible sorghum produced significantly more offspring, had significantly greater intrinsic and finite rates of increase, and significantly shorter population doubling time than the aphids feeding on resistant sorghum. On the other hand, the impact of sorghum growth stage had more variable effects on life history of sugarcane aphids that were most frequently evident at the late reproductive stages. These outcomes support our hypothesis that sorghum in late stages of growth tends to be a better host for sugarcane aphids and highlight the importance of sorghum growth stage to sugarcane aphid life history and population growth potential.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genetic Mechanisms of Sugarcane Aphid Resistance in Grain Sorghum

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7129
Author(s):  
Desalegn D. Serba ◽  
Xiaoxi Meng ◽  
James Schnable ◽  
Elfadil Bashir ◽  
J. P. Michaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (SCA), has become a major pest of grain sorghum since its appearance in the USA. Several grain sorghum parental lines are moderately resistant to the SCA. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying this resistance are poorly understood, which has constrained breeding for improved resistance. RNA-Seq was used to conduct transcriptomics analysis on a moderately resistant genotype (TAM428) and a susceptible genotype (Tx2737) to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance. Differential expression analysis revealed differences in transcriptomic profile between the two genotypes at multiple time points after infestation by SCA. Six gene clusters had differential expression during SCA infestation. Gene ontology enrichment and cluster analysis of genes differentially expressed after SCA infestation revealed consistent upregulation of genes controlling protein and lipid binding, cellular catabolic processes, transcription initiation, and autophagy in the resistant genotype. Genes regulating responses to external stimuli and stress, cell communication, and transferase activities, were all upregulated in later stages of infestation. On the other hand, expression of genes controlling cell cycle and nuclear division were reduced after SCA infestation in the resistant genotype. These results indicate that different classes of genes, including stress response genes and transcription factors, are responsible for countering the physiological effects of SCA infestation in resistant sorghum plants.

scholarly journals Differences in Microbiota Between Two Multilocus Lineages of the Sugarcane Aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) in the Continental United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R Holt ◽  
Alex Styer ◽  
Jennifer A White ◽  
J Scott Armstrong ◽  
Samuel Nibouche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Host Associated Differentiation

Abstract The sugarcane aphid (SCA), Melanaphis Sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has been considered an invasive pest of sugarcane in the continental United States since 1977. Then, in 2013, SCA abruptly became a serious pest of U.S. sorghum and is now a sorghum pest in 22 states across the continental United States. Changes in insect-associated microbial community composition are known to influence host-plant range in aphids. In this study, we assessed whether changes in microbiota composition may explain the SCA outbreak in U.S. sorghum. We characterized the SCA bacterial microbiota on sugarcane and grain sorghum in four U.S. states, using a metabarcoding approach. In addition, we used taxon-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to screen for bacteria commonly reported in aphid species. As anticipated, all SCA harbored the primary aphid endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, an obligate mutualistic bacterial symbiont. Interestingly, none of the secondary symbionts, facultative bacteria typically associated with aphids (e.g., Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Regiella) were present in either the metabarcoding data or PCR screens (with the exception of Rickettsiella and Serratia, which were detected by metabarcoding at low abundances <1%). However, our metabarcoding detected bacteria not previously identified in aphids (Arcobacter, Bifidobacterium, Citrobacter). Lastly, we found microbial host-associated differentiation in aphids that seems to correspond to genetically distinct aphid lineages that prefer to feed on grain sorghum (MLL-F) versus sugarcane (MLL-D).

scholarly journals Tolerance of grain sorghum to PRE- and POST-applied photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-703
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Jacob Richburg ◽  
Tom Barber ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Edward Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Sorghum Production

AbstractAtrazine offers growers a reliable option to control a broad spectrum of weeds in grain sorghum production systems when applied PRE or POST. However, because of the extensive use of atrazine in grain sorghum and corn, it has been found in groundwater in the United States. Given this issue, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville and Marianna, Arkansas, to explore the tolerance of grain sorghum to applications of assorted photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with S-metolachlor (PRE and POST) or mesotrione (POST only) as atrazine replacements. All experiments were designed as a factorial, randomized complete block; the two factors were (1) PSII herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione; however, mesotrione was excluded in the PRE experiments. Crop injury estimates, height, and yield data were collected or calculated in both studies. In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA). Averaged over PSII herbicide, S-metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA. Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated. Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments. In the POST study, ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA. Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated. More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum. However, when applied POST, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments.

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