Prevalence of Field-Collected House Flies and Stable Flies With Bacteria Displaying Cefotaxime and Multidrug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T Pileggi ◽  
John R Chase ◽  
Runhang Shu ◽  
Lin Teng ◽  
Kwangcheol C Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
High Level

Abstract Antibiotic use in livestock accounts for 80% of total antibiotic use in the United States and has been described as the driver for resistance evolution and spread. As clinical infections with multidrug-resistant pathogens are rapidly rising, there remains a missing link between agricultural antibiotic use and its impact on human health. In this study, two species of filth flies from a livestock operation were collected over the course of 11 mo: house flies Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), representing a generalist feeder, and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), representing a specialist (blood) feeder. The prevalence of flies carrying cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) bacteria in whole bodies and dissected guts were assayed by culturing on antibiotic-selective media, with distinct colonies identified by Sanger sequencing. Of the 149 flies processed, including 81 house flies and 68 stable flies, 18 isolates of 12 unique bacterial species resistant to high-level cefotaxime were recovered. These isolates also showed resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. The CTX-R isolates were predominantly recovered from female flies, which bore at least two resistant bacterial species. The majority of resistant bacteria were isolated from the guts encompassing both enteric pathogens and commensals, sharing no overlap between the two fly species. Together, we conclude that house flies and stable flies in the field could harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria. The fly gut may serve as a reservoir for the acquisition and dissemination of resistance genes.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobur ◽  
Hasan ◽  
Haque ◽  
Mridul ◽  
Noreddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance of DiarrheagenicEscherichia coli Isolated from Children under the Age of 5 Years from Ifakara, Tanzania

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 3022-3024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Vila ◽  
Martha Vargas ◽  
Climent Casals ◽  
Honorato Urassa ◽  
Hassan Mshinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance ◽  
Children Under 5

ABSTRACT Diarrhea caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria is an important public health problem among children in developing countries. The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of diarrheagenicEscherichia coli in 346 children under 5 years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania, were studied. Thirty-eight percent of the cases of diarrhea were due to multiresistant enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, or enteropathogenicE. coli. Strains of all three E. colicategories showed high-level resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol but were highly susceptible to quinolones. Guidelines for appropriate use of antibiotics in developing countries need updating.

scholarly journals High Colonization Rate and Heterogeneity of ESBL- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Gull Feces in Lisbon, Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1487
Author(s):  
Marta Aires-de-Sousa ◽  
Claudine Fournier ◽  
Elizeth Lopes ◽  
Hermínia de Lencastre ◽  
Patrice Nordmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Encoding Genes

In order to evaluate whether seagulls living on the Lisbon coastline, Portugal, might be colonized and consequently represent potential spreaders of multidrug-resistant bacteria, a total of 88 gull fecal samples were screened for detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and for vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). A large proportion of samples yielded carbapenemase- or ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (16% and 55%, respectively), while only two MRSA and two VRE were detected. Mating-out assays followed by PCR and whole-plasmid sequencing allowed to identify carbapenemase and ESBL encoding genes. Among 24 carbapenemase-producing isolates, there were mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (50%) and Escherichia coli (33%). OXA-181 was the most common carbapenemase identified (54%), followed by OXA-48 (25%) and KPC-2 (17%). Ten different ESBLs were found among 62 ESBL-producing isolates, mainly being CTX-M-type enzymes (87%). Co-occurrence in single samples of multiple ESBL- and carbapenemase producers belonging to different bacterial species was observed in some cases. Seagulls constitute an important source for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria in the environment and their gut microbiota a formidable microenvironment for transfer of resistance genes within bacterial species.

Effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. I. WEEKS ◽  
E. T. MACHTINGER ◽  
S. A. GEZAN ◽  
P. E. KAUFMAN ◽  
C. J. GEDEN
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies

Management of Inpatients Colonized or Infected With Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Hospitals in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca H. Sunenshine ◽  
Laura A. Liedtke ◽  
Scott K. Fridkin ◽  
Larry J. Strausbaugh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Surveillance Cultures ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
General Wards

AbstractBackground:Although guidelines for multidrug-resistant organisms generally include recommendations for contact precautions and surveillance cultures, it is not known how frequently U.S. hospitals implement these measures on a routine basis and whether infectious diseases consultants endorse their use.Methods:The Emerging Infections Network surveyed its members, infectious diseases consultants, to assess their use of and support for contact precautions and surveillance cultures for routine management of multidrug-resistant organisms in their principal inpatient workplace. Specifically, members were asked about use of these strategies for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacilli on general wards, ICUs, and transplant units.Results:Overall, 400 (86%) of 463 respondents supported the routine use of contact precautions to control one or more multidrug-resistant organisms in at least one unit, and 89% worked in hospitals that use them. In contrast, 50% of respondents favored routine use of surveillance cultures to manage at least one multidrug-resistant organism in any unit, and 30% of respondents worked in hospitals that use them routinely in any unit. Members favored routine use of surveillance cultures significantly more in ICUs and transplant units than in general wards for each multidrug-resistant organism (P<.001).Conclusions:Most of the infectious diseases consultants endorsed the use of contact precautions for routine management of patients colonized or infected with multidrug-resistant organisms and work in hospitals that have implemented them. In contrast, infectious diseases consultants are divided about the role of routine surveillance cultures in multidrug-resistant organism management, and few work in hospitals that use them.

SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja McKay ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Status ◽  
No Releases

AbstractIn 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Milk Alternatives

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Winnie Mukuna ◽  
Abdullah Ibn Mafiz ◽  
Bharat Pokharel ◽  
Aniume Tobenna ◽  
Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Dairy Milk

The consumption of non-dairy milk is on the rise due to health benefits. Although there is increasing inclination towards milk alternatives (MA), there is limited data on antibiotic resistant bacteria in these substitutes. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from MA. A total of 138 extracts from almonds (n = 63), cashew nuts (n = 36), and soybeans (n = 39) were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae. The identification of the bacteria was based on biochemical and PCR methods. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Overall, 31% (43 of 138) of extracts were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. Ten bacterial species were identified, of which Enterobacter cloacae (42.7%) and Enterobacter cancerogenus (35.4%) were the most predominant species (p < 0.05). Antibiotic resistance was exhibited to vancomycin (88.3%), novobiocin (83.8%), erythromycin (81.1%), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in tetracycline (59.5%), cefpodoxime (30.6%), and nalidixic acid (6.3%). There was no resistance displayed to kanamycin and imipenem. ERY-NOV-VAN-TET and ERY-NOV-CEP-VAN-TET were the most common resistant patterns displayed by Enterobacter cloacae. The findings of this study suggest that MAs, though considered healthy, may be a reservoir of multidrug resistant opportunist pathogens.

scholarly journals Rosmarinic Acid and Sodium Citrate Have a Synergistic Bacteriostatic Effect against Vibrio Species by Inhibiting Iron Uptake

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13010
Author(s):  
Peng Lu ◽  
Miaomiao Sui ◽  
Mimin Zhang ◽  
Mengyao Wang ◽  
Takehiro Kamiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Vibrio Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Kd Values ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bacteria ◽  
Bacteriostatic Agent

Background: New strategies are needed to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. The restriction of iron uptake by bacteria is a promising way to inhibit their growth. We aimed to suppress the growth of Vibrio bacterial species by inhibiting their ferric ion-binding protein (FbpA) using food components. Methods: Twenty spices were selected for the screening of FbpA inhibitors. The candidate was applied to antibacterial tests, and the mechanism was further studied. Results: An active compound, rosmarinic acid (RA), was screened out. RA binds competitively and more tightly than Fe3+ to VmFbpA, the FbpA from V. metschnikovii, with apparent KD values of 8 μM vs. 17 μM. Moreover, RA can inhibit the growth of V. metschnikovii to one-third of the control at 1000 μM. Interestingly, sodium citrate (SC) enhances the growth inhibition effect of RA, although SC only does not inhibit the growth. The combination of RA/SC completely inhibits the growth of not only V. metschnikovii at 100/100 μM but also the vibriosis-causative pathogens V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, at 100/100 and 1000/100 μM, respectively. However, RA/SC does not affect the growth of Escherichia coli. Conclusions: RA/SC is a potential bacteriostatic agent against Vibrio species while causing little damage to indigenous gastrointestinal bacteria.

Oral, nasopharyngeal, and gut decontamination in the ICU

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Oostdijk ◽  
Marc Bonten
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Selective Decontamination ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Selective Oropharyngeal Decontamination

Many infections are caused by enteric bacilli, presumably from endogenous origin. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) was developed to selectively eliminate the aerobic Gram-negative bacilli from the digestive tract, leaving the anaerobic flora unaffected. As an alternative to SDD, investigators have evaluated the effects of selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOpD) alone. Most detailed data on the effects of SDD and SOpD in ICU-patients come from two studies performed in Dutch ICUs. The Dutch studies provide strong evidence that SDD and SOpD reduce ICUmortality, ICU-acquired bacteraemia with Gram-negative bacteria, and systemic antibiotic use. Although successful application has been reported from several solitary ICUs across Europe, it is currently unknown to what extent these effects can be achieved in settings with different bacterial ecology. More studies are needed on the use of SDD or SOpD as a measure to control outbreaks with multidrug resistant bacteria.

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